Evidence for middle Cretaceous accretion at Santa Elena Peninsula (Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex), Costa Rica

An oceanic assemblage of alkaline basalts, radiolarites and polymictic breccias forms the tectonic substratum of the Santa Elena Nappe, which is constituted by extensive outcrops of ultramafic and mafic rocks of the Santa Elena Peninsula (NW Costa Rica). The undulating basal contact of this nappe defines several half-windows along the south shores of the Santa Elena Peninsula. Lithologically it is constituted by vesicular pillowed and massive alkaline basaltic flows, alkaline sills, ribbon-bedded and knobby radiolarites, muddy tuffaceous and detrital turbidites, debris flows and polymictic breccias and megabreccias. Sediments and basalt flows show predominant subvertical dips and occur in packages separated by roughly bed-parallel thrust planes. Individual packages reveal a coherent internal stratigraphy that records younging to the east in all packages and shows rapid coarsening upwards of the detrital facies. Alkaline basalt flows, pillow breccias and sills within radiolarite successions are genetically related to a mid-Cretaceous submarine seamount. Detrital sedimentary facies range form distal turbidites to proximal debris flows and culminate in megabreccias related to collapse and mass wasting in an accretionary prism. According to radiolarian dating, bedded radiolarites and soft-sediment- deformed clasts in the megabreccias formed in a short, late Aptian to Cenomanian time interval. Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous radiolarian ages are found in clasts and blocks reworked from an older oceanic basement. We conclude that the oceanic assemblage beneath the Santa Elena Nappe does not represent a continuous stratigraphic succession. It is a pile of individual thrust sheets constituting an accretionary sequence, where intrusion and extrusion of alkaline basalts, sedimentation of radiolarites, turbidites and trench fill chaotic sediments occurred during the Aptian-Cenomanian. These thrust sheets formed shortly before the off-scraping and accretion of the complex. Here we define the Santa Rosa Accretionary Complex and propose a new hypothesis not considered in former interpretations. This hypothesis would be the basis for further research.

The lower Triassic anachronistic carbonate facies in space and time

The end-Permian mass extinction greatly affected the sedimentary record, but the sedimentary response was not limited to the Permian-Triassic boundary interval. This transformation extended to sedimentation that spanned the entire Early Triassic. Calcimicrobialites play an important role throughout this time interval, and at least four main events of anomalous carbonate deposition can be shown. A post-extinction calcimicrobial unit occurs above the extensive Permian skeletal carbonate platform exposed in the Taurus Mountains (southern Turkey), in south Armenia, north-west north and Central Iran along the Zagros Mountains. The calcimicrobial unit formed during the flooding of the platform that took place during the earliest Triassic. A similar calcimicrobialite formed during late Griesbachian to Dienerian time atop the shallow Permian skeletal carbonate platform largely exposed in south China. A third event occurred during the Early Olenekian on the first Mesozoic isolated pelagic plateau (Baid seamount, Oman Mountains). Here the change in carbonate sedimentation is reflected in the occurrence of thrombolites and carbonate seafloor fans. Near the end of Early Triassic time, unusual carbonate deposition is recorded both on an isolated pelagic plateau of the Western Tethys (Halstatt limestone of Dobrogea, Romania) and on the eastern Panthalassa margin of the western United States. In the western United States, the event is represented by stromatolites and thrombolites in the Virgin Limestone of the Moenkopi Formation and by seafloor fans in the middle and upper members of the Union Wash Formation. These unusual episodes of anomalous carbonate deposition illustrate a fundamental change in sedimentation that occurred in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction.

Late Cretaceous to Eocene geology of the South Central American forearc area (southern Costa Rica and western Panama) : initiation and evolution of an intra-oceanic convergent margin

Résumé : L'arc volcanique du sud de l'Amérique Centrale se situe sur la marge SW de la Plaque Caraïbe, au-dessus des plaques subduites de Cocos et Nazca. Il s'agit de l'un des arcs intra-océaniques les plus étudiés au monde, qui est généralement considéré comme s'étant développé à la fin du Crétacé le long d'un plateau océanique (le Plateau Caraïbe ou CLIP) et se trouvant actuellement dans un régime de subduction érosive. Au cours des dernières décennies, des efforts particuliers ont été faits pour comprendre les processus liés à la subduction sur la base d'études géophysiques et géochimiques. Au sud du Costa Rica et à l'ouest du Panama, des complexes d'accrétions et structures à la base de l'arc volcanique ont été exposés grâce à la subduction de rides asismiques et de failles transformantes. Des affleurements, situés jusqu'à seulement 15 km de la fosse, offrent une possibilité unique de mieux comprendre quelques uns des processus ayant lieu le long de la zone de subduction. Nous présentons de nouvelles contraintes sur l'origine de ces affleurements en alliant une étude de terrain poussée, de nouvelles données géochimiques, sédimentaires et paléontologiques, ainsi que des observations structurales effectuées en télédétection. Une nouvelle stratigraphie tectonique entre le Campanien et l'Éocène est définie pour la région d'avant-arc située entre la Péninsule d'Osa (Costa Rica) et la Péninsule d'Azuero (Panama). Nos résultats montrent que la partie externe de la marge est composée d'un arrangement complexe de roches ignées et de séquences sédimentaires de recouvrement qui comprennent principalement le socle de l'arc, des roches d'arc primitif, des fragments de monts sous-marins accrétés et des mélanges d'accrétion. Des preuves sont données pour le développement de l'arc volcanique du sud de l'Amérique Centrale sur un plateau océanique. Le début de la subduction le long de la marge SW de la Plaque Caraïbe a eu lieu au Campanien et a généré des roches d'arc primitif caractérisées par des affinités géochimiques particulières, globalement intermédiaires entre des affinités de plateau et d'arc insulaire. L'arc était mature au Maastrichtien et formait un isthme essentiellement continu entre l'Amérique du Nord et l'Amérique du Sud. Ceci a permis la migration de faunes terrestres entre les Amériques et pourrait avoir contribué à la crise fin Crétacé -Tertiaire en réduisant les courants océaniques subéquatoriaux entre le Pacifique et l'Atlantique. Plusieurs unités composées de fragments de monts sous-marins accrétés sont définies. La nature et l'arrangement structural de ces unités définissent de nouvelles contraintes sur les modes d'accrétion des monts sous-marins/îles océaniques et sur l'évolution de la marge depuis la formation de la zone de subduction. Entre la fin du Crétacé et l'Éocène moyen, la marge a enregistré plusieurs épisodes ponctuels d'accrétion de monts sous-marins alternant avec de la subduction érosive. A l'Éocène moyen, un événement tectonique régional pourrait avoir causé un fort couplage entre les plaques supérieure et inférieure, menant à des taux plus important d'accrétion de monts sous-marins. Durant cette période, la situation le long de la marge était très semblable à la situation actuelle et caractérisée par la présence de monts sous-marins subductants et l'absence d'accrétion de sédiments. L'enregistrement géologique montre qu'il n'est pas possible d'attribuer une nature érosive ou accrétionnaire à la marge dans le passé ou -par analogie- aujourd'hui, parce que (1) les processus d'accrétion et érosifs varient fortement spatialement et temporellement et (2) il est impossible d'évaluer la quantité exacte de matériel tectoniquement enlevé à la marge depuis le début de la subduction. Au sud du Costa Rica, certains fragments de monts sous-marins accrétés sont représentatifs d'une interaction entre une ride et un point chaud dans le Pacifique au Crétacé terminal/Paléocène. L'existence de ces fragments de monts sous-marins et la morphologie du fond de l'Océan Pacifique indiquent que la formation de la ride de Cocos-Nazca s'est formée au moins ~40 Ma avant l'âge proposé par les modèles tectoniques actuels. Au Panama, nous avons identifié une île océanique d'âge début Éocène qui a été accrétée à l'Éocène moyen. L'accrétion a eu lieu à très faible profondeur par détachement de l'île dans la fosse, et a mené à une exceptionnelle préservation des structures volcaniques. Des affleurement comprenant aussi bien des parties basses et hautes de l'édifice volcanique on été étudiées, depuis la phase sous-marine bouclier jusqu'à la phase subaérienne post-bouclier. La stratigraphie nous a permis de différencier les laves de la phase sous-marine de celles de la phase subaérienne. La composition des laves indique une diminution progressive de l'intensité de la fusion partielle de la source et une diminution de la température des laves produites durant les derniers stades de l'activité volcanique. Nous interprétons ces changements comme étant liés à l'éloignement progressif de l'île océanique de la zone de fusion ou point chaud. Abstract The southern Central American volcanic front lies on the SW edge of the Caribbean Plate, inboard of the subducting Cocos and Nazca Plates. It is one of the most studied intra-oceanic convergent margins around the world, which is generally interpreted to have developed in the late Cretaceous along an oceanic plateau (the Caribbean Large Igneous Province or CLIP) and to be currently undergoing a regime of subduction erosion. In the last decades a particular effort has been made to understand subduction-related processes on the basis of geophysical and geochemical studies. In southern Costa Rica and western Panama accretionary complexes and structures at the base of the volcanic front have been exposed in response to subduction of aseismic ridges and transforms. Onland exposures are located as close as to 15 km from the trench and provide a unique opportunity to better understand some of the processes occurring along the subduction zone. We provide new constraints on the origins of these exposures by integrating a comprehensive field work, new geochemical, sedimentary and paleontological data, as well as structural observations based on remote imaging. A new Campanian to Eocene tectonostratigraphy is defined for the forearc area located between the Osa Peninsula (Costa Rica) and the Azuero Peninsula (Panama). Our results show that the outer margin is composed of a complicated arrangement of igneous complexes and overlapping sedimentary sequences that essentially comprise an arc basement, primitive island-arc rocks, accreted seamount fragments and accretionary mélanges. Evidences are provided for the development of the southern Central American arc on the top an oceanic plateau. The subduction initiation along the SW edge of the Caribbean Plate occurred in the Campanian and led to formation of primitive island-arc rocks characterized by unusual geochemical affinities broadly intermediate between plateau and arc affinities. The arc was mature in the Maastrichtian and was forming a predominantly continuous landbridge between the North and South Americas. This allowed migration of terrestrial fauna between the Americas and may have contributed to the Cretaceous-Tertiary crisis by limiting trans-equatorial oceanic currents between the Pacific and the Atlantic. Several units composed of accreted seamount fragments are defined. The nature of the units and their structural arrangement provide new constraints on the modes of accretion of seamounts/oceanic islands and on the evolution of the margin since subduction initiation. Between the late Cretaceous and the middle Eocene, the margin recorded several local episodes of seamount accretion alternating with tectonic erosion. In the middle Eocene a regional tectonic event may have triggered strong coupling between the overriding and subducting plates, leading to higher rates of seamount accretion. During this period the situation along the margin was very similar to the present and characterized by subducting seamounts and absence of sediment accretion. The geological record shows that it is not possible to ascribe an overall erosive or accretionary nature to the margin in the past and, by analogy, today, because (1) accretionary and erosive processes exhibit significant lateral and temporal variations and (2) it is impossible to estimate the exact amount of material tectonically eroded from the margin since subduction initiation. In southern Costa Rica, accreted seamount fragments point toward a plume-ridge interaction in the Pacific in the late Cretaceous/Paleocene. This occurrence of accreted seamount fragments and morphology of the Pacific Ocean floor is indicative of the formation of the Cocos-Nazca spreading system at least ~40 Ma prior to the age proposed in current tectonic models. In Panama, we identified a remarkably-well preserved early Eocene oceanic island that accreted in the middle Eocene. The accretion probably occurred at very shallow depth by detachment of the island in the trench and led to an exceptional preservation of the volcanic structures. Exposures of both deep and superficial parts of the volcanic edifice have been studied, from the submarine-shield to subaerial-postshield stages. The stratigraphy allowed us to distinguish lavas produced during the submarine and subaerial stages. The lava compositions likely define a progressive diminution of source melting and a decrease in the temperature of erupted melts in the latest stages of volcanic activity. We interpret these changes to primarily reflect the progressive migration of the oceanic island out of the melting region or hotspot.

Rapid marine recovery after the end-Permian mass-extinction event in the absence of marine anoxia

A new Early Triassic marine fauna is described from the Central Oman Mountains. The fauna is Griesbachian in age, on the basis of abundant conodonts and ammonoids, and was deposited in an oxygenated seamount setting off the Arabian platform margin. It is the first Griesbachian assemblage from a well-oxygenated marine setting and thus provides a test for the hypothesis that widespread anoxia prevented rapid recovery. The earliest Griesbachian (parvus zone) contains a low-diversity benthic fauna dominated by the bivalves Promyalina and Claraia. A similar level of recovery characterizes the immediate postextinction interval worldwide. However, the middle upper Griesbachian sedimentary rocks (isarcica and catinata zones) contain an incredibly diverse benthic fauna of bivalves, gastropods, articulate brachiopods, a new undescribed crinoid, echinoids, and ostracods. This fauna is more diverse and ecologically complex than the typical middle to late Griesbachian faunas described from oxygen-restricted settings worldwide. The level of postextinction recovery observed in the Oman fauna is not recorded elsewhere until the Spathian. These data support the hypothesis that the apparent delay in recovery after the end-Permian extinction event was due to widespread and prolonged benthic oxygen restriction: in the absence of anoxia, marine recovery is much faster.

Ibergirhynchia contraria (F. A. Roemer, 1850), an Early Carboniferous seep-related rhynchonellide brachiopod from the Harz Mountains, Germany - A possible successor to Dzieduszyckia?

A new genus Ibergirhynchia, a member of the rhynchonellide superfamily Dimerelloidea, is described for the species Terebratula contraria Roemer, 1850, from Early Carboniferous deposits of the Harz Mountains, Germany. Ibergirhynchia contraria is from a monospecific brachiopod limestone that formed on top of the drowned Devonian Iberg Reef which persisted as a seamount during Famennian and Early Carboniferous times. Ibergirhynchia contraria is considered a cold seep-related brachiopod based on this locality. Such seep associations have been observed for Mesozoic representatives of the rhynchonellide superfamily Dimerelloidea. Ibergirhynchia is considered the first Paleozoic representative of the family Rhynchonellinidae. Ibergirhynchia resembles Dzieduszyckia externally and may be derived from this dimerelloid.

Translation, decay and splitting of Agulhas rings in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean

All Agulhas rings that were spawned at the Agulhas retrofiec- tion between 1993 and 1996 (a total of 21 rings) have been monitored using TOPEX/Poseidon satellite altimetry and followed as they moved through the southeastern Atlantic Ocean, decayed, interacted with bottom topography and each other, or dissipated completely. Rings preferentially crossed the Walvis Ridge at its deepest parts. After having crossed this ridge they have lower translational speeds, and their decay rate decreases markedly. Half the decay of long-lived rings takes place in the first 5 months of their lifetimes. In addition to the strong decay of rings in the Cape Basin, about one third of the observed rings do not seem to leave this region at all but totally disintegrate here. The interaction of rings with bottom topography, in particular with the Verna Seamount, is shown frequently to cause splitting of rings. This will enhance mixing of the rings' Indian Ocean water into that of the southern Atlantic. This localized mixing may well provide a considerable source of warm and salty Indian Ocean water into the Atlantic overturning circulation.

