Atributos do solo e biomassa radicular após quatro anos de semeadura direta de forrageiras de estação fria em campo natural dessecado com herbicidas

Os campos naturais, desenvolvidos sobre solos arenosos da região norte do Uruguai, são compostos por espécies forrageiras, sobretudo de gramíneas de produção estacional, com baixa produtividade no inverno. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da dessecação do campo natural no estabelecimento de espécies de estação fria em atributos do solo e biomassa radicular. O estudo, iniciado em 1994, utilizou delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas, com três repetições. Nas parcelas principais, em 1994, foram aplicados os tratamentos com herbicidas (paraquat 0,60gha-1i.a., glifosate 0,36gha-1i.a. e glifosate 1,44gha-1i.a.) e testemunha sem herbicida em campo natural para a semeadura de pastagens de inverno. Nessas parcelas, a pastagem de inverno foi aveia preta (avena strigosa L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum L.). As subparcelas foram formadas pela reaplicação ou não dos herbicidas em 1995 e as subsubparcelas foram formadas pela reaplicação ou não dos herbicidas em 1996. As amostras de solo para determinar a biomassa radicular, a densidade do solo, o carbono (C) orgânico do solo, bases trocáveis, Al trocável e o pH do solo foram extraídas separadamente, em três subamostras, usando cilindro metálico de 7,65cm de diâmetro e 40cm de comprimento. Os monolitos extraídos foram estratificados até 30cm de profundidade nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 e 20-30cm. A biomassa radicular foi maior na testemunha do que a média dos tratamentos com herbicidas somente na camada de 0-5cm, e, entre os tratamentos com herbicidas, a biomassa radicular foi maior com paraquat do que com o glifosate. A reaplicação de herbicidas, em 1995 e 1996, também ocasionou redução da biomassa radicular. Houve alta correlação positiva de C orgânico com a biomassa radicular. A redução de C orgânico para o tratamento mais agressivo de controle químico (glifosate 1,44gi.a.ha-1) foi de 13%. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre as bases trocáveis, porém houve aumento no teor de Al trocável e na densidade do solo e redução na estabilidade de agregados com a redução do teor de matéria orgânica. O sistema com maior aplicação de herbicidas, desenvolvido para maior produção de forragem invernal, e com maior agressividade no controle do campo natural provocou maior transformação na comunidade vegetal, resultando em menor biomassa radicular e Corgânico, com conseqüências negativas quanto à acidez do solo e estrutura do solo.

Iowa Fisheries Research Technical Series No. 75-1 Variations in the abundance of channel catfish year classes in the upper Mississippi River and causative factors Don R. Helms, Fishery Research Biologist Fisheries Section Jerry M. Conley, Superintendent of Fisheries December, 1975

study of channel catfish in the Mississippi River to determine differences in year class abundance and causative factors

Business Recovery Status Report #6: Presidential Disaster #1763, August 15, 2008

Safeguard Iowa Partnership launched a survey to the business community to capture the impact from the 2008 disasters. Five hundred eighty surveys were completed and compiled for the report submitted to the Rebuild Iowa Office Economic and Workforce Development Task Force on August 20, 2008.

Business Recovery Status Report #15: Presidential Disaster #1763, October 17, 2008

Safeguard Iowa Partnership launched a survey to the business community to capture the impact from the 2008 disasters. Five hundred eighty surveys were completed and compiled for the report submitted to the Rebuild Iowa Office Economic and Workforce Development Task Force on August 20, 2008.

Root abundance of maize in conventionally-tilled and zero-tilled soils of Argentina

