Studies on the fracture behaviour of polymer blends with special reference to PP/HDPE and PS/HIPS blends

Investigations on the fracture behaviour of polymer blends is the topic of this thesis. The blends selected are PP/HDPE and PS/HIPS. PP/HDPE blend is chosen due to its commercial importance and PS/HIPS blend is selected to study the transition from brittle fracture to ductile fracture.PP/HDPE blends were prepared at different compositions by melt blending at 180°C and fracture failure process was investigated by conducting notch sensitivity test and tensile test at different strain rates. The effects of two types of modifiers (particulate and elastomer) on the fracture behaviour and notch sensitivity of PP/HDPE blends were studied. The modifiers used are calcium carbonate, a hard particulate filler commonly used in plastics and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM). They were added in 2%, 4% and 6% by weight of the blends.The study shows that the mechanical properties of PP/HDPE blends can be optimized by selecting proper blend compositions. The selected modifiers are found to alter and improve the fracture behaviour and notch sensitivity of the blends. Particulate fillers like calcium carbonate can be used for making the mechanical behaviour more stable at the various blend compositions. The resistance to notch sensitivity of the blends is found to be marginally lower in the presence of calcium carbonate. The elastomeric modifier EPDM produces a better stability of the mechanical behaviour. A low concentration of EPDM is sufficient to effect such a change. EPDM significantly improves the resistance to notch sensitivity of the blends. The study shows that judicious selection of modifiers can improve the fracture behaviour and notch sensitivity of PP/HDPE blends and help these materials to be used for critical applications.For investigating the transition in fracture behaviour and failure modes, PS/HIPS blends were selected. The blends were prepared by melt mixing followed by injection moulding to prepare the specimens for conducting tensile, impact and flexure tests. These tests were used to simulate the various conditions which promote failure.The tensile behaviour of unnotched and notched PS/HIPS blend samples were evaluated at slow speeds. Tensile strengths and moduli were found to increase at the higher testing speed for all the blend combinations whereas maximum strain at break was found to decrease. For a particular speed of testing, the tensile strength and modulus show only a very slight decrease as HIPS content is increased up to about 40%. However, there is a drastic decrease on increasing the HIPS content thereafter.The maximum strain at break shows only a very slight change up to about 40% HIPS content and thereafter shows a remarkable increase. The notched specimens also follow a comparable trend even though the notch sensitivity is seen high for PS rich blends containing up to 40% HIPS. The notch sensitivity marginally decreases with increase in HIPS content. At the same time, it is found to increase with the increase in strain rate. It is observed that blends containing more than 40% HIPS fail in ductile mode.The impact characteristics of PSIHIPS blends studied were impact strength, the energy absorbed by the test specimen and impact toughness. Remarkable increase in impact strength is observed as HIPS content in the blend exceeds 40%. The energy absorbed by the test specimens and the impact toughness also show a comparable trend.Flexural testing which helps to characterize the load bearing capacity was conducted on PS/HIPS blend samples at the two different testing speeds of 5mmlmin and 10 mm/min. The flexural strength increases with increase in testing speed for all the blend compositions. At both the speeds, remarkable reduction in flexural strength is observed as HIPS content in the blend exceeds 40%. The flexural strain and flexural energy absorbed by the specimens are found to increase with increase in HIPS content. At both the testing speeds, brittle fracture is observed for PS rich blends whereas HIPS rich blends show ductile mode of failure.Photoelastic investigations were conducted on PS/HIPS blend samples to analyze their failure modes. A plane polariscope with a broad source of light was utilized for the study. The coloured isochromatic fringes formed indicate the presence of residual stress concentration in the blend samples. The coverage made by the fringes on the test specimens varies with the blend composition and it shows a reducing trend with the increase in HIPS content. This indicates that the presence of residual stress is a contributing factor leading to brittle fracture in PS rich blends and this tendency gradually falls with increase in HIPS content and leads to their ductile mode of failure.

