Cis-, trans-, transcriptional regulation of the Arabidopsis thaliana gene AtTrxo1 and its response upon germination and to salt

Plants contain several genes encoding thioredoxins (Trxs), small proteins involved in redox regulation of many enzymes in different cell compartments. Among them, mitochondrial Trxo has been described to have a response in plants grown under salinity but there is scarce information about its functional role in abiotic stress or its gene regulation. In this work, the transcriptional regulation of the mitochondrial AtTrxo1 gene has been studied for the first time, by identifying functionally relevant cis- elements in its promoter: two conserved motives were found as positive and one as negative regulators. Using them as baits for the screening of an arrayed yeast library containing Arabidopsis Transcription Factors (TF) ORFs, two TFs were selected that are now being validated at the molecular level. We have also studied the response of T-DNA insertion mutant plants for AtTrxo1 to salt stress. The K.O. AtTrxo1 mutants presented several phenotypic changes including the time required to reach 50% germination under salinity, without affecting the final germination percentage.

Reducción de psicofármacos en aguas residuales después de la filtración con membranas

Se analiza la presencia de diferentes psicofármacos en el agua residual y los rendimientos de eliminación obtenidos en una depuradora convencional. Los psicofármacos prácticamente no se eliminan en el tratamiento biológico. Sin embargo, se ha obtenido una biodegradación considerable debido al tipo de compuesto y de la edad del fango. Además se estudian las retenciones de estos compuestos empleando tratamientos terciarios convencionales y plantas piloto de ultrafiltración y nanofiltración. Las eliminaciones obtenidas no difieren demasiado de un tipo de membrana a otro a pesar del diferente tamaño de paso entre ellas

Evaluación de un entorno de rehabilitación cognitiva basado en tecnologías de Vídeo Interactivo y Eye-Tracking

El Daño Cerebral Adquirido (DCA) se ha convertido en una de las principales causas de discapacidad neurológica de las sociedades desarrolladas. La alteración de las funciones cognitivas como consecuencia del DCA, limita no sólo la calidad de vida del paciente sino también la de las persona de su entorno. Aunque la neurorrehabilitación permite recuperar algunas de las funciones alteradas aprovechando la naturaleza plástica del sistema nervioso, su práctica siguiendo procesos tradicionales no permiten en muchos casos ajustarse a las necesidades de cada individuo ni, en general, cubrir todos los aspectos necesarios que conviertan al proceso rehabilitador en un tratamiento realmente efectivo. La incorporación al proceso de rehabilitación de las nuevas tecnologías ha permitido aumentar la intensidad del tratamiento, personalizando y prolongándolo en el tiempo de forma sostenible. Los entornos virtuales (EV) apoyados en esta tendencia permiten reproducir Actividades de Vida Diaria (AVD) controladas que incrementan el valor ecológico de las terapias. Este Trabajo Fin de Grado aborda el uso pionero de la tecnología de Vídeo Interactivo (VI) para el desarrollo de dichos entornos en el campo de la rehabilitación cognitiva. En concreto, el objetivo del TFG es la evaluación de un EV de rehabilitación desarrollado mediante tecnología de VI e integrado con un sistema de Eye-Tracking, capaz de capturar y analizar la información referente al comportamiento visual del paciente. Para este fin, se realiza el diseño, implementación y evaluación de un estudio experimental que registre el comportamiento de diferentes sujetos ante dos modalidades de AVD.

Modelling ecological cognitive rehabilitation therapies for building virtual environments in brain injury

Brain Injury (BI) has become one of the most common causes of neurological disability in developed countries. Cognitive disorders result in a loss of independence and patients? quality of life. Cognitive rehabilitation aims to promote patients? skills to achieve their highest degree of personal autonomy. New technologies such as virtual reality or interactive video allow developing rehabilitation therapies based on reproducible Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), increasing the ecological validity of the therapy. However, the lack of frameworks to formalize and represent the definition of this kind of therapies can be a barrier for widespread use of interactive virtual environments in clinical routine.

La influencia del género sobre la responsabilidad social empresarial en las entidades de economía social

Puesto que las Entidades de la Economía Social (EES) basan su funcionamiento en valores como la democracia, la igualdad, la equidad, la solidaridad y, por tanto, contrarios a toda clase de discriminación, cabria esperar que prevaleciera en todos sus ámbitos la igualdad de género y, en especial, en lo relativo a la toma de decisiones. Sin embargo, al igual que sucede en el conjunto de las empresas, los escasos estudios que existen ponen de manifiesto que en las EES la participación de hombres y mujeres en la toma de decisiones no es igualitaria. Parece que estas organizaciones no son ajenas a los efectos de la segregación vertical, fundamentados en diversas teorías explicativas. No obstante, el estilo directivo femenino es bien diferente al desarrollado por sus colegas masculinos, aunque la cultura empresarial y los estereotipos de género impiden su diferenciación efectiva. Por otra parte, la sociedad exige cada vez más a las empresas compromisos sociales y medioambientales que superan el ámbito estrictamente económico. Por ello, a las empresas en general, y a las de la Economía Social en particular, se les pide que adopten prácticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE). En este contexto, y ante el paralelismo que existe entre los valores y principios de la Economía Social y de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE), este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la incidencia del género en la RSE de las EES. Para ello, se cuenta con la información proporcionada de una muestra formada por 134 cooperativas y sociedades laborales. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la mayor participación de las mujeres en la toma de decisiones de las empresas de Economía Social no afecta ni a la RSE, medida en su conjunto, ni a cada una de sus dimensiones (económica, social y medioambiental).