Maize root growth is negatively affected by compacted layers in the surface (e.g. agricultural traffic) and subsoil layers (e.g. claypans). Both kinds of soil mechanical impedances often coexist in maize fields, but the combined effects on root growth have seldom been studied. Soil physical properties and maize root abundance were determined in three different soils of the Rolling Pampa of Argentina, in conventionally-tilled (CT) and zero-tilled (ZT) fields cultivated with maize. In the soil with a light Bt horizon (loamy Typic Argiudoll, Chivilcoy site), induced plough pans were detected in CT plots at a depth of 0-0.12 m through significant increases in bulk density (1.15 to 1.27 Mg m-3) and cone (tip angle of 60 º) penetrometer resistance (7.18 to 9.37 MPa in summer from ZT to CT, respectively). This caused a reduction in maize root abundance of 40-80 % in CT compared to ZT plots below the induced pans. Two of the studied soils had hard-structured Bt horizons (clay pans), but in only one of them (silty clay loam Abruptic Argiudoll, Villa Lía site) the expected penetrometer resistance increases (up to 9 MPa) were observed with depth. In the other clay pan soil (silty clay loam Vertic Argiudoll, Pérez Millán site), penetrometer resistance did not increase with depth but reached 14.5 MPa at 0.075 and 0.2 m depth in CT and ZT plots, respectively. However, maize root abundance was stratified in the first 0.2 m at the Villa Lía and Pérez Millán sites. There, the hard Bt horizons did not represent an absolute but a relative mechanical impedance to maize roots, by the observed root clumping through desiccation cracks.

DNA mismatch repair gene MSH6 implicated in determining age at natural menopause.

The length of female reproductive lifespan is associated with multiple adverse outcomes, including breast cancer, cardiovascular disease and infertility. The biological processes that govern the timing of the beginning and end of reproductive life are not well understood. Genetic variants are known to contribute to ∼50% of the variation in both age at menarche and menopause, but to date the known genes explain <15% of the genetic component. We have used genome-wide association in a bivariate meta-analysis of both traits to identify genes involved in determining reproductive lifespan. We observed significant genetic correlation between the two traits using genome-wide complex trait analysis. However, we found no robust statistical evidence for individual variants with an effect on both traits. A novel association with age at menopause was detected for a variant rs1800932 in the mismatch repair gene MSH6 (P = 1.9 × 10(-9)), which was also associated with altered expression levels of MSH6 mRNA in multiple tissues. This study contributes to the growing evidence that DNA repair processes play a key role in ovarian ageing and could be an important therapeutic target for infertility.

Formas de fósforo no solo após sucessivas adições de dejeto líquido de suínos em pastagem natural

A suinocultura tem como inconveniente a grande produção de dejetos, os quais são reutilizados como fertilizantes agrícolas, porém, se utilizados em doses excessivas, tornam-se severos poluentes ambientais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as formas de acumulação de P em um solo submetido a sucessivas aplicações de doses de dejeto líquido de suínos. O experimento foi instalado em 1995, em uma área cultivada com pastagem natural, que recebeu doses de 0, 20 e 40 m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido de suínos (DLS), aplicadas em intervalos de 45 a 60 dias durante cinco anos. Em 1999, após 28 aplicações de DLS, que totalizaram 0, 560 e 1.120 m³ ha-1, foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0-2,5, 2,5-5, 5-10, 10-15 e 15-20 cm. A amostra foi seca, moída, passada em peneira de malha de 2 mm e submetida ao fracionamento químico do P pelo método de Hedley. No tratamento testemunha, foi determinada a capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo (CMAP), utilizando-se isotermas de adsorção e ajuste matemático pela equação de Langmuir. Os resultados mostraram que o P adicionado ao solo via DLS é acumulado essencialmente em formas inorgânicas, sendo as principais as extraídas por resina trocadora de ânions, NaHCO3 0,5 mol L-1, NaOH 0,1 mol L-1 e HCl 1,0 mol L-1.

Iowa Crop and Weather Report, August 15, 2011, Vol. 11. no. 24

Report produced by the The Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Climatology Bureau. Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Bill Northey today commented on the Iowa Crops and Weather report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service. The report is released weekly from April through October.

Iowa Crop and Weather Report, June 12, 2011, Vol. 11. no. 15

Report produced by the The Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Climatology Bureau. Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Bill Northey today commented on the Iowa Crops and Weather report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service. The report is released weekly from April through October.

Repeated sprinting on natural grass impairs vertical stiffness but does not alter plantar loading in soccer players.

