921 resultados para Lymphocytes CD4 and CD8
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<p>A number of cell-cell interactions in the nervous system are mediated by immunoglobulin gene superfamily members. For example, neuroglian, a homophilic neural cell adhesion molecule in Drosophila, has an extracellular portion comprising six C- 2 type immunoglobulin-like domains followed by five fibronectin type III (FnIII) repeats. Neuroglian shares this domain organization and significant sequence identity with Ll, a murine neural adhesion molecule that could be a functional homologue. Here I report the crystal structure of a proteolytic fragment containing the first two FnIII repeats of neuroglian (NgFn 1,2) at 2.0. The interpretation of photomicrographs of rotary shadowed Ng, the entire extracellular portion of neuroglian, and NgFnl-5, the five neuroglian Fn III domains, is also discussed.</p> <p>The structure of NgFn 1,2 consists of two roughly cylindrical -barrel structural motifs arranged in a head-to-tail fashion with the domains meeting at an angle of ~120, as defined by the cylinder axes. The folding topology of each domain is identical to that previously observed for single FnIII domains from tenascin and fibronectin. The domains of NgFn1,2 are related by an approximate two fold screw axis that is nearly parallel to the longest dimension of the fragment. Assuming this relative orientation is a general property of tandem FnIII repeats, the multiple tandem FnIII domains in neuