1000 resultados para Milho - Adubos e fertilizantes - Absorção e adsorção
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA
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The aim of this work was to proceed, from the energetic point of view, an analysis of a corn agroecosystem, on the direct planting, located at Pirituba II rural workers placement project, Área III, city of Itaberá/SP. The energetic analysis mesured all operations, together with its fisical demands, the inputs and produced grains, classifying them within their respective flux, based on the definition of energy inputs and outputs, converting them into energetic equivalents and, so, determining the energetic matrix of de agroecosystem. The caloric index used were cultural efficiency and cultural liquid energy. The results showed the dependence of the studied systems on the chemical energy sources, from fertilizers (39,49%), agrotoxics (27,74%), and fossile energy of diesel (24,94%). The energetic values of the direct and indirect energy showed a very big difference between them, what means that the energy sources used in the system are not balanced. The cultural efficiency found was 12,86 and cultural liquid energy got to 115.025,92 MJ x ha-1. Later on, obtained data was compared to already existing data in Bueno (2002), who researched conventional planting system. The cultural inputs of both systems were energeticaly different: 9.696,97 MJ x ha-1 (direct planting), e 8.783,78 MJ x ha-1 (convencional planting). The outputs had very different results: 124.722,89 e 79.118,38 MJ x ha-1, respectively. So, we had much more cultural liquid energy on the studied system: 115.025,92 MJ x ha-1, compared to convencional system: 70.334,60 MJ x ha-1. The energectic loss of nitrogened fertilizers contributed for the high energetic loss of both energetic studied matrices. There are few contribution from biological energy source in both systems.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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As culturas da soja e milho são de grande importância econômica mundial e também para o Brasil, onde a área cultivada com essas duas culturas está estimada em 45.855.900 mil hectares, distribuídas em todos estados produtores conforme suas características. A estimativa da safra mundial de soja em 2015/16 apresentou uma redução na produção global da oleaginosa para 319,0 milhões de ton, volume 1,1 milhão de ton inferior ao levantamento de dezembro de 2015. Ainda assim, trata-se de um volume recorde. Para o milho, a produção global foi de 967,9 milhões de ton, com uma redução no volume de 5,9 milhões de ton em relação ao levantamento realizado em dezembro de 2015. Nessas duas culturas são comumente utilizadas bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio (BFN), reduzindo ou até mesmo, eliminando a aplicação de adubos nitrogenados. Estudos apontam que a simbiose entre BFN e as culturas soja e milho pode ser otimizada mediante a coinoculação com rizobatérias promotoras de crescimento de plantas (RPCP). Apesar de promissora, o estudo da utilização de BFN em associação com RPCPs é incipiente no Brasil. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo monitorar, a partir da marcação bacteriana, a interação entre a linhagem de Burkholderia ambifaria (RZ2MS16), uma rizobactéria proveniente do guaranazeiro e previamente descrita como promotora de crescimento em soja e milho e linhagens das espécies Bradyrhizobium japonicum (SEMIA5079), Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens (SEMIA5080) e Azospirillum brasilense (Ab-v5 e Ab-v6) que são comercialmente utilizadas como bioinoculantes nessas culturas respectivamente. Os efeitos sinergisticos da interação entre RZ2MS16 e bioinoculantes comercias foram avaliados em experimento de casa de vegetação. Também foi avaliado o efeito da coinoculação de bioinculantes com outra rizobactéria proveniente do guaranazeiro, Bacillus sp. (RZ2MS9). As linhagens foram inoculadas separadamente e coinoculadas, sendo melhores resultados observados com a coinoculação das linhagens. As linhagens marcadas com genes de fluorescência selecionadas para estudo de interação foram RZ2MS16, Ab-v5 e SEMIA5080, sendo essa interação observada por microscopia de fluorescência, com também pelo reisolamento das linhagens marcadas. As linhagens RZ2MS16:pNKGFP e Ab-v5: pWM1013 e SEMIA5080:pWM1013 colonizaram todos os nichos avaliados em milho e soja, respectivamente, sendo também caracterizadas como endofíticos. Assim se observa que estudos desta natureza são de grande importância para um melhor entendimento da interação entre bactéria planta e o efeito da coinoculação no melhor desenvolvimento de plantas comercialmente utilizadas.
