Biologia reprodutiva e ecologia trófica de Thamnodynastes hypoconia (Serpentes: Dipsadidae) em ambientes úmidos subtemperados do extremo sul brasileiro

O estudo teve como objetivo descrever a biologia reprodutiva e a dieta de populações de Thamnodynastes hypoconia em ambientes úmidos subtemperados do extremo sul brasileiro. Para avaliação da reprodução foram feitas análises macroscópicas das gônadas. Para avaliação da ecologia alimentar foram empregadas análises de conteúdo estomacal e de isótopos estáveis (δ13C e δ15N). Os machos apresentaram maior comprimento rostro-cloacal que as fêmeas e atingiram a maturidade sexual com menor tamanho corporal. O ciclo reprodutivo das fêmeas foi sazonal, com vitelogênese secundária ocorrendo entre o inverno e a primavera. Os machos apresentaram ciclo contínuo. Aparentemente a cópula ocorre entre o final da primavera e o início do verão, quando foram detectados embriões nas fêmeas e a parturição ocorreu no verão. Não houve relação entre o tamanho da ninhada e o tamanho da fêmea, e a frequência reprodutiva de 40% foi considerada relativamente baixa. Todavia, por ser uma espécie dominante em banhados subtemperados do extremo sul do Brasil sua estratégia reprodutiva parece ser eficiente. Dessa forma, o ciclo contínuo dos machos, bem como a viviparidade possam potencializar o deslocamento do pico reprodutivo da população de modo a ajustar-se de acordo com os picos de temperatura do ambiente. A análise de conteúdo estomacal mostrou uma dieta predominantemente anurófaga, exceto por um único lagarto. Hylidae foi a família mais representativa, com predomínio de Hypsiboas pulchellus, seguida de Leptodactylidae, onde Leptodactylus latrans teve maior importância. As análises de isótopos estáveis corroboraram a importância dessas espécies na alimentação da serpente. Apesar de ser uma serpente terrestre, T. hypoconia apresentou assinatura isotópica mais próxima das fontes primárias oriundas do ambiente aquático, o que indica a importância das áreas alagáveis para a subsistência de organismos terrestres de habitats adjacentes.

Guardian dogs protect sheep by guarding sheep, not by establishing territories and excluding predators

Guardian animals have been a common non-lethal method for reducing predator impacts on livestock for centuries in Europe. But elsewhere, livestock producers sometimes doubt whether such methods work or are compatible with modern livestock husbandry practices in extensive grazing systems. In this study we evaluate the hypothesis that guardian dogs primarily ‘work’ by establishing and defending territories from which canid predators are excluded. Eight maremmas and six free-ranging wild dogs of different sexes were fitted with GPS collars and monitored for 7 months on a large sheep property in north Queensland, Australia. Wild dog incursions into the territories of adjacent wild dogs and maremmas were recorded. Wild dog territories never overlapped and their home ranges infrequently overlapped. In contrast, 713 hourly locations from 120 wild dog incursions into maremma territories were recorded, mostly from three wild dogs. These three wild dogs spent a mean of 2.5–5.9 h inside maremma territories during incursions. At this location, maremmas worked by guarding sheep and prohibiting fine-scale interaction between wild dogs and sheep, not by establishing a territory respected by wild dogs. We conclude that shepherding behaviour and boisterous vocalisations of guardian dogs combined with the flocking behaviour of sheep circumvents attacks on sheep but does not prevent nor discourage wild dogs from foraging in close proximity. Certain husbandry practices and the behaviour of sheep at parturition may incur greater predation risk.

Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the developing male Wistar(Han) rat II: chronic dosing causes developmental delay