Comparación e integración de guías docentes: primer curso de la Titulación de Enfermería

El objetivo principal del estudio fue el análisis y comparación de las guías docentes elaboradas en Primer curso de Enfermería, en un primer nivel su relación con los objetivos generales y competencias específicas y transversales de la titulación conducentes a un perfil del profesional de Enfermería generalista. En otro nivel, el análisis de la vinculación de las distintas guías docentes en términos de coincidencias, complementariedad o grado de integración a partir de los contenidos establecidos en cada una de ellas. Por último, también se estableció la necesidad de mejorar la implementación de acciones específicas con metodologías vinculadas a la convergencia europea. La metodología utilizada ha sido un trabajo colaborativo con todos los responsables de las guías docentes utilizando distintos instrumentos: documentos relacionados con el perfil, objetivos y competencias de la titulación, cuestionario de comparación de guías, materiales desarrollados por el Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación, y la herramienta del campus virtual “Trabajo en Grupo”. Los resultados muestran que todas las guías están vinculadas a los objetivos generales de la titulación, siendo su grado de interrelación variable. Muchas de ellas comparten competencias específicas, por tanto algunos de los contenidos coincidentes son abordados desde distintas perspectivas constatándose su relación y por tanto la necesidad de integración. Algunas de las guías ya estaban integradas en el contexto clínico. Este estudio ha permitido mejorar dicha integración en determinados casos y en otros establecer acciones específicas sobre todo para integrar contenidos en el contexto teórico y práctico. Se ha producido una gran colaboración y cooperación de la mayoría de los miembros de la Red y ha habido un compromiso para poner en la práctica algunas de las propuestas del grupo para el próximo curso. El análisis del currículum formativo de primer curso de la Titulación y las acciones concretas realizadas y propuestas (metodológicas de secuenciación de contenidos, etc.) permitirán una mejor cohesión de muchas de las materias, que en un principio podían percibirse como “desubicadas” o “aisladas” por el alumno y que en definitiva aportará una visión más integradora del perfil del Profesional de Enfermería.

Role of the denitrifying Haloarchaea in the treatment of nitrite-brines

Haloferax mediterranei is a denitrifying halophilic archaeon able to reduce nitrate and nitrite under oxic and anoxic conditions. In the presence of oxygen, nitrate and nitrite are used as nitrogen sources for growth. Under oxygen scarcity,this haloarchaeon uses both ions as electron acceptors via a denitrification pathway. In the present work, the maximal nitriteconcentration tolerated by this organism was determined by studying the growth of H. mediterranei in minimal medium containing30, 40 and 50 mM nitrite as sole nitrogen source and under initial oxic conditions at 42 °C. The results showed theability of H. mediterranei to withstand nitrite concentrations up to 50 mM. At the beginning of the incubation, nitrate wasdetected in the medium, probably due to the spontaneous oxidation of nitrite under the initial oxic conditions. The completeremoval of nitrite and nitrate was accomplished in most of the tested conditions, except in culture medium containing 50 mMnitrite, suggesting that this concentration compromised the denitrification capacity of the cells. Nitrite and nitrate reductases activities were analyzed at different growth stages of H. mediterranei. In all cases, the activities of the respiratory enzymeswere higher than their assimilative counterparts; this was especially the case for NirK. The denitrifying and possibly detoxifyingrole of this enzyme might explain the high nitrite tolerance of H. mediterranei. This archaeon was also able to remove60 % of the nitrate and 75 % of the nitrite initially present in brine samples collected from a wastewater treatment facility.These results suggest that H. mediterranei, and probably other halophilic denitrifying Archaea, are suitable candidates for thebioremediation of brines with high nitrite and nitrate concentrations.

Biodiversity of Archaea and floral of two inland saltern ecosystems in the Alto Vinalopó Valley, Spain