Der Einfluss von Seamounts auf die klein- und mesoskalige Verteilung des Phytoplanktons im zentralen, subtropischen Nordostatlantik

Thema dieser Arbeit war die Beschreibung des Einflusses von Seamounts auf die Verteilung und Zusammensetzung von Phytoplanktonpopulationen. Dazu wurden exemplarisch zwei verschiedene Seamounts während zweier multidisziplinärer Expeditionen im subtropischen Nordostatlantik ausgewählt. Diese waren der Ampere Seamount (35°05’N 012°55‘W) und die Große Meteorbank (30°00’N 028°30‘W). I. Der Ampere Seamount wurde vom 29.04.-09.05.1996 während der Forschungsreise POS 218 mit FS „Poseidon“ besucht. Dort wurde versucht, ausgehend von einer zentralen Position, entlang radialer Schnitte über den Seamount dessen Einfluss auf die Verteilung des Phytoplanktons zu erfassen. Durch direkte Messung bzw. Beprobung der Wassersäule war eine Charakterisierung der abiotischen Umweltparameter Temperatur, Salzgehalt, potentielle Dichte, gelöster Sauerstoff, Nährsalze und Lichttiefe möglich. Weiterhin wurden der Phytoplanktonbestand und die Zusammensetzung der Phytoplanktonpopulation anhand mehrerer Untersuchungsmethoden beschrieben. Diese waren Bestimmungen von partikulärem organischem Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff, Chlorophyll a-Messungen, HPLC-Pigmentanalysen, mikroskopische Zählungen sowie die Bestimmung von gesamter und größenfraktionierter Primärproduktion. Zwei exemplarische Schnitte in Nord-Süd- bzw. West-Ost-Ausrichtung wurden ausgewählt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten deutlich einen Einfluss des Seamounts auf die abiotischen Umweltparameter. So ließ sich ein Anstieg der Isopyknen um etwa 20-30 m über dem Gipfelbereich feststellen im Vergleich zu Stationen, welche weiter entfernt vom Gipfel waren. Nährsalze waren im Allgemeinen an der Oberfläche nur in sehr geringen Konzentrationen nachzuweisen. Ein deutlicher Konzentrationsanstieg erfolgte ab einer Tiefe von etwa 75 m. Eine Ausnahme stellte die Südflanke des Seamounts dar, wo etwas höhere Nährsalzkonzentrationen schon ab Wassertiefen von etwa 30 m festgestellt wurden. Dies kann vermutlich auf die hydrografischen Bedingungen an dieser Stelle zurückgeführt werden. Erste, vorläufige Modellberechnungen lassen auf einen Einfluss eines starken Einschnitts an der sehr steilen Südflanke des Seamounts auf eine Strömung schließen, welche kälteres, nährsalzreicheres Tiefenwasser nach oben bringt. Auch bei der Verteilung der biotischen Variablen machte sich der Einfluss dieser Strömung bemerkbar. Die POC-Konzentrationen lagen im Mittel bei etwa 75.5 μg/l mit einem Tiefenmaximum bei ca. 80 m. An der Südflanke wiederum zeigte sich eine heterogene Verteilung der POC-Konzentration ohne deutlich ausgebildetes Maximum. Ein deutlich ausgebildetes Tiefenchlorophyllmaximum (TCM) wurde unterhalb der Dichtesprungschicht in Wassertiefen zwischen 50 und 100 m beobachtet, wie es allgemein für subtropische Meeresgebiete typisch ist. Auch das TCM zeichnete sich durch einen Anstieg um ca. 25 m im Gipfelbereich aus. Weiterhin war auffällig, dass das Chl a- und das Nitritmaximum in der gleichen Tiefe lagen. Dies könnte evtl. durch erhöhte Fraßaktivitäten und nachfolgende Anhäufung von Exkretionsprodukten des Zooplanktons erklärt werden, wie schon bei anderen Seamounts nachgewiesen wurde. Die Primärproduktion erreichte Werte, wie sie für diese Meeresregion schon früher bestimmt wurden. Auffällig war bei der fraktionierten Produktionsmessung die Dominanz von Pico- und Nanoplankton. Ein etwas höherer Anteil von Mikrophytoplankton an einigen Stationen könnte mit dem Auftrieb von etwas nährsalzreicherem Wasser an der Südseite des Ampere Seamounts zusammenhängen. Die Pigmentanalysen zeigten, dass die Phytoplanktonpopulation von Picoplanktongruppen bestimmt war. Diese waren in erster Linie Cyanophyceen und Prochlorophyceen, welche bis zur Tiefe des TCM vorherrschten. Unterhalb des TCM nahm der Anteil dieser beiden Gruppen ab, während Chrysophyceen, Chlorophyceen und Prymnesiophyceen zunahmen. Die Gruppen des Mikroplanktons, Dinophyceen und Bacillariophyceen, spielten nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. II. Die Große Meteorbank wurde vom 25.08.