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Organo-mineral fertilizers have been used to both meet plants’ nutritional needs and reduce producers’ reliance on mineral fertilizers. This practice improves both the use of nutrients by plants and the soil structure due to the organic matter in these fertilizers. This study aimed to determine the effect of organic matter sources in the composition of organomineral fertilizers and compare it to the effect of traditional mineral fertilizers when it comes to the initial development of sorghum. Research was carried out in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Uberlandia, in Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Sorghum seeds of grain-bearing simple hybrid 1G100 were used in the seeding process. The experiment followed a randomized complete block design in a 4 x 3 + 2 factorial arrangement. Factors included four levels (50, 75, 100 and 125% of 450 kg ha-1, which is the recommended dose for sorghum crops), three organic matter sources in the composition of the organomineral fertilizers (sewage sludge, filter cake, and peat), a control (100% mineral fertilizer), and an untreated check (no fertilizers). Each experimental plot consisted of four plants divided into two pots. Oxisol was used in all pots. Analyses were performed at 30 and 60 days after seeding (DAS) and targeted: plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and leaf area. After this period, plants were removed from the soil, and had their aerial parts isolated to be dried in an air-forced oven before measurement of their dry mass. Means of the organomineral fertilizers outperformed those of both control and untreated check plots in almost all variables at 30 DAS. The only exception was variable stem diameter, in which organomineral fertilizers outperformed untreated check plots only. Sorghum fertilized with organomineral fertilizers also showed positive results in the variables analyzed at 60 DAS: even with dose reduction, their means were similar to those found in control plots. Organomineral fertilizers had higher means in some variables, such as diameter and dry mass of the aerial part, than both control and untreated check plots. In the conditions set in this study and considering the variables herein reported, organomineral fertilizers can substitute mineral fertilizers in the initial development of sorghum, even with some dose reductions.
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The no-tillage system is the predominant model in the agricultural scenario of southern Brazil. Thus, the use of cover crops is significant due to the addition of biomass to protect the soil surface, and contribute to the cycling and/or fixing of nutrients, and in particular nitrogen (N) with liberation for the subsequent culture. Among the cool season species, it was found predominant use of oat to obtain straw to system. Though large quantities input of residue is not the preferred species to precede the corn, cereal with relevant importance in the Paraná Southwest region. It was aimed to evaluate the productivity capacity of corn in no-tillage, in the absence or presence of nitrogen fertilization, on waste of winter cover crops on soil and climatic conditions of the Paraná Southwest region. The installation of no-tillage was held in 2010 in the experimental area belonging to UTFPR, Campus Dois Vizinhos, on a Red Latosol. For the present study, we used data relating to three agricultural years (2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015). The experimental design was randomized block design with split plots with three replications. The main plots consisted of systems composed by cover crops (black oat, ryegrass, rye, turnip, vetch, white lupine, aot+vetch consortium and oat+vetch+turnip), preceding corn. In the subplots were used two doses of nitrogen fertilization (0 and 180 kg ha N) coverage in maize.The biggest coverage rates occurred in the consortium with 95% at 62 days after sowing. The residual effect of 180 kg ha cool season plants following year. The residual effect of 180 kg ha systems, reduced in 21% the C/N ratio of poaceae. The common vetch accumulated 32 kg N per ton of MS added. The oat and rye keeps more than 50% waste to the land cover, after 120 days, while the ryegrass and vetch provide low soil protection. Consortium oat+vetch+turnip, vetch and white lupine, released the largest amounts of N, between 52 and 59 kg ha brassica and consortia positively influencing the diameter and length of cobs, number of kernels per row and, total number of grains per ear of corn, in the absence of mineral N. The weight of a thousand grains was increased by 12.4% by the addition of 180 kg ha increase in productivity of grain by the addition of 180 kg ha N, was 2.1 Mg ha 5.6 Mg ha 6.4 Mg ha components when cultivated on vetch. Systems containing fabaceae, brassica and consortium oat+vetch+turnip, predating the corn, in the absence of mineral N, provided similar grain yelds inrelation to the systems with the addition of 180 kg ha Keywords: Cover crops. No-tillage. Grain yield. Zea mays - 1 -1 N, increased 4.8% coverage rate in the of N in corn/cover crops -1 -1 . Fabaceae, -1 N mineral. The average N, in relation to dose 0 kg ha corn kernels on fabaceae, brassica and consortium oat+vetch+turnip, and poaceae the grains in succession. The consortium added amount between 4.0 the DM in the years of study. There was no effect of mineral N rate for corn yield components when cultivated on vetch. Systems containing fabaceae, brassica and consortium oat+vetch+turnip, predating the corn, in the absence of mineral N, provided similar grain yelds inrelation to the systems with the addition of 180 kg ha-1 N.