We have investigated whether fetal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes defects in the male reproductive system of the rat, using chronically exposed rats to ensure continuous exposure of the fetus. 5-6 week old rats were exposed to control diet, or diet containing TCDD, to attain an average dose of 2.4, 8 and 46 ng TCDD kg-1 day-1 for twelve weeks, whereupon the rats were mated, and allowed to litter; rats were switched to control diet after parturition. Male offspring were allowed to develop until kills on PND70 (25 per group), or PND120 (all remaining animals). Offspring from the high dose group showed an increase in total litter loss, and the number of animals alive on post-natal day (PND) 4 in the high dose group was ~26% less than control. The high and medium dose offspring showed decreased weights at various ages. Balano-preputial separation was significantly delayed in all three dose groups, compared to control. There were no significant effects of maternal treatment when the offspring were subjected to a functional observational battery, or learning tests, with the exception that the high dose group showed a deficit in motor activity. 20 rats per group were mated to females, and there were no significant effects of maternal treatment on the fertility of these rats, nor on the F1 or F2 sex ratio. Sperm parameters at PND70 and 120 showed no significant effect of maternal treatment, with the exception that there was an increase in the proportion of abnormal sperm in the high dose group at PND70; this is associated with the developmental delay in puberty in this dose group. There were no remarkable findings of maternal treatment on organ weights, with the exception that testis weights were reduced by ~10% at PND70 (but not PND120), and although the experiment was sufficiently powered to detect small changes, ventral prostate weight was not reduced. There were no significant effects of maternal treatment upon histopathological comparison of high dose and control group organs. These data confirm that developmental exposure to TCDD shows no potent effect on adult sperm parameters or accessory sexual organs, but show that delay in BPS occurs after exposure to low doses of TCDD, and this is dependent upon whether TCDD is administered acutely or chronically.

Immune function, gene expression, blood indices and performance in transition dairy cows affected by diet and inflammation

The transition period is associated with the peak incidence of production problems, metabolic disorders and infectious diseases in dairy cows (Drackley, 1999). During this time the cow’s immune system seems to be weakened; it is apparent that metabolic challenges associated with the onset of lactation are factors capable of affecting immune function. However, the reasons for this state are not entirely clear (Goff, 2006). The negative energy balance associated with parturition leads to extensive mobilization of fatty acids stored in adipose tissue, thus, causing marked elevations in blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and B-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations (Drackley et al., 2001). Prepartal level of dietary energy can potentially affect adipose tissue deposition and, thus, the amount of NEFA released into blood and available for metabolism in liver (Drackley et al., 2005). The current feeding practices for pregnant non-lactating cows has been called into question because increasing amounts of moderate-to-high energy diets (i.e. those more similar to lactation diets in the content of energy) during the last 3 wk postpartum have largely failed to overcome peripartal health problems, excessive body condition loss after calving, or declining fertility (Beever, 2006). Current prepartal feeding practices can lead to elevated intakes of energy, which can increase fat deposition in the viscera and upon parturition lead to compromised liver metabolism (Beever, 2006, Drackley et al., 2005). Our general hypothesis was that overfeeding dietary energy during the dry period, accompanied by the metabolic challenges associated with the onset of lactation would render the cow’s immune function less responsive early postpartum. The chapters in this dissertation evaluated neutrophil function, metabolic and inflammation indices and gene expression affected by the plane of dietary energy prepartum and an early post-partum inflammatory challenge in dairy cows. The diet effect in this experiment was transcendental during the transition period and potentially during the entire lactation. Changes in energy balance were observed and provided a good model to study the challenges associated with the onset of lactation. Overall the LPS model provided a consistent response representing an inflammation incident; however the changes in metabolic indices were sudden and hard to detect in most of the cases during the days following the challenge. In general overfeeding dietary energy during the dry period resulted in a less responsive immune function during the early postpartum. In other words, controlling the dietary energy prepartum has more benefits for the dairy cow during transition.

A protecção mágica da "Primeira Infância" no Egipto Antigo

A presente dissertação procura apresentar um estudo aprofundado em torno dos mecanismos mágicos, atestados em contexto doméstico, que estão associados de forma mais evidente à protecção da criança e da mulher, enquanto grávida, parturiente e mãe. Neste sentido, iremos discorrer em torno dos motivos que levaram os Egípcios a desenvolver esses mecanismos, em particular a importância da criança para a sociedade egípcia, os perigos da vida quotidiana egípcia, quer para a saúde da população em geral, quer para a da mulher e a da criança e, por fim, a mortalidade infantil e materna. Consequentemente, pretendemos demonstrar de que forma a Religião Doméstica consistia numa estratégia de garantir a sobrevivência da criança. Iremos igualmente abordar os diversos mecanismos destinados a promover a fertilidade e a concepção, identificados em contexto doméstico. Entre eles constam as estruturas arquitectónicas, nomeadamente as estruturas elevadas de Deir el-Medina; as figuras com formas femininas e masculinas, no último caso de cariz erótico, e com a forma de deuses e animais; os amuletos; as camas votivas e os encantamentos mágicos associados a essas duas esferas. Análise incidirá, de igual modo, nas formas desenvolvidas para proteger a mulher e a criança durante a gravidez, o parto e o pós-parto, como outras estruturas arquitectónicas, quer os tijolos de nascimento, quer as pérgulas de nascimento; os amuletos, os objectos apotropaicos e, ainda, os encantamentos mágicos. Por fim, a dissertação focar-se-á na protecção da criança durante a «primeira infância» propriamente dita, que podia ser garantida ainda através da atribuição de nomes protectores e da recitação de encantamentos mágicos especificamente destinados a proteger a criança durante a infância. Iremos ainda destacar alguns mecanismos adicionais que, embora não tenham sido identificados em contexto doméstico, devem ser tomados em consideração. O presente estudo focar-se-á, assim, não só na «primeira infância», mas também nas fases da vida humana que a antecediam, que incluem a concepção – relacionada com a fertilidade –, a gravidez, o parto e, por fim, os momentos que o sucediam.

