Divided but United: European Trade Policy & EC-U.S. Agricultural Negotiations in the Uruguay Round. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 07.3, 1996

How has the integration of trade policy and negotiating authority in Europe affected the external bargaining capabilities of the European Community (EC)? This paper analyzes the bargaining constraints and opportunities for the EC created by the obligation to negotiate as a single entity. The nature of demands in external~ the voting rules at the EC level, and the amount of autonomy exercised by EC negotiators contribute to explaining, this paper argues, whether the EC gains some external bargaining clout from its internal divisions and whether the final international agreement reflects the position of the median or the extreme countries in the Community. The Uruguay Round agricultural negotiations illustrate the consequences of the EC's institutional structure on its external bargaining capabilities. Negotiations between the EC and the U.S. were deadlocked for six years because the wide gap among the positions of the member states at the start of the Uruguay Round had prevented the EC from making sufficient concessions. The combination of a weakened unanimity rule and greater autonomy seized by Commission negotiators after the May 1992 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy made possible the conclusion of an EC-U.S. agricultural agreement. Although the majority of member states supported the Blair House agreement, the reinstating of the veto power in the EC and the tighter member states' control over the Commission eventually resulted in a renegotiation of the U.S.-EC agreement tilted in favor of France, the most recalcitrant country.

Democratic Contestation, Accountability, and Citizen Satisfaction at the Regional Level. CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 04.2, 2004

Democratic theory tells us that competition between political parties fosters more responsive government by disciplining elected leaders. Yet party competition may not always attain the levels desirable for holding leaders accountable, notably at the sub-national level. This paper hypothesizes that variations in competition-induced accountability affect regional, or state, government behavior, and that this variation is reflected in citizen satisfaction with regional government performance. The hypothesis is confirmed using survey data from sixty-eight German state election studies. Specifically, a widening of the gap between the two main parties of each state is shown to affect subsequent individual-level satisfaction negatively. This finding presents a conjecture that should be generalizable to other countries with strong sub-national units.

Reglamentos para el régimen interior de las municipalidades y para la formación, conservación y aumento de los bosques municipales,

Mode of access: Internet.

The cabildo in Peru under the Hapsburgs : a study in the origins and powers of the town council in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1530-1700.

Bibliography: p. 285-298.

Proceedings of the annual convention of the Union of Nova Scotia Municipalities.

Mode of access: Internet.

Metropolitan borough councils, their constitution, powers and duties.

Mode of access: Internet.

Annual Commonwealth conference.

Annual conference of the League of Oregon municipalities included.

A complete compilation of the laws of Minnesota : relating to township organization and the duties of town officers, embracing the tax law and laws relating to schools, including the laws in force to the close of the eleventh session of the legislature, 1869, with the appropriate forms and notes of judicial decisions.

Mode of access: Internet.

Official roster : Federal, State, county officers, and departmental information.

Includes a Supplemental roster of State officers, boards, and commissions including Federal boards and agencies operating in Ohio, for 1934.

Mecelle-yi umur-i belediye /

Vol. 1 has imprint: İstanbul : Matbaa-yi Osmaniye, 1338/1922.

De l'organisation municipale en France, et du projet présenté aux Chambres, en 1821, par le gouvernement du roi, sous l'Empire de la Charte /

Mode of access: Internet.

Sucinta relación de las principales operaciones del Escmo. Ayuntamiento Constitucional de la ciudad de Barcelona en el año 1821

Mode of access: Internet.

Histoire des communes de France et législation municipale depuis la fin du XIe siècle jusqu'à nos jours, dediée au deux chambres,

Mode of access: Internet.

Discurso politico-legal sobre la ereccion de los diputados y personeros del comun de los reynos de España... : con un copioso tratado peculiar de el Tribunal de Repeso o Amotacén, manejo de los propios y arbitrios y las tarifas de lo vendible por menor... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Metropolitan communities:

Kept up to date with supplements.