-23.09.1998 während der Forschungsreise M 42/3 mit FS „Meteor“ besucht. Auch dort wurde versucht, entlang verschiedener Schnitte über den Seamount dessen Einfluss auf die Verteilung des Phytoplanktons zu erfassen. Ausser den schon beim Ampere Seamount beschriebenen Messungen und Beprobungen zur Erfassung der abiotischen Umweltparameter und biotischen Variablen bzw. des Phytoplanktonbestands und der Zusammensetzung der Phytoplanktonpopulation wurden noch Zählungen des Picoplanktons anhand der Durchflusszytometrie sowie rasterelektronenmikroskopische Beobachtung und Auszählung der Coccolithophoridenflora (Prymnesiophyceae) durchgeführt. An der Großen Meteorbank wurden keine Bestimmungen der Primärproduktion gemacht. Zwei exemplarische Schnitte in Nord-Süd- bzw. West-Ost-Ausrichtung wurden ausgewählt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch bei diesem Seamount einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die abiotischen Umweltparameter. Ein Anstieg der Isopyknen um 30 m konnte über dem Bankplateau nachgewiesen werden. Als herausragendes Merkmal war hier eine ringförmige Vertiefung der durchmischten Schicht über den Flanken zu verzeichnen, was zu einer Isolierung der Wassermassen innerhalb dieser Ringstruktur führte. Dies spiegelte sich in der Verteilung der meisten untersuchten Parameter wider. So folgten ein Großteil der biogeochemischen Variablen wie die Nährsalze und der Chlorophyll a-Gehalt dem Aufwölben der Isopyknen. Die Nährsalze waren, wie schon beim Ampere Seamount, in den Oberflächenschichten fast vollständig erschöpft. Ein deutlicher Konzentrationsanstieg war erst ab Tiefen zwischen 100 und 125 m zu verzeichnen. Dies könnte zum einen durch eine stabilere Schichtung der Wassersäule und zum anderen durch die ausgeprägte Isolierung der Wassermassen über dem Plateau erklärt werden. Die mittleren Konzentrationen von partikulärem organischem Kohlenstoff (50.7 μg/l), Stickstoff (9.8 μg/l), des Phytoplanktonkohlenstoffs (0.6 μg/l) und des Chlorophyll a (0.06 μg/l) lagen an der Großen Meteorbank unterhalb der am Ampere Seamount festgestellten Werte. Dies könnte ebenfalls auf die zuvor erwähnte Schichtung und Isolierung zurückgeführt werden. Das Tiefenchlorophyllmaximum war zwischen 75 und 125 m gemessen worden. Deutlich war hier der Einfluss der hydrografischen Bedingungen über dem Bankplateau auf das Verteilungsmuster des Chlorophyll a-Gehaltes zu sehen, insbesondere die geringen Chlorophyll a-Gehalte über den Flanken. Dies kann auf die Isolierung der Wassermasse über dem Plateau zurückgeführt werden. Noch klarer als am Ampere Seamount war an der Großen Meteorbank die Dominanz von Pico- und Nanoplankton anhand der Pigmentanalysen zu erkennen. So erreichte der mittlere Anteil der Prochlorophyceen bis zu 75 % der Phytoplanktonpopulation. Diese Ergebnisse wurden durch die Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der Durchflusszytometrie bestätigt. So überwogen in den Oberflächenschichten zunächst Zellen der Gattung Synechococcus. Diese wurden mit zunehmender Tiefe durch Prochlorococcus ersetzt. Einen zahlenmäßig geringeren Anteil erreichten eukaryotische Picoplanktonzellen. In Biomasse umgerechnet überwog diese letzte Gruppe die beiden vorherigen allerdings. Dies ist auf die größeren Zellen der Picoeukaryoten zurückzuführen und konnte auch durch die höheren Zahlen der kleineren Zellen nicht kompensiert werden. An der Großen Meteorbank wurde eine erwartungsgemäß hohe Diversität von Coccolithophoriden gefunden. In den beiden untersuchten Tiefenhorizonten (100 und 200 m) zeigte sich bei 100 m die höhere Artenvielfalt und Abundanz, während bei 200 m nur noch wenige unversehrte Zellen gefunden wurden. Dies könnte mit Wegfraß durch Zooplanktonorganismen erklärt werden. Weiterhin reichte die mittlere euphotische Zone (0.1 % Lichttiefe) nur bis etwa 130 m, sodass nicht mehr genügend Licht für die Photosynthese zur Verfügung stand. Die Dominanz von Pico- und Nanoplankton ist allgemein aus oligotrophen Meeresgebieten, um welche es sich auch bei dieser Untersuchung handelte, bekannt und wird mit Anpassungen an die etwas höheren Nährsalzkonzentrationen in größeren Tiefen und die gleichzeitig verringerten Lichtintensitäten erklärt. Im Gegensatz zu einigen anderen Untersuchungen konnte an beiden Seamounts keine Erhöhung der Biomasse festgestellt werden. Auch die Primärproduktion, die nur am Ampere Seamount gemessen wurde, war nicht erhöht. Die dargestellten Ergebnisse lassen dennoch für beide untersuchten Seamounts auf ein getrenntes Ökosystem schließen. An der Großen Meteorbank wird dies insbesondere durch die Isolierung von Wassermassen und den darin enthaltenen Planktonorganismen über dem Bankplateau deutlich.

Inversão de momentos de fonte em métodos potenciais

A inversão de momentos de fonte gravimétrica tridimensional é analisada em duas situações. Na primeira se admite conhecer apenas a anomalia. Na segunda se admite conhecer, além da anomalia, informação a priori sobre o corpo anômalo. Sem usar informação a priori, mostramos que é possível determinar univocamente todo momento, ou combinação linear de momentos, cujo núcleo polinomial seja função apenas das coordenadas Cartesianas que definem o plano de medida e que tenha Laplaciano nulo. Além disso, mostramos que nenhum momento cujo núcleo polinomial tenha Laplaciano não nulo pode ser determinado. Por outro lado, informação a priori é implicitamente introduzida se o método de inversão de momentos se baseia na aproximação da anomalia pela série truncada obtida de sua expansão em multipolos. Dado um centro de expansão qualquer, o truncamento da série impõe uma condição de regularização sobre as superfícies equipotenciais do corpo anômalo, que permite estimar univocamente os momentos e combinações lineares de momentos que são os coeficientes das funções-bases da expansão em multipolos. Assim, uma distribuição de massa equivalente à real é postulada, sendo o critério de equivalência especificado pela condição de ajuste entre os campos observado e calculado com a série truncada em momentos de uma ordem máxima pré-estabelecida. Os momentos da distribuição equivalente de massa foram identificados como a solução estacionária de um sistema de equações diferenciais lineares de 1a. ordem, para a qual se asseguram unicidade e estabilidade assintótica. Para a série retendo momentos até 2a. ordem, é implicitamente admitido que o corpo anômalo seja convexo e tenha volume finito, que ele esteja suficientemente distante do plano de medida e que a sua distribuição espacial de massa apresente três planos ortogonais de simetria. O método de inversão de momentos baseado na série truncada (IMT) é adaptado para o caso magnético. Para este caso, mostramos que, para assegurar unicidade e estabilidade assintótica, é suficiente pressupor, além da condição de regularização, a condição de que a magnetização total tenha direção e sentido constantes, embora desconhecidos. O método IMT baseado na série de 2a. ordem (IMT2) é aplicado a anomalias gravimétricas e magnéticas tridimensionais sintéticas. Mostramos que se a fonte satisfaz as condições exigidas, boas estimativas da sua massa ou vetor momento de dipolo anômalo total, da posição de seu centro de massa ou de momento de dipolo e das direções de seus três eixos principais são obtidas de maneira estável. O método IMT2 pode falhar parcialmente quando a fonte está próxima do plano de medida ou quando a anomalia tem efeitos localizados e fortes de um corpo pequeno e raso e se tenta estimar os parâmetros de um corpo grande e profundo. Definimos por falha parcial a situação em que algumas das estimativas obtidas podem não ser boas aproximações dos valores verdadeiros. Nas duas situações acima descritas, a profundidade do centro da fonte (maior) e as direções de seus eixos principais podem ser erroneamente estimadas, embora que a massa ou vetor momento de dipolo anômalo total e a projeção do centro desta fonte no plano de medida ainda sejam bem estimados. Se a direção de magnetização total não for constante, o método IMT2 pode fornecer estimativas erradas das direções dos eixos principais (mesmo se a fonte estiver distante do plano de medida), embora que os demais parâmetros sejam bem estimados. O método IMT2 pode falhar completamente se a fonte não tiver volume finito. Definimos por falha completa a situação em que qualquer estimativa obtida pode não ser boa aproximação do valor verdadeiro. O método IMT2 é aplicado a dados reais gravimétricos e magnéticos. No caso gravimétrico, utilizamos uma anomalia situada no estado da Bahia, que se supõe ser causada por um batólito de granito. Com base nos resultados, sugerimos que as massas graníticas geradoras desta anomalia tenham sido estiradas na direção NNW e adelgaçadas na direção vertical durante o evento compressivo que causou a orogênese do Sistema de Dobramentos do Espinhaço. Além disso, estimamos que a profundidade do centro de massa da fonte geradora é cerca de 20 km. No caso magnético, utilizamos a anomalia de um monte submarino situado no Golfo da Guiné. Com base nos resultados, estimamos que o paleopolo magnético do monte submarino tem latitude 50°48'S e longitude 74°54'E e sugerimos que não exista contraste de magnetização expressivo abaixo da base do monte submarino.

Movements of satellite-monitored humpback whales from New Caledonia

Knowledge of the local and migratory movements of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) from New Caledonia is very limited. To investigate this topic, we attached satellite-monitored tags to 12 whales off southern New Caledonia. Tag longevity ranged from 1 to 52 days (X = 22.5 days). Tagged whales generally moved to the south or southeast, with several spending time in a previously unknown seamount habitat named Antigonia before resuming movement, generally toward Norfolk Island or New Zealand. However, 1 female with a calf traveled the entire length of the western coast of New Caledonia (~450 km) and then west in the direction of the Chesterfield Reefs, a 19th century American (“Yankee”) whaling ground. None of the New Caledonia whales traveled to or toward eastern Australia, which is broadly consistent with the low rate of interchange observed from photo-identification comparisons between these 2 areas. The connections between New Caledonia and New Zealand, together with the relatively low numbers of whales seen in these places generally, support the idea that whales from these 2 areas constitute a single population that remains small and unrecovered.