This study aimed to determine changes in spring-mass model (SMM) characteristics, plantar pressures, and muscle activity induced by the repetition of sprints in soccer-specific conditions; i.e., on natural grass with soccer shoes. Thirteen soccer players performed 6 × 20 m sprints interspersed with 20 s of passive recovery. Plantar pressure distribution was recorded via an insole pressure recorder device divided into nine areas for analysis. Stride temporal parameters allowed to estimate SMM characteristics. Surface electromyographic activity was monitored for vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris muscles. Sprint time, contact time, and total stride duration lengthened from the first to the last repetition (+6.7, +12.9, and +9.3%; all P < 0.05), while flight time, swing time, and stride length remained constant. Stride frequency decrease across repetitions approached significance (-6.8%; P = 0.07). No main effect of the sprint number or any significant interaction between sprint number and foot region was found for maximal force, mean force, peak pressure and mean pressure (all P > 0.05). Center of mass vertical displacement increased (P < 0.01) with time, together with unchanged (both P > 0.05) peak vertical force and leg compression. Vertical stiffness decreased (-15.9%; P < 0.05) across trials, whereas leg stiffness changes were not significant (-5.9%; P > 0.05). Changes in root mean square activity of the three tested muscles over sprint repetitions were not significant. Although repeated sprinting on natural grass with players wearing soccer boots impairs their leg-spring behavior (vertical stiffness), there is no substantial concomitant alterations in muscle activation levels or plantar pressure patterns.

Carbono, nitrogênio e abundância natural de δ13c e δ15n em uma cronossequência de agricultura sob plantio direto no cerrado goiano

A conversão do cerrado nativo em sistemas agropecuários pode alterar com o passar dos anos de cultivo os teores de C e N, bem como o sinal isotópico do δ13C e δ15N do solo. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de C, N e abundância natural de δ13C e δ15N no perfil do solo em uma cronossequência de agricultura sob sistema plantio direto (SPD) no cerrado goiano. Para isso, em Montividiu, GO, foram selecionadas áreas sob SPD com diferentes tempos de implantação: SPD com três anos de implantação (SPD3), SPD com 15 anos de implantação (SPD15) e SPD com 20 anos de implantação (SPD20), as quais foram comparadas com áreas de cerrado nativo (CE) e pastagem (PA). Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0,00-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,30; 0,30-0,40; 0,40-0,50; 0,50-0,60; 0,60-0,80; e 0,80-1,00 m. O solo das áreas de estudo foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O manejo do solo sob SPD após 20 anos aumentou os teores de C e N na camada superficial do solo (0,00-0,05 m), em relação às outras áreas avaliadas. Nas demais profundidades avaliadas, observou-se que está ocorrendo aumento nos teores C e N com o passar dos anos de adoção do SPD (três para 15 anos); no entanto, tais áreas ainda não foram capazes de recuperar os teores desses elementos em relação à vegetação nativa de CE. Por meio dos resultados de δ13C, pôde-se constatar que a origem da MOS nas áreas de SPD é referente à plantas do ciclo fotossintético C4. Verificou-se que até os 0,30 m do perfil do solo os resultados de δ13C estão reduzindo com o passar dos anos de adoção do SPD. Os menores e maiores valores de δ15N foram encontrados nas áreas de CE e PA, SPD3, enquanto SPD15 e SPD20 apresentaram valores intermediários de δ15N, em relação às demais áreas avaliadas.

Multiscaling and information content of natural color images

Naive scale invariance is not a true property of natural images. Natural monochrome images possess a much richer geometrical structure, which is particularly well described in terms of multiscaling relations. This means that the pixels of a given image can be decomposed into sets, the fractal components of the image, with well-defined scaling exponents [Turiel and Parga, Neural Comput. 12, 763 (2000)]. Here it is shown that hyperspectral representations of natural scenes also exhibit multiscaling properties, observing the same kind of behavior. A precise measure of the informational relevance of the fractal components is also given, and it is shown that there are important differences between the intrinsically redundant red-green-blue system and the decorrelated one defined in Ruderman, Cronin, and Chiao [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 15, 2036 (1998)].

Iowa Crop and Weather Report, June 11, 2012, Vol. 12. no. 15

Report produced by the The Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Climatology Bureau. Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Bill Northey today commented on the Iowa Crops and Weather report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service. The report is released weekly from April through October.

Iowa Crop and Weather Report, October 15, 2012, Vol. 12. no. 33

Report produced by the The Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Climatology Bureau. Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Bill Northey today commented on the Iowa Crops and Weather report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service. The report is released weekly from April through October.

Iowa Crop and Weather Report, April 15, 2013 Vol 13, no.6

Report produced by the The Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, Climatology Bureau. Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Bill Northey today commented on the Iowa Crops and Weather report released by the USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service. The report is released weekly from April through October.