Factors associated with self-reported driver sleepiness and incidents in city bus drivers

Driver fatigue has received increased attention during recent years and is now considered to be a major contributor to approximately 15–30% of all crashes. However, little is known about fatigue in city bus drivers. It is hypothesized that city bus drivers suffer from sleepiness, which is due to a combination of working conditions, lack of health and reduced sleep quantity and quality. The overall aim with the current study is to investigate if severe driver sleepiness, as indicated by subjective reports of having to fight sleep while driving, is a problem for city based bus drivers in Sweden and if so, to identify the determinants related to working conditions, health and sleep which contribute towards this. The results indicate that driver sleepiness is a problem for city bus drivers, with 19% having to fight to stay awake while driving the bus 2–3 times each week or more and nearly half experiencing this at least 2–4 times per month. In conclusion, severe sleepiness, as indicated by having to fight sleep during driving, was common among the city bus drivers. Severe sleepiness correlated with fatigue related safety risks, such as near crashes.

Blurring the physical boundaries of the city: Media architecture and urban informatics for community engagement

Architecture focuses on designing built environments in response to society’s needs, reflecting culture through materials and forms. The physical boundaries of the city have become blurred through the integration of digital media, connecting the physical environment with the digital. In the recent past the future was imagined as highly technological; 1982 Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner is set in 2019 and introduces a world where supersized screens inject advertisements in the cluttered urban space. Now, in 2015 screens are central to everyday life, but in a completely different way in respect to what had been imagined. Through ubiquitous computing and social media, information is abundant. Digital technologies have changed the way people relate to cities supporting discussion on multiple levels, allowing citizens to be more vocal than ever before. We question how architects can use the affordances of urban informatics to obtain and navigate useful social information to inform design. This chapter investigates different approaches to engage communities in the debate on cities, in particular it aims to capture citizens’ opinions on the use and design of public places. Physical and digital discussions have been initiated to capture citizens’ opinions on the use and design of public places. In addition to traditional consultation methods, Web 2.0 platforms, urban screens, and mobile apps are used in the context of Brisbane, Australia to explore contemporary strategies of engagement (Gray 2014).

Water resources: Embed stormwater use in city planning [Correspondence]

Potable water resources are being depleted at an alarming rate worldwide. Storm water is a hugely under-utilized resource that could help as extreme weather events become more frequent...

Multi-criteria seismic hazard evaluation for Bangalore city, India

Different seismic hazard components pertaining to Bangalore city,namely soil overburden thickness, effective shear-wave velocity, factor of safety against liquefaction potential, peak ground acceleration at the seismic bedrock, site response in terms of amplification factor, and the predominant frequency, has been individually evaluated. The overburden thickness distribution, predominantly in the range of 5-10 m in the city, has been estimated through a sub-surface model from geotechnical bore-log data. The effective shear-wave velocity distribution, established through Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) survey and subsequent data interpretation through dispersion analysis, exhibits site class D (180-360 m/s), site class C (360-760 m/s), and site class B (760-1500 m/s) in compliance to the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) nomenclature. The peak ground acceleration has been estimated through deterministic approach, based on the maximum credible earthquake of M-W = 5.1 assumed to be nucleating from the closest active seismic source (Mandya-Channapatna-Bangalore Lineament). The 1-D site response factor, computed at each borehole through geotechnical analysis across the study region, is seen to be ranging from around amplification of one to as high as four times. Correspondingly, the predominant frequency estimated from the Fourier spectrum is found to be predominantly in range of 3.5-5.0 Hz. The soil liquefaction hazard assessment has been estimated in terms of factor of safety against liquefaction potential using standard penetration test data and the underlying soil properties that indicates 90% of the study region to be non-liquefiable. The spatial distributions of the different hazard entities are placed on a GIS platform and subsequently, integrated through analytical hierarchal process. The accomplished deterministic hazard map shows high hazard coverage in the western areas. The microzonation, thus, achieved is envisaged as a first-cut assessment of the site specific hazard in laying out a framework for higher order seismic microzonation as well as a useful decision support tool in overall land-use planning, and hazard management. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Strategy as text and discursive practice: A genre-based approach to strategizing in City Administration

Despite the acknowledged importance of strategic planning in business and other organizations, there are few studies focusing on strategy texts and the related processes of their production and consumption. In this paper, we attempt to partially fill this research gap by examining the institutionalized aspects of strategy discourse: what strategy is as genre. Combining textual analysis and analysis of conversation, the article focuses on the official strategy of the City of Lahti in Finland. Our analysis shows how specific communicative purposes and lexico-grammatical features characterize the genre of strategy and how the actual negotiations over strategy text involve particular kinds of intersubjectivity and intertextuality.