Background. The extraction of salt from seawater by means of coastal solar salterns is a very well-described process. Moreover, the characterization of these environments from ecological, biochemical and microbiological perspectives has become a key focus for many research groups all over the world over the last 20 years. In countries such as Spain, there are several examples of coastal solar salterns (mainly on the Mediterranean coast) and inland solar salterns, from which sodium chloride is obtained for human consumption. However, studies focused on the characterization of inland solar salterns are scarce and both the archaeal diversity and the plant communities inhabiting these environments remain poorly described. Results. Two of the inland solar salterns (termed Redonda and Penalva), located in the Alto Vinalopó Valley (Alicante, Spain), were characterized regarding their geological and physico-chemical characteristics and their archaeal and botanical biodiversity. A preliminary eukaryotic diversity survey was also performed using saline water. The chemical characterization of the brine has revealed that the salted groundwater extracted to fill these inland solar salterns is thalassohaline. The plant communities living in this environment are dominated by Sarcocornia fruticosa (L.) A.J. Scott, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moris) K. Koch, Suaeda vera Forsk. ex Gmelin (Amaranthaceae) and several species of Limonium (Mill) and Tamarix (L). Archaeal diversity was analyzed and compared by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular phylogenetic techniques. Most of the sequences recovered from environmental DNA samples are affiliated with haloarchaeal genera such as Haloarcula, Halorubrum, Haloquadratum and Halobacterium, and with an unclassified member of the Halobacteriaceae. The eukaryote Dunaliella was also present in the samples. Conclusions. To our knowledge, this study constitutes the first analysis centered on inland solar salterns located in the southeastern region of Spain. The results obtained revealed that the salt deposits of this region have marine origins. Plant communities typical of salt marshes are present in this ecosystem and members of the Halobacteriaceae family can be easily detected in the microbial populations of these habitats. Possible origins of the haloarchaea detected in this study are discussed.

Nitrogen metabolism in haloarchaea

The nitrogen cycle (N-cycle), principally supported by prokaryotes, involves different redox reactions mainly focused on assimilatory purposes or respiratory processes for energy conservation. As the N-cycle has important environmental implications, this biogeochemical cycle has become a major research topic during the last few years. However, although N-cycle metabolic pathways have been studied extensively in Bacteria or Eukarya, relatively little is known in the Archaea. Halophilic Archaea are the predominant microorganisms in hot and hypersaline environments such as salted lakes, hot springs or salted ponds. Consequently, the denitrifying haloarchaea that sustain the nitrogen cycle under these conditions have emerged as an important target for research aimed at understanding microbial life in these extreme environments. The haloarchaeon Haloferax mediterranei was isolated 20 years ago from Santa Pola salted ponds (Alicante, Spain). It was described as a denitrifier and it is also able to grow using NO3-, NO2- or NH4+ as inorganic nitrogen sources. This review summarizes the advances that have been made in understanding the N-cycle in halophilic archaea using Hfx mediterranei as a haloarchaeal model. The results obtained show that this microorganism could be very attractive for bioremediation applications in those areas where high salt, nitrate and nitrite concentrations are found in ground waters and soils.

Ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase: involvement in ammonium assimilation in Haloferax mediterranei

Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) is one of the two important enzymes involved in the ammonium assimilation pathway glutamine synthetase (GS)/GOGAT, which enables Hfx. mediterranei to thrive in media with low ammonium concentration or containing just nitrate as single nitrogen source. The gene coding for this enzyme, gltS, has been sequenced, analysed and compared with other GOGATs from different organisms from the three domains of life. According to its amino acid sequence, Hfx. mediterranei GOGAT displays high homology with those from other archaeal halophilic organisms and with the bacterial alpha-like subunit. Hfx. mediterranei GOGAT and GS expression was induced under conditions of ammonium restriction. The GOGAT protein was found to be a monomer with a molecular mass of 163.78 kDa, which is consistent with that estimated by gel filtration, 198 ± 30 kDa. The enzyme is highly ferredoxin dependent: activity was only observed with one of the two different 2Fe–2S ferredoxins chromatographically isolated from Hfx. mediterranei. The enzyme also displayed typical halophilic behaviour, being fully stable, and producing maximal activity, at salt concentrations from 3 to 4 M NaCl, pH 7.5 and a temperature of 50 °C.

Cu-NirK from Haloferax mediterranei as an example of metalloprotein maturation and exportation via Tat system

The green Cu-NirK from Haloferax mediterranei (Cu-NirK) has been expressed, refolded and retrieved as a trimeric enzyme using an expression method developed for halophilic Archaea. This method utilizes Haloferax volcanii as a halophilic host and an expression vector with a constitutive and strong promoter. The enzymatic activity of recombinant Cu-NirK was detected in both cellular fractions (cytoplasmic fraction and membranes) and in the culture media. The characterization of the enzyme isolated from the cytoplasmic fraction as well as the culture media revealed important differences in the primary structure of both forms indicating that Hfx. mediterranei could carry out a maturation and exportation process within the cell before the protein is exported to the S-layer. Several conserved signals found in Cu-NirK from Hfx. mediterranei sequence indicate that these processes are closely related to the Tat system. Furthermore, the N-terminal sequence of the two Cu-NirK subunits constituting different isoforms revealed that translation of this protein could begin at two different points, identifying two possible start codons. The hypothesis proposed in this work for halophilic Cu-NirK processing and exportation via the Tat system represents the first approximation of this mechanism in the Halobacteriaceae family and in Prokarya in general.

Biochemistry I. Unit 1

Unit 1. Introduction. The Basis of Biochemistry

Biochemistry I. Unit 2

Unit 2. Structure and function of proteins