Extensive Rhodolith Beds Cover the Summits of Southwestern Atlantic Ocean Seamounts

Calcium carbonate production by marine organisms is an essential process in the global budget of CO32-, and coralline reefs are the most important benthic carbonate producers. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are well recognized as the most important carbonate builders in the tropical Brazilian continental shelf, forming structural reefs and extensive rhodolith beds. However, the distribution of CCA beds, as well as their role in CO32- mineralization in mesophotic communities and isolated carbonate banks, is still poorly known. To characterize the bottom features of several seamount summits in the Southwestern Atlantic (SWA), side-scan sonar records, remotely operated vehicle imagery, and benthic samples with mixed-gas scuba diving were acquired during two recent research cruises (March 2009 and February 2011). The tops of several seamounts within this region are relatively shallow (similar to 60 m), flat, and dominated by rhodolith beds (Vitoria, Almirante Saldanha, Davis, and Jaseur seamounts, as well as the Trindade Island shelf). On the basis of abundance, dimensions, vitality, and growth rates of CCA nodules, a mean CaCO3 production was estimated, ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 kg m(-2) y(-1) with a total production reaching 1.5 x 10(-3) Gt y(-1). Our results indicate that these SWA seamount summits provide extensive areas of shallow reef area and represent 0.3% of the world's carbonate banks. The importance of this habitat has been highly neglected, and immediate management needs must be fulfilled in the short term to ensure long-term persistence of the ecosystem services provided by these offshore carbonate realms.

Dinamica sedimentaria torbiditica in bacini confinati: margine orientale della Sardegna

La sedimentazione clastica di mare profondo è attualmente uno dei principali argomenti della ricerca sedimentologica sia in ambito puramente accademico che in ambito petrolifero-industriale. Gli studi recenti hanno enfatizzato l'influenza fondamentale della topografia preesistente del fondo marino sulla crescita e la morfologia sui fan di mare profondo; si è visto come, in molti systemi torbiditici, l’evoluzione dei processi deposizionali sia stata da moderatamente a fortemente controllata dall’ effetto di confinamento di scarpate tettoniche, ridge strutturali e seamounts. Scopo di questo lavoro è studiare l'effetto del confinamento alla scala di bacino sui principali sistemi torbiditici del margine orientale della Sardegna che rappresenta un margine passivo articolato di bacini di intraslope confinati verso mare da seamounts. Lo studio dei sistemi deposizionali è stato eseguito attraverso l'interpretazione di dati di batimetria multibeam ad alto dettaglio acquisiti dall’ISMAR di Bologna durante la crociera Tir99. L’ interpretazione multibeam è stata integrata con l’ analisi di profili sismici a riflessione per comprendere la morfologia l’organizzazione interna e l’evoluzione nel tempo dei principali elementi deposizionali dei sistemi torbiditici. Tre bacini di intraslope (Olbia, Baronie e il settore settentrionale del bacino Ogliastra) sono stati investigati. Il bacino di Olbia è il bacino più settentrionale del margine orientale della Sardegna ed è limitato verso mare dai seamount Etruschi e Baronie. Il principale sistema torbiditico del bacino di Olbia è costituito dal Caprera, articolato in un sistema di canyon alimentatori nella piattaforma e nella scarpata continentale e da un ampio canale con argini alla base della scarpata. Il Caprera è fiancheggiato da un ampia piattaforma continentale, e questa, fungendo da “magazzino” per il materiale piu grossolando, può spiegare la peculiare architettura sedimentaria del suo fan. L'effetto di confinamento del bacino sulla forma e sull'evoluzione del fan del Caprera è evidente soprattutto sull'asimmetria dei leve e su fenomeni di avulsione che hanno coinvolto il canale. Il bacino di intraslope di Olbia appare completamente riempito, e, nel bordo orientale, è presente il canyon di intrabacino verso il bacino sottostante. Gli effetti dell'abbassamento del livello di base sono visibili nel settore distale del sistema, dove si ha lo sviluppo di canali distributari e di valli erosive a basso rilievo, che rappresentano le porzioni "upslope" dei canyon di "bypass". Il bacino di intraslope del Baronie è il bacino centrale del margine, confinato verso mare dal seamount delle Baronie, e presenta una via di fuga laterale rappresentato dal sistema di canyon di Gonone-Orosei. Il Posada è il sistema torbiditico principale, consiste di un canyon profondamente inciso nella piattaforma e nella scarpata, e sviluppa alla base della scarpata un piccolo fa radiale. La morfologia del è il risultato dell'interazione complessa tra la geoemtria del bacino ricevente ed il comportamento dei flussi sedimentari. La forma del bacino ha costretto il sistema torbiditico a cambiare la direzione di sviluppo, da est verso sud. Processi di framanento in massa a grande scala hanno inoltre contribuito alla riorganizzazione del sistema torbiditico. Il bacino dell’Ogliastra è localizzato nel settore meridionale del margine, limitato verso mare dal seamount Quirra. Il settore settentrionale della scarpata continentale del bacino Ogliastra è caratterizzato da canyon e incisioni di carattere ibrido, con tratti deposizionali ed erosivi. L'Arbatax è il principale sistema torbiditico del bacino di Ogliastra caratterizzato da un settore meridionale dominato da un canale alimentatore e da un settore settentrionale abbandonato, caratterizzato da fenomeni di smantellamento e instabilità gravitativa. In generale i risultati dello studio evidenziano l'importanza della combinazione dei fattori di controllo esterni, e della topografia preesistente, nello sviluppo dei processi sedimentari e degli elementi deposizionali dei sistemi torbiditici. In particolare, appare evidente come lo stile deposizionale dei sistemi torbiditici in ambiente confinato diverga sostanzialmente da quello previsto dai modelli di fan sottomarini usati come strumenti predittivi nella esplorazione e sfruttamento dei giacimenti di idrocarburi.

Geological and Structural evolution of the Eurasia Africa plate boundary in the Gulf of Cadiz Central Eastern Atlantic Sea.