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To achieve high yields the corn crop is dependent on nitrogen. Systems of cover crops preceding corn and form of land cultivation are essential for the best use of nitrogen by corn. This study aimed to evaluate the use or not of nitrogen fertilization in corn in succession to cover crops, planted in three cropping systems. The experimental design was randomized blocks with sub-divided portion where the main plots consisted of three cultivation systems (tillage, conventional tillage and minimum tillage), the subplots by four plant cover in monocrop (oat, hairy vetch, field peas and turnip) and sub-subplots by nitrogen fertilization (0 and 160 kg ha-1 N). Evaluations were performed, the cover crops, soil cover rate, dry matter, content and accumulation of nutrients. In corn we evaluated yield components, yield, chlorophyll and nutrient levels in leaves. Among the species coverage studied the oat showed hardiness in the experiment, covering ground faster and showing more dry matter, however vetch hairy showed higher concentrations of N, P and K and higher accumulation of N ha-1. The soil tillage system influenced the K leaf content. The interaction cultivation x coverage showed significance for the total chlorophyll of corn. In the absence of N, N content and chlorophyll were higher where the corn was sown on the pea and hairy vetch. The corn production, despite a higher average in the presence of nitrogen fertilization, did not differ significantly when used the pea and hairy vetch as a cover crop.
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We conducted a field experiment near Abelardo Luz, Santa Catarina, from October 2012 to April 2014, to evaluate the effect interaction of nitrogen fertilization and height of canopy over the N nutrition of corn subsequently grown to pasture. The data belonging to this thesis are related to the first two production cycles obtained in sorghum pasture (2012/2013), oat (2013) and corn crop (2013/2014). In the evaluation of forage sorghum and oat it was used the same experimental design, consisting of randomized complete block in a factorial arrangement (2 x 2) with three replications. The first factor was considered canopy height (Low and High) and the second factor was the fertilization of cover crop pasture (0 and 200 kg N.ha-1). In phase I and II, the combination of factors evaluators were prepared in the same experimental unit. For corn crop the design was a randomized complete block in a factorial design (2X2X4X6) with three replications. Factors considered in corn were: canopy height of pasture (Low and High), nitrogen application times (NG - nitrogen in the grains and NP - nitrogen in pasture), nitrogen fertilization in corn (0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N.ha-1) and time (46, 53, 60, 67, 76 and 103 days after sowing the maize). In phases I and II, in general the use of N in the pasture increased the productive potential of the pasture and animal management and canopy height has changed the dynamics of structural components and botanical pasture. In cold conditions for long periods and not acclimatized plants the adoption of high nitrogen fertilization and height high grazing pasture leave vulnerable to damage caused by the freezing of plants. The anticipation of nitrogen fertilization on pasture positively affects the corn crop by increasing the accumulated dry matter and N content in the plant. Nitrogen nutritional content of corn with the anticipation of fertilization in pasture is suitable for obtaining high crop production in integrated crop-livestock system. When used nitrogen only coverage in corn sufficiency level in the nitrogen nutrition is achieved with the use of 100 kg N.ha-1. With the use of 200 kg N ha -1 NG and NP no difference in nitrogen content and nitrogen nutrition index.
