Reconstrucción de imágenes tomográficas: técnicas en el dominio de la frecuencia

La tomografía transaxial es una técnica radiográfica, que permite obtener imágenes de secciones bidimensionales, pertenecientes a estructuras tridimensionales mediante la exploración apropiada y utilizando algún tipo de radiación. En este trabajo se presentan los principios básicos de esta técnica, así como una visión general de los métodos de reconstrucción basados en el análisis de Fourier y sus respectivas versiones discretas con vista a su tratamiento en ordenadores digitales.

Cristales líquidos: bases de su comportamiento I

En este primer artículo, de una serie de tres,se presentan las principales clases de cristales líquidos existentes, así como las configuraciones más usuales de trabajo. Se presentan algunas formas de fabricación de células, y se dan las bases físicas de su comportamiento óptico, eléctrico y magnético. Finalmente se ofrece una panorámica global de sus principales aplicaciones.

Cristales líquidos: Nuevas aplicaciones (y III)

En este último artículo de la serie se presentan algunos desarrollos que ofrecen nuevas posibles aplicaciones de los cristales líquidos. El énfasis se da a moduladores, deflectores, biestables ópticos y moduladores optoópticos.

Reconstrucción de imágenes tomográficas: técnicas en el dominio real

La tomografía transaxial es una técnica radiográfica, que permite obtener imágenes de secciones bidimensionales, pertenecientes a estructuras tridimensionales mediante la exploración apropiada y utilizando algún tipo de radiación. En este trabajo se presentan algunos de los algoritmos de reconstrucción, que tienen como característica común, el procesamiento de los datos directamente en el dominio real, excluyendo cualquier otro tipo de manipulación. Asimismo, se incluye una breve introducción a los métodos de reconstrucción analógicos.

Electrohydrodynamic behavior in twisted-wedge nematic structures

A new type of domain for nematic liquid crystals with a twisted-wedge structure is presented. This new type of domain appears from the low frequency range to 10 kHz. This behavior was observed for square and pulsed excitations. The liquid crystal was N-(p-methoxybenzylidene)-p'-butylaniline) (MBBA) used at room temperature. These domains offer a higher degree of complexity than conventional Williams domains. The corresponding stability chart is presented.

Laser pulse shaping with liquid crystals

A method of unpolarized laser pulses shaping is reported. The basis of the method is the use of an hybrid optical bistable device with nematic liquid-crystals, similar to the one previously reported by us. A sample of the input light constrols, by an asymmetrical electronic comparator, a 1 x 2 electro-optical total switch. The output pulses are reshaped and maintain the same polarization properties as the input light. From triangular input light signals, symmetriacl and asymmetrical output pulses have been obtained. The minimum pulse width achieved was 0.1 msec. A representation of the output versus input light signals gives an hysteresys cycle in the asymmetrical case.

Light level to electrical frequency conversion with hybrid optical bistable devices.

A new concept in light level detection. The basis is the use of hybrid optical bistable devices working in oscillatory mode. The obtained instabilities show a correspondence between their frequency and the laser light intensity.

Digital light beam deflector with liquid crystals

In this communication we report a new method for deflecting a laser beam with liquid crystals cells. In order to improve previous response times of these cells, we use a wedge structure with twisted orientation.

Optical Multistability and Oscillations in Hybrid Optical Bistable Systems with Short Delay Times

Optical instabilities in the output light from a bistable optical device (BOD) with a delayed feedback was predicted by Ikeda [1]. Gibbs et al. [2] gave the first experimental verification of this type of instabilities. From that time several groups have studied the instabilities of the BOD for different relations between the delay time tR and the time constant ح of the system. In a previous paper [3] an empirical and analytical study of instabilities in hybrid BOD was reported by us. The employed set up is shown in Fig. 1.