Power and Distribution Network Structure in the People's Republic of China - The Case of an Inland City in Transition

The aim of the current study is to examine the influence of the channel external environment on power, and the effect of power on the distribution network structure within the People’s Republic of China. Throughout the study a dual research process was applied. The theory was constructed by elaborating the main theoretical premises of the study, the channel power theories, the political economy framework and the distribution network structure, but these marketing channel concepts were expanded with other perspectives from other disciplines. The main method applied was a survey conducted among 164 Chinese retailers, complemented by interviews, photographs, observations and census data from the field. This multi-method approach enabled not only to validate and triangulate the quantitative results, but to uncover serendipitous findings as well. The theoretical contribution of the current study to the theory of marketing channels power is the different view it takes on power. First, earlier power studies have taken the producer perspective, whereas the current study also includes a distributor perspective to the discussion. Second, many power studies have dealt with strongly dependent relationships, whereas the current study examines loosely dependent relationships. Power is dependent on unequal distribution of resources rather than based on high dependency. The benefit of this view is in realising that power resources and power strategies are separate concepts. The empirical material of the current study confirmed that at least some resources were significantly related to power strategies. The study showed that the dimension resources composed of technology, know-how and knowledge, managerial freedom and reputation was significantly related to non-coercive power. Third, the notion of different outcomes of power is a contribution of this study to the channels power theory even though not confirmed by the empirical results. Fourth, it was proposed that channel external environment other than the resources would also contribute to the channel power. These propositions were partially supported thus providing only partial contribution to the channel power theory. Finally, power was equally distributed among the different types of actors. The findings from the qualitative data suggest that different types of retailers can be classified according to the meaning the actors put into their business. Some are more business oriented, for others retailing is the only way to earn a living. The findings also suggest that in some actors both retailing and wholesaling functions emerge, and this has implications for the marketing channels structure.

On the force potential of strategy texts: a critical discourse analysis of a strategic plan and its power effects in a city organization

Despite increasing interest in the discursive aspects of strategy, few studies have examined strategy texts and their power effects. We draw from Critical Discourse Analysis to better understand the power of strategic plans as a directive genre. In our empirical analysis, we examined the creation of the official strategic plan of the City of Lahti in Finland. As a result of our inductive analysis, we identified five central discursive features of this plan: self-authorization, special terminology, discursive innovation, forced consensus and deonticity. We argue that these features can, with due caution, be generalized and conceived as distinctive features of the strategy genre. We maintain that these discursive features are not trivial characteristics; they have important implications for the textual agency of strategic plans, their performative effects, impact on power relations and ideological implications.

Macroscopic model of city traffic using bond graph modelling

Modelling of city traffic involves capturing of all the dynamics that exist in real-time traffic. Probabilistic models and queuing theory have been used for mathematical representation of the traffic system. This paper proposes the concept of modelling the traffic system using bond graphs wherein traffic flow is based on energy conservation. The proposed modelling approach uses switched junctions to model complex traffic networks. This paper presents the modelling, simulation and experimental validation aspects.

Seasonal fluctuations in blue-green algae, especially in heterocystous species in polluted coastal waters off Helsinki city, in the northern part of the Gulf of Finland

Tiivistelmä

Museo yhteiskunnan peilinä? - pääkaupunkiseudulle perustetut kulttuurihistorialliset museot 1875-2010

Tässä pro gradu –tutkielmassa tarkastellaan museoita osana yhteiskunnan historiakulttuuria; niitä tapoja joiden pohjalta käsityksiä menneestä tuotetaan ja käytetään. Aihetta lähestytään kysymällä millaisia kulttuurihistoriallisia museoita pääkaupunkiseudulle on perustettu ja millaiset teemat eivät ole olleet museon arvoisia. Tutkielmassa selvitetään onko pääkaupunkiseudulle perustetuissa kulttuurihistoriallisissa museoissa havaittavissa ajallista aaltoa sen suhteen millaisille aiheille on perustettu oma museo. Lopuksi pohditaan esimerkkitapausten valossa sitä, miten erilaisia teemoja edustavien museoiden perustamistarvetta on perusteltu omana aikanaan. Etsimällä vastauksia tutkimuskysymyksiin pyritään samalla hahmotetaan sitä, millaista yhteiskunnallista historiakulttuuria museot ovat olleet osa. Työn ensimmäisessä vaiheessa kartoitettiin millaisia kulttuurihistoriallisia museoita pääkaupunkiseudulla on ollut. Museoviraston ja Suomen museoliiton aineistojen avulla on listattu kooste vuosien 1875-2010 välillä pääkaupunkiseudulla olleista museoista. Museoiden perustamiseen ja museokentältä katoamiseen liittyvää koostetta on täydennetty Helsingin matkailuyhdistyksen julkaisujen tiedoilla sekä museoiden omilla tiedonannoilla. Tutkielman museot on luokiteltu edustamiensa teemojen mukaan. Tarkoituksena on ollut hahmotella miten pääkaupunkiseudun kulttuurihistoriallisten museoiden kenttä on muuttunut 135 vuoden aikana. Työn toisessa vaiheessa tarkasteltiin neljän esimerkkitapauksen kautta museokentän ajallista muutosta ja sitä millaisia perusteluita museoiden perustamiselle on annettu sekä millaista keskustelua museon perustamisesta on omana aikanaan käyty. Esimerkkitapausten tarkastelun lähteinä käytettiin arkistomateriaalia, aikakauden lehdissä museoista käytyä keskustelua ja museoista kirjoitettuja historiikkeja. Pääkaupunkiseudun kulttuurihistoriallisissa museoissa on tutkielman mukaan havaittavissa löyhä ajallinen muutos. Kulttuurihistoriallisten museoiden edustamat historian kertomukset ovat muuttuneet ja pirstaloituneet 135 vuoden aikana virallisesta, kansallisesta historian kertomuksesta kohti useita pienempiä historian kertomuksia ja erilaisten ryhmien omaa historiaa. 1800-1900-lukujen taitteessa perustettiin pääosin valtiollisia ja instituutioiden historiaan keskittyneitä museoita sekä suurmiehille omistettuja henkilöhistoriallisia museoita. Valtiolliset ja henkilöhistorialliset teemat näkyvät museoissa läpi koko tutkielman tarkasteluajanjakson. Kansallisen historian katse suuntasi paikalliseen 1900-luvun alussa ja 1980-luvulla, jolloin perustettiin erityisen paljon paikallishistoriallisia ja alueellisia museoita. 1970-1990-luvuilla museokenttää hallitsivat monet tekniikkaan, teollisuuteen ja yrityshistoriaan keskittyneet museot. Tultaessa 2000-luvulle museot edustivat lapsiin, nuoriin, koulutukseen ja monikulttuurisuuteen liittyviä teemoja. Tutkielman toisen vaiheen esimerkkitapausten tarkastelu osoitti, että erilaisia teemoja edustavien museoiden perustamistarvetta perustellaan hyvin samankaltaisesti. Niin 1800-luvun lopussa kuin 1900-luvun lopussa museoiden tarvetta perusteltiin kasvatus- ja sivistystyöllä ja aihealueen arvostuksen kasvulla. Museon perustamisen koettiin osoittavan Suomen kuuluvan osaksi länsimaisia sivistysyhteiskuntia. Museoiden perustamisen taustalla on usein ollut asiaa ajanut yhdistys. Kuitenkin museohanke on ollut vuosikausien projekti ja konkretisoitunut usein vasta kun museon tiloihin ja talouteen liittyvät kysymykset on saatu kuntoon. Tutkielman loppupäätelmien myötä hahmottui monia historiantutkimuksellisen lisätarkastelun arvoisia aiheita museoista osana yhteiskunnan historiakulttuuria. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords kulttuurihistorialliset museot, historiakulttuuri, historiankäyttö, yhteiskunta

Housing the skilled migrants in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area : International attractiveness of housing, neighbourhoods and the city region

The aim of this thesis is to examine the skilled migrants’ satisfaction with the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. The examination is executed on three scales: housing, neighbourhoods and the city region. Specific focus is on the built environment and how it meets the needs of the migrants. The empirical data is formed of 25 semi-structured interviews with skilled migrants and additionally 5 expert interviews. Skilled and educated workforce is an increasingly important resource in the new economy, and cities are competing globally for talented workers. With aging population and a need to develop its innovational structure, the Helsinki Metropolitan Area needs migrant workforce. It has been stated that quality of place is a central factor for skilled migrants when choosing where to settle, and from this perspective their satisfaction with the region is significant. In housing, the skilled migrants found the price-quality ratio and the general sizes of apartments inadequate. The housing market is difficult for the migrants to approach, since they often do not speak Finnish and there are prejudices towards foreigners. The general quality of housing was rated well. On the neighbourhood level, the skilled migrants had settled in residential areas which are also preferred by the Finnish skilled workers. While the migrants showed suburban orientation in their settlement patterns, they were not concentrated in the suburban areas which host large shares of traditional immigrant groups. Migrants were usually satisfied with their neighbourhoods; however, part of the suburban dwellers were unsatisfied with the services and social life in their neighbourhoods. Considering the level of the city region, the most challenging feature for the skilled migrants was the social life. The migrants felt that the social environment is homogeneous and difficult to approach. The physical environment was generally rated well, the most appreciated features being public transportation, human scale of the Metropolitan Helsinki, cleanliness, and the urban nature. Urban culture and services were seen good for the city region’s size, but lacking in international comparison.

Strong ground motion at Bhuj city during the Kutch earthquake

In the absence of near field strong motion records, the level of ground motion during the devastating 26 January 2001 earthquake has to be found by indirect means. For the city of Bhuj, three broad band velocity time histories have been recorded by India Meteorological Department. In this paper these data are processed to obtain an estimate of strong ground motion at Bhuj. It is estimated that the peak ground acceleration at Bhuj was of the order of 0.38 g. Ground motion in the surrounding region is indirectly found using available spectral response recorder (SRR) data. These instrument-based results are compared with analytical results obtained from a half-space regional model.

Seismic Hazard and Microzonation Studies using Geographic Information System - A Case Study of Bangalore city

Seismic hazard and microzonation of cities enable to characterize the potential seismic areas that need to be taken into account when designing new structures or retrofitting the existing ones. Study of seismic hazard and preparation of geotechnical microzonation maps has been attempted using Geographical Information System (GIS). GIS will provide an effective solution for integrating different layers of information thus providing a useful input for city planning and in particular input to earthquake resistant design of structures in an area. Seismic hazard is the study of expected earthquake ground motions at any point on the earth. Microzonation is the process of sub division of region in to number of zones based on the earthquake effects in the local scale. Seismic microzonation is the process of estimating response of soil layers under earthquake excitation and thus the variation of ground motion characteristic on the ground surface. For the seismic microzonation, geotechnical site characterization need to be assessed at local scale (micro level), which is further used to assess of the site response and liquefaction susceptibility of the sites. Seismotectonic atlas of the area having a radius of 350km around Bangalore has been prepared with all the seismogenic sources and historic earthquake events (a catalogue of about 1400 events since 1906). We have attempted to carryout the site characterization of Bangalore by collating conventional geotechnical boreholes data (about 900 borehole data with depth) and integrated in GIS. 3-D subsurface model of Bangalore prepared using GIS is shown in Figure 1.Further, Shear wave velocity survey based on geophysical method at about 60 locations in the city has been carried out in 220 square Kms area. Site response and local site effects have been evaluated using 1-dimensional ground response analysis. Spatial variability of soil overburden depths, ground surface Peak Ground Acceleration’s(PGA), spectral acceleration for different frequencies, liquefaction susceptibility have been mapped in the 220 sq km area using GIS.ArcInfo software has been used for this purpose. These maps can be used for the city planning and risk & vulnerability studies. Figure 2 shows a map of peak ground acceleration at rock level for Bangalore city. Microtremor experiments were jointly carried out with NGRI scientists at about 55 locations in the city and the predominant frequency of the overburden soil columns were evaluated.