Fatores de risco durante o período seco para a ocorrência de mastites após o parto

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

Effet de différents ratios d’acides linoléique/α-linolénique et de l’entérolactone sur les marqueurs du métabolisme des lipides, d’inflammation et de stress oxydatif dans un modèle in vitro de culture de tissus hépatiques bovins

Chez la vache laitière à haut rendement, la période de transition entourant la parturition est généralement accompagnée d’un déficit énergétique, d’un métabolisme des lipides perturbé et d’une augmentation de l’inflammation et du stress oxydatif. Afin d’améliorer la balance énergétique et de diminuer certains effets négatifs associés à la période de transition, il est fréquent que les producteurs administrent des diètes riches en lipides (ex. Mégalac®, riche en acide palmitique) aux vaches laitières à haut rendement. Par exemple, l’ajout de lipides saturés à la ration améliore la balance énergétique et diminue l’accumulation des triglycérides dans le foie. Cependant, plusieurs troubles métaboliques demeurent, tels que l’inflammation et le stress oxydatif, pouvant être observés entre autres au niveau du foie. Comme alternative aux lipides saturés, l’ajout d’acides gras polyinsaturés (AGPIs) pourrait contribuer à améliorer la balance énergétique tout en diminuant certains effets négatifs associés à la période de transition. Toutefois, les AGPIs sont sujets aux phénomènes de peroxydation ce qui pourrait augmenter le stress oxydatif chez l’animal. Pour limiter ces dommages oxydatifs, l’utilisation de la graine de lin entière, riche en acides gras oméga-3 (n-3) et en lignans (antioxydants), en supplément alimentaire apparaît comme une avenue prometteuse. Des travaux antérieurs rapportent qu’une supplémentation en différents dérivés de la graine de lin (ex. AGPIs, lignans) module l’expression de certains gènes impliqués dans la réponse au stress oxydatif et le métabolisme des lipides dans la glande mammaire de la vache laitière. Cependant, il n’existe aucune étude rapportant l’effet de divers composés de la graine de lin sur le métabolisme lipidique et certains marqueurs de stress oxydatif dans le foie de la vache laitière. Ce projet de recherche a été réalisé afin de déterminer les effets de différents ratios d’acides linoléique (LA)/acide alpha-linolénique (ALA) (n-6/n-3, AGPI) en présence ou non d’entérolactone (ENL, lignan mammalien) sur (1) l’expression hépatique de gènes liés au métabolisme des lipides, au processus inflammatoire et au stress oxydatif, (2) les dommages aux lipides et aux protéines et (3) l’activité de l’enzyme superoxyde dismutase (SOD) dans le foie de la vache laitière en début de lactation. Un modèle in vitro de culture de tissu hépatique en tranches minces a été utilisé puisqu’il permet de préserver les interactions cellules-matrice et entre les cellules. Les gènes sélectionnés ont été choisis en se référant à diverses études antérieures et incluent certains gènes différentiellement exprimés dans le foie et la glande mammaire de la vache laitière en période de transition. Des régulateurs de la transcription (ex. MLXIPL et SREBF1), de même que leurs gènes cibles ont été priorisés. Les tissus issus de biopsies hépatiques de vaches Holstein en début de lactation ont été mis en culture et soumis à huit traitements composés de différents ratios d’AGPIs n-6/n-3, d’ENL et d’une combinaison des deux. Suite à ces traitements, les niveaux d’ARNm des gènes sélectionnés ont été mesurés par PCR quantitatif (RT-qPCR). Les dommages aux lipides ont été mesurés par l’essai des « thiobarbituric acid reactive substances » (TBARS) et les dommages aux protéines par une analyse des protéines carbonyles. Finalement, un essai enzymatique a été effectué pour mesurer l’activité de la SOD, une enzyme jouant un rôle dans le système de défense contre les radicaux libres. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que l’ajout d’AGPIs (LA et ALA) dans le milieu de culture augmente l’expression de certains gènes liés au stress oxydatif (NQO1, PRDX3, PTGS2 et SOD1) et diminue l’expression de plusieurs gènes liés à l’activité lipogénique (ACACA, FASN, SCD et SREBF1). L’addition d’ENL dans le milieu de culture augmente l’abondance de l’ARNm des gènes cibles de MLXIPL, soit FASN et SCD, deux gènes impliqués dans l’activité lipogénique. Cette régulation à la hausse suggère qu’une supplémentation en tourteau ou en farine de lin (riche an lignans) en début de lactation pourrait avoir des effets non désirés et augmenter le risque de stéatose hépatique. Les analyses de peroxydation des lipides ont révélés une augmentation des dommages aux lipides en présence des AGPIs et un retour aux valeurs du traitement contrôle lorsque l’ENL est ajouté aux AGPIs. Une augmentation similaire est observée pour l’activité de la SOD avec l’ajout des AGPIs au milieu de culture, ainsi qu’un retour aux valeurs contrôle lorsque l’ENL est ajouté aux AGPIs. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une supplémentation en graines de lin entières serait bénéfique en début de lactation puisque les AGPIs pourraient diminuer l’activité lipogénique au niveau du foie, alors que les lignans présents naturellement dans l’écorce de la graine de lin, pourraient réduire le stress oxydatif et les dommages aux lipides provoqués par des niveaux élevés en AGPIs.