A brackishwater isolate of Pseudomonas PS-102, a potential antagonistic bacterium against pathogenic vibrios in penaeid and non-penaeid rearing systems

A Pseudomonas sp PS-102 recovered from Muttukkadu brackish water lagoon, situated south of Chennai, showed significant activity against a number of shrimp pathogenic vibrios. Out of the 112 isolates of bacterial pathogens comprising Vibrio harveyi, V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. fluvialis, and Aeromonas spp, 73% were inhibited in vitro by the cell-free culture supernatant of Pseudomonas sp PS-102 isolate. The organism produced yellowish fluorescent pigment on King's B medium, hydrolysed starch and protein, and produced 36.4% siderophore units by CAS assay and 32 μM of catechol siderophores as estimated by Arnow's assay. The PS-102 isolate showed wide ranging environmental tolerance with, temperatures from 25 to 40 °C, pH from 6 to 8, salinity from 0 to 36 ppt, while the antagonistic activity peaked in cultures grown at 30 °C, pH 8.0 and at 5 ppt saline conditions. The antagonistic activity of the culture supernatant was evident even at 30% v / v dilution against V. harveyi. The preliminary studies on the nature of the antibacterial action indicated that the antagonistic principle as heat stable and resistant to proteolytic, lipolytic and amylolytic enzymes. Pseudomonas sp PS 102 was found to be safe to shrimp when PL-9 stage were challenged at 107 CFU ml−1 and by intramuscular injection into of ∼5 g sub-adults shrimp at 105 to 108 CFU. Further, its safety in a mammalian system, tested by its pathogenicity to mice, was also determined and its LD50 to BALB/c mice was found to be 109 CFU. The results of this study indicated that the organism Pseudomonas sp PS 102 could be employed as a potential probiont in shrimp and prawn aquaculture systems for management and control of bacterial infections

Planeade II : plan para alumnos con necesidades educativas especiales asociadas a discapacidad ps??quica en secundaria

Este trabajo es continuaci??n de otro anterior,coordinado por el mismo autor y editado en dos vol??menes en el mismo a??o

Educaci??n en valores : PLANEADE III : programa para alumnos de IES con necesidades educativas especiales asociadas a discapacidad ps??quica

Tercera publicaci??n relacionada con el plan conocido como PLANEADE, modelo creado para alumnos de IES con necesidades educativas especiales asociadas a la discapacidad ps??quica media. El tratamiento de los contenidos para estos alumnos gira alrededor de centros de inter??s con tratamiento transversal en todas las ??reas. En esta ocasi??n el tema seleccionado son los derechos humanos, tema selecionado para que los alumnos con necesidades educativas especiales los aprendan, ejerciten y sepan reclamarlos en caso de que se vulneren.

Caracterització del compotament viscoelàstic de dos polímers termoplàstics, PP i PS

L’objectiu d’aquest projecte és la caracterització del comportament viscoelàstic del PP i PS, ja que són dos polímers molt utilitzats en la societat actual, mitjançant l’ús dels diferents assaigs experimentals a fi de poder contrastar els resultats experimentals amb els models de comportament existents. Primerament s’ ha fet l’ explicació dels conceptes teòrics imprescindibles per entendre aquest tipus de comportament i per descriure les hipòtesis teòriques existents per tal d’ elaborar les conclusions adients. A l’ apartat 2 es descriuen alguns dels fonaments bàsics per entendre els poímers i al 3, s’ entra en detall en l’ estudi teòric del comportament viscoelàstic. La descripció de les característieus i usos d’ aquests materials estudiats es desenvolupen en l’ apartat 4

Passeig pel modernisme : anàlisi d'una pràctica docent. 'Paseo por el modernismo : análisis de una práctica docente'.

Resumen tomado parcialmente de la revista

El modernisme a Mallorca. ' El modernismo en Mallorca'.

Se recorren los principales elementos arquitectónicos y artísticos del modernismo en la isla de Mallorca, fundamentalmente los edificios más singulares de la ciudad de Palma y de la localidad de Sóller.

El modernisme a Mallorca : material complementari. ' El modernismo en Mallorca : material complementario'.