Iberia Africa plate boundary, cross, roughly W-E, connecting the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Azores triple junction to the Continental margin of Morocco. Relative movement between the two plate change along the boundary, from transtensive near the Azores archipelago, through trascurrent movement in the middle at the Gloria Fracture Zone, to transpressive in the Gulf of Cadiz area. This study presents the results of geophysical and geological analysis on the plate boundary area offshore Gibraltar. The main topic is to clarify the geodynamic evolution of this area from Oligocene to Quaternary. Recent studies have shown that the new plate boundary is represented by a 600 km long set of aligned, dextral trascurrent faults (the SWIM lineaments) connecting the Gloria fault to the Riff orogene. The western termination of these lineaments crosscuts the Gibraltar accretionary prism and seems to reach the Moroccan continental shelf. In the past two years newly acquired bathymetric data collected in the Moroccan offshore permit to enlighten the present position of the eastern portion of the plate boundary, previously thought to be a diffuse plate boundary. The plate boundary evolution, from the onset of compression in the Oligocene to the Late Pliocene activation of trascurrent structures, is not yet well constrained. The review of available seismics lines, gravity and bathymetric data, together with the analysis of new acquired bathymetric and high resolution seismic data offshore Morocco, allows to understand how the deformation acted at lithospheric scale under the compressive regime. Lithospheric folding in the area is suggested, and a new conceptual model is proposed for the propagation of the deformation acting in the brittle crust during this process. Our results show that lithospheric folding, both in oceanic and thinned continental crust, produced large wavelength synclines bounded by short wavelength, top thrust, anticlines. Two of these anticlines are located in the Gulf of Cadiz, and are represented by the Gorringe Ridge and Coral Patch seamounts. Lithospheric folding probably interacted with the Monchique – Madeira hotspot during the 72 Ma to Recent, NNE – SSW transit. Plume related volcanism is for the first time described on top of the Coral Patch seamount, where nine volcanoes are found by means of bathymetric data. 40Ar-39Ar age of 31.4±1.98 Ma are measured from one rock sample of one of these volcanoes. Analysis on biogenic samples show how the Coral Patch act as a starved offshore seamount since the Chattian. We proposed that compression stress formed lithospheric scale structures playing as a reserved lane for the upwelling of mantle material during the hotspot transit. The interaction between lithospheric folding and the hotspot emplacement can be also responsible for the irregularly spacing, and anomalous alignments, of individual islands and seamounts belonging to the Monchique - Madeira hotspot.

Potential fields study of Marsili basin and Palinuro volcanic complex

In this thesis Marsili back-arc basin and Palinuro Volcanic Complex (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) have been investigated by using magnetic, bathymetric and gravimetric data. A new velocity model of opening of the Marsili basin has been proposed, highlighting the transition from the horizontal spreading of the back-arc to the vertical accretion of the Marsili seamount. Introducing gravity data, Marsili's internal structure has been modeled and a huge portion of the volcano with low density and vanishing magnetization has been detected. Forward modeling of Palinuro Volcanic Complex showed as Palinuro represents the shallowest evidence of a deep tectonic discontinuity and the possible transition domain between the oceanic crust of Marsili Basin and the continental crust related to the Appenninic chain.

Precious Corals (Coralliidae) from North-Western Atlantic Seamounts

Two new species belonging to the precious coral genus Corallium were collected during a series of exploratory cruises to the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts in 2003-2005. One red species, Corallium bathyrubrum sp. nov., and one white species, C. bayeri sp. nov., are described. Corallium bathyrubrum is the first red Corallium to be reported from the western Atlantic. An additional species, C. niobe Bayer, 1964 originally described from the Straits of Florida, was also collected and its description augmented.

Cold-Water Coral Distributions in the Drake Passage Area from Towed Camera Observations - Initial Interpretations

Seamounts are unique deep-sea features that create habitats thought to have high levels of endemic fauna, productive fisheries and benthic communities vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts. Many seamounts are isolated features, occurring in the high seas, where access is limited and thus biological data scarce. There are numerous seamounts within the Drake Passage (Southern Ocean), yet high winds, frequent storms and strong currents make seafloor sampling particularly difficult. As a result, few attempts to collect biological data have been made, leading to a paucity of information on benthic habitats or fauna in this area, particularly those on primarily hard-bottom seamounts and ridges. During a research cruise in 2008 six locations were examined (two on the Antarctic margin, one on the Shackleton Fracture Zone, and three on seamounts within the Drake Passage), using a towed camera with onboard instruments to measure conductivity, temperature, depth and turbidity. Dominant fauna and bottom type were categorized from 200 randomized photos from each location. Cold-water corals were present in high numbers in habitats both on the Antarctic margin and on the current swept seamounts of the Drake Passage, though the diversity of orders varied. Though the Scleractinia (hard corals) were abundant on the sedimented margin, they were poorly represented in the primarily hard-bottom areas of the central Drake Passage. The two seamount sites and the Shackleton Fracture Zone showed high numbers of stylasterid (lace) and alcyonacean (soft) corals, as well as large numbers of sponges. Though data are preliminary, the geological and environmental variability (particularly in temperature) between sample sites may be influencing cold-water coral biogeography in this region. Each area observed also showed little similarity in faunal diversity with other sites examined for this study within all phyla counted. This manuscript highlights how little is understood of these isolated features, particularly in Polar regions.