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A quitosana é produzida através de uma desacetilação alcalina da quitina, a qual é encontrada em exoesqueleto de crustáceos, parede celular de fungos e materiais biológicos. Calcula-se que os resíduos de camarão apresentam de 5 a 7% do seu peso total na forma de quitina, sugerindo que estes sejam utilizados para obtenção do biopolímero. Os processos para obtenção destes biopolímeros consiste nas seguintes etapas: desmineralização, desproteinização e desodorização, obtendo-se assim, a quitina úmida. Após seca, passa por uma desacetilação química para a conversão em quitosana úmida, sendo purificada e posteriormente seca. A quitosana, por apresentar grupamentos amino livres em sua estrutura, é uma molécula capaz de formar complexos estáveis com cátions metálicos. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi obter quitina a partir de resíduos de camarão (Penaeus brasiliensis) com posterior produção de quitosana, e avaliar sua capacidade de complexação com íons Fe3+, em solução. A quitosana produzida foi caracterizada através do grau de desacetiliação e da massa molecular viscosimétrica, Para caracterização estrutural das amostras de quitosana, utilizaram-se espectrometria de infravermelho e espectrofotometria UV-Visível, bem como para o complexo formado de quitosana e ferro. Para analisar a eficiência da remoção deste íon, foram feitas análises em espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama e em espectrofotometria UV-Visível. Uma análise estatística foi realizada para avaliar a percentagem de remoção do íon ferro das soluções, sendo utilizado um planejamento fatorial em dois níveis, tendo como variáveis independentes o pH do meio, a quantidade de quitosana adicionada, a granulometria da mesma e o tempo de reação. A quitosana apresentou grau de desacetilação de 87±2% e massa molecular viscosimétrica de 196±4kDa, sendo esses valores, comparáveis à quitosana disponível comercialmente. Na melhor região de trabalho definida pela análise estatística, obteve-se uma remoção máxima de 85 % do íon ferro das soluções.
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Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Agronómica, 20 de Julho de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.
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he present model of agriculture is based on intensive use of industrial inputs, due to its rapid response, but it brings harmful consequences to the environment, and it is necessary the use of modern inputs. And an alternative is the use of rock biofertilizers in agriculture, a product easy to use, with higher residual effect and does not harm the environment. The objective of study was to evaluate the inoculation and co-inoculation of different microorganisms in the solubilization of rock phosphate and potash ground microbial evaluating the best performance in the production of biofertilizers comparing with rocks pure in soil chemical properties and, verify effect of inoculation of the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa in the absorption of minerals dissolved in the development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). The first bioassay was conducted in Laboratory (UFRN) for 72 days in Petri dishes, where the rock powder was increased by 10% and sulfur co-inoculated and inoculated with bacterial suspension of Paenibacillus polymyxa grown in medium tryptone soy broth, Ralstonia solanacearum in medium Kelman, Cromobacterium violaceum in medium Luria-Bertani and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in medium Tuovinen and Kelly,and fungi Trichoderma humatum and Penicillium fellutanum in malt extract. Every 12 days, samples were removed in order to build up the release curve of minerals. The second bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Corporation of Rio Grande do Norte in experimental delineation in randomized block designs, was used 10 kg of an Yellow Argissolo Dystrophic per pot with the addition of treatments super phosphate simple (SS), potassium chloride (KCl), pure rock, biofertilizers in doses 40, 70, 100 and 200% of the recommendation for SS and KCl, and a control, or not inoculated with bacteria P. polymyxa. Were used seeds of cowpea BRS Potiguar and co-inoculated with the bacterial suspension of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and P. polymyxa. The first crop was harvested 45 days after planting, were evaluated in the dry matter (ADM), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn) in ADM. And the second at 75 days assessing levels of macro end micronutrients in plants and soil, and the maximum adsorption capacity of P in soil. The results showed synergism in co-inoculations with P. polymyxa+R. solanacearum and, P. polymyxa+C. violaceum