Reproductive aspects of the oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhinidae), in the equatorial and southwestern Atlantic Ocean

The present study sought to study the reproductive biology of the oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharhinus longimanus, in the equatorial and southwestern Atlantic Ocean. A total of 234 specimens were collected as bycatch during pelagic longline fisheries targeting tunas and swordfish, between December 2003 and December 2010. The fishing area was located between latitudes 10N and 35S and longitudes 3E and 40W. Of the 234 individuals sampled, 118 were females (with sizes ranging from 81 to 227 cm TL, total length) and 116 males (ranging from 80 to 242 cm TL). The reproductive stages of the females were classed as immature, mature, preovulatory and pregnant, while males were divided into immature, maturing and mature. The size at maturity for females was estimated at 170.0 cm TL, while that for males was between 170.0 and 190.0 cm TL. Ovarian fecundity ranged from 1 to 10 follicles and uterine fecundity from 1 to 10 embryos. The reproductive cycle of this species is most likely biennial, with parturition occurring once every two years.

Study on NGF and VEGF during the equine perinatal period

Part 1 of the study aims to: evaluate NGF and VEGF levels obtained at parturition from mare, foal and umbilical cord vein plasma, as well as in amniotic fluid; evaluate NGF and VEGF content in plasma of healthy foals during the first 72 h of life; evaluate NGF and VEGF levels at parturition in relation to selected mares’ and foals’ clinical parameters; evaluate the relationship between the two trophic factors and thyroid hormone levels in the first 72 h of life; assess mRNA expression of NGF, VEGF and BDNF and their cell surface receptors in the placenta. Part 2 aims to clinically characterize a population of foals spontaneously affected by Neonatal Encephalopathy (NE), and then to: evaluate NGF and VEGF levels in plasma samples obtained in the affected population at parturition from mare’s jugular vein, umbilical cord vein and foal’s jugular vein, as well as in amniotic fluid; evaluate NGF and VEGF content in plasma of foals affected by NE during the first 72 h of life/hospitalization; evaluate NGF and VEGF levels at birth/admission in relation to selected mares’ and foals’ clinical parameters; evaluate the relationship between the two trophic factors and thyroid hormone levels in the first 72 h of life/hospitalization; assess the mRNA expression of NGF, VEGF and BDNF, and their cell surface receptors, in the placenta of mares that delivered affected foals. The close relationship between the two trophic factors in foal plasma over time and their fine expression in placental tissues under physiological conditions appear to be key regulators of fetal development and adaptation. Their less pronounced decrease in compromised foals compared to healthy ones, their relationship with thyroid hormones over time, and the reduced expression of NGF and BDNF in placental tissues, could be key regulators in the mechanisms of NE.