Resumen tomado del propio recurso

El modernisme a Mallorca : quadern de l'alumne. 'El modernismo en Mallorca : cuaderno del alumno'.

Se trata de un cuaderno didáctico para el alumno, es un material complementario para utilizar junto con el libro de 'El Modernisme a Mallorca'. Contiene actividades para los alumnos sobre el modernismo en Mallorca, en Cataluña y en Europa.

Passejam pel modernisme : quadern de treball per a l'alumne. 'Paseamos por el modernismo : quaderno de trabajo para el alumno'.

Materíal didáctico dirigido al alumnado y que acompaña a una visita guiada por el núcleo histórico de la ciudad de Palma (Mallorca). Contiene breves explicaciones de cada uno de los edificios que se visitarán y propuestas de actividades.

Passejam pel modernisme : quadern d'informació per al professor. 'Paseamos por el modernismo : cuaderno de información para el profesor'.

Dossier técnico dirigido al profesorado y que acompaña a una visita guiada por el núcleo histórico de la ciudad de Palma (Mallorca). Contiene información sobre el recorrido, selección de textos y propuestas de actividades.

O Uso das Imagens Mentais na Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental do Transtorno de Estresse Pós-Traumático: uma Revisão Sistemática

No transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) é comum a ocorrência de sintomas associados a imagens mentais que remetem ao evento traumático. Estas imagens tem um impacto emocional bastante intenso, uma vez que podem se manifestar de maneira intrusiva e gerar sensação de revivência do trauma. Assim, tem sido estudadas técnicas de terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC) que utilizam as imagens mentais como intervenção terapêutica. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar de forma sistemática os efeitos do uso de imagens mentais como um recurso da TCC para o TEPT. Foram identificados 8 artigos publicados entre os anos de 2001 a 2012 por meio das bases de dados PubMed, PsycNet e Web of Science. As intervenções dos grupos experimentais apresentaram diferença estatística significativa em cinco dos oito estudos selecionados. Contudo, ainda se faz necessário a realização de mais pesquisas sobre seus efeitos em virtude do restrito número de estudos encontrados nesta revisão.

Plan de empresa PS Smoothies

PS Smoothies es una empresa de sociedad anónima simplificada que se dedicará a la comercialización y producción de bebidas, específicamente batidos a base de frutas naturales, comenzando a realizar sus actividades en Junio 2015. Estos batidos se entregarán en un punto de venta semi-estacionario que se ubicará de la carrera 5 a la 11, y de la calle 18 a la 101 de la ciudad de Bogotá. La ambientación del lugar estará basada en el concepto de la fauna y flora colombiana. Para iniciar la empresa se requiere de una inversión inicial por valor de $ 29’535.790 millones de pesos, la cual se recupera al tercer año de actividad. El portafolio de productos manejará solo la línea de Smoothies, los cuales serán elaborados con materias primas e insumos de excelente calidad, naturales y nutritivos, que aportan al consumidor vitaminas esenciales para mantener una buena salud. Al cabo de cumplir el primer año de operación la empresa alcanzará su punto de equilibrio, el cual se fijó en $132’601.368 millones de pesos al año. En el primer año de operación se obtiene utilidad por $7’312.780 millones de pesos y una tasa interna de retorno (TIR) del 20,65% EA. Para el tercer año se espera un crecimiento en ventas respecto al segundo año de un 7,35% y una utilidad de 19’928.523 millones de pesos.

El tras pàs d'alumnes de primària a secundària. 'El traspaso de alumnos de primaria a secundaria'.

Una de las manifestaciones más visibles de la reforma educativa es la incorporación de los alumnos de doce años a las instituciones de secundaria. Este proceso se ha ido realizando durante los últimos cursos en toda Cataluña con calendarios diferentes, en función de los ritmos de implantación del nuevo sistema educativo al conjunto del territorio. Las reflexiones que siguen se han de situar en su contexto: el de un antiguo instituto de bachillerato de la ciudad de Barcelona.