solubilizations providing higher P and K, respectively, and better solubilization time at 36 days. The pH was lower in biofertilizers higher doses, but there was better with their addition to P at the highest dose. Significant reduction of maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus with increasing dose of biofertilizer. For K and Ca was better with SS+KCl, and Mg to pure rock. There was an effect of fertilization on the absorption, with better results for P, K and ADM with SS+KCL, and N, Ca and Mg for biofertilizers. Generally, the P. polymyxa not influence the absorption of the elements in the plant. In treatments with the uninoculated P. polymyxa chemical fertilizer had an average significantly higher for weight and number of grains. And in the presence of the bacteria, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers had positive values in relation to rock and control. The data show that the rocks and biofertilizers could meet the need of nutrients the plants revealed as potential for sustainable agriculture
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Por hipótese, o uso de lodos de esgotos como fertilizantes agrícolas pode contaminar solos e águas subterrâneas com poluentes orgânicos. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar o risco de lixiviação de trinta e oito poluentes orgânicos de lodos de esgotos. Para tanto, foi assumido um cultivo de milho em um solo Latossolo vermelho distrófico, característico de solos de regiões produtoras de milho, no qual foi aplicada uma dose de lodo de esgotos como fertilizante agrícola. A lixiviação dos poluentes foi simulada utilizando-se o modelo CMLS94 e os dados climáticos de mil anos independentes e igualmente prováveis gerados pelo simulador de clima WGEN, a partir de uma seqüência de quatorze anos consecutivos observados e registrados pela Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas - IAC. A análise de risco indicou que os poluentes benzidina > n-nitrosodi-n-propilamina > fenol > 2,4-dinitrofenol > isoforano > nitrobenzeno > p-cresol > o-cresol > m-cresol > 2- clorofenol, nessa ordem, devem ser monitorados prioritariamente em águas subterrâneas de regiões de solos similares a Latossolo vermelho distrófico nos quais foram aplicados doses de lodo.
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RESUMO: Neste trabalho foi avaliada a dinâmica do N mineral e a produtividade do milho em solo que vem, a longo tempo, recebendo aplicações de lodos de esgoto provenientes das estações de Tratamento de Franca e de Barueri, ou que recebeu lodo de esgoto por certo período de tempo. As aplicações iniciaram-se em 1999 a taxas que variaram na dose recomendada, tomando-se como base os requerimentos da planta em N, até uma taxa 8 vezes maior. Nos anos de 2004 e 2005 os lodos não foram aplicados. Em 2006 e 2007 somente foi aplicado o lodo de Franca. Os resultados deste trabalho referem-se às coletas de solo feitas no ano agrícola 2007/2008. Os tratamentos com lodo foram comparados com o tratamento com fertilização mineral (FM) e com o tratamento testemunha (T), que não recebeu fertilizantes e nem lodo. Os teores de N no solo aumentaram com as doses do lodo de Franca, o que não ocorreu com o lodo de Barueri. As produtividades do milho foram maiores nos tratamentos com o lodo de Franca e não diferiram com as doses aplicadas. Nos tratamentos com o lodo de Barueri as produtividades foram menores que as obtidas com o lodo de Franca, mas foram semelhantes às obtidas no tratamento com FM. A menor produtividade foi obtida no tratamento T. Os maiores teores de N totais nos grãos foram obtidos nos tratamentos com o lodo de Franca sem diferença entre as doses.
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O ácido chiquímico é um indicador da intoxicação das plantas por glifosate. Apesar de inativado no solo, há indícios de que esse herbicida pode ser liberado pelas raízes das plantas tratadas sendo, posteriormente, absorvido por outras plantas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a exsudação do glifosate a partir de plantas de soja RR e sua posterior absorção por soja convencional, ambas cultivadas em sistema hidropônico. Os resultados mostraram que houve exsudação do glifosate e de seu metabolito ácido aminometilfosfônico (AMPA) pela soja RR na solução nutritiva e posterior absorção do herbicida, indicada pelo acúmulo do ácido chiquímico nas plantas de soja convencional. Comprova-se a exsudação e posterior absorção do glifosate, entretanto, relacionar estes fatos com os efeitos negativos sobre o crescimento e o aumento da suscetibilidade das plantas às doenças é prematuro, principalmente devido à forte adsorção do produto. Há necessidade de estudos posteriores que relacionem fatores climáticos, balanço de massas além de microorganismos endofíticos e micorrizas.