Optically Induced Modulation of a Laser Beam in Nematic Liquid Crystals Structures

In this paper we report the experimental results obtained when an He-Ne laser beam crosses an MBBA homeotropic sandwich structure and is modulated by the influence of another laser beam, in our case an Ar+ laser, crossing through the same region. We extend some results previously reported by us1 2 concerning the influence of the ratio of the diameters of the laser beams on the modulation characteristics. A theoretical model, based on the one reported in Ref6 , shows good agreement with the experimental results. If the Ar+ laser is intensity chopped, the resulting He-Ne diffracted image is also intensity modulated. The highest frequency observed has been 500 p. p. s.

Optical memory with twisted nematic liquid crystal (TNLC) devices

A design for obtaining memory in optical bistability with liquid crystals is reported. This design uses optical feedback on a twisted nematie liquid crystal ( TNLC ) through an optoelectronic system. A constant input light is the read-out and its value depends on the desired initial working point, usually at the bottom of the T(V) vs. V curve. Light levels depend on the feedback. An input light pulse change the working point to the top of the transmission curve. When this pulse vanishes, the working point remains at the upper part of the curve. Hence a memory function is obtained. Minimum pulse width needed was 1msec. ON-OPF ratio was 100:3.

Total switching of unpolarized light with an electrooptic liquid-crystal device

This paper reports a new family of multimode fiber-optic switching devices based on nematic liquid crystal devices reported by us previously. These devices have a wedged structure as the main characteristic. Several modes of behavior cart arise depending on the internal configuration of the molecules. As we show, fhey have the possibility of total switching of unpolarized light with a very simple structure, low insertion losses, and very low operating voltages These new devices should find a wide range of applications in fiber-optic communication systems.

Construcción de viviendas mediante contenedores de obra

La actual crisis económica ha supuesto, especialmente para España, un receso en la construcción de nuevos edificios. Después de hacer una evaluación de la evolución del concepto de vivienda, analizamos la influencia que ello ha tenido en la arquitectura (tipología de vivienda, métodos constructivos, etc.) para ofrecer alternativas arquitectónicas a la presente crisis a través de la universidad. El proyecto “Construcción de viviendas mediante contenedores de obra”, es una parte de una investigación más amplia dentro de la línea “Arquitectura Modular” desarrollada por el Grupo de Investigación “Diseño y Fabricación Industrial” de la UPM cuyo objetivo es responder a las necesidades de fabricación de viviendas a un precio asequible, ofreciendo a través de internet los planos así como los detalles técnicos necesarios para la auto-construcción. Las casas propuestas se construirían combinando los contenedores de obra ya prefabricados, subsistemas prefabricados así como otros componentes disponibles en el mercado.

The time variable in the calculation of building structures. How to extend the working life until the 100 years?

The idea that a building and consequently its structure is for a lifetime has stopped being a reference. CTE establishes that the life utility of a normal construction structure should be of 50years. If the time variable is introduced in the calculation of actions on structures, seems evident thatdifferent values can be used for a standard building, for a provisional structure with ≤ 10 years of life utility or for a monumental building with a life utility of 100 years. The present presentation follows at all moment, the directives and formulations given in the different structural Eurocodes, till the moment not included in the CTE. Finally the values of the actions that must be used to extend the life utility of a building until. 100 years will be deduced, also it suitability and e conomic feasibility will be discuss.

Houses built from accommodating cabins

The current economic crisis has meant, particularly in Spain, the almost cessation of new buildings construction. This deep crisis will mean in future an irreversible change in the Spanish construction model, based to date almost exclusively on the brick. After focusing on the Spanish property boom and examining its impact on the concept of housing (in a few years the house has moved forward from being contemplated exclusively as a primary good to be also considered a capital asset), we analyse the influence that this transformation has had on architecture (housing typology, building methods, the architectural profession and the architect training) and offers architectural alternatives –trough the university– to the present crisis. The project “Houses built from accommodating cabins” is part of a larger research within the line “Modular Architecture” developed by the Research Group “Design and Industrial Production”, belonging to the Technical University of Madrid, which aims to respond to the need for decent housing at an affordable price, by offering through Internet the plans, resources and other technical details required to build a house oneself. The proposed houses are built from the combination of industrially made modules (accommodation cabins, which are prefabricated modules usually used as provisional constructions in conventional building works), prefabricated subsystems and other catalogue components available on the market, all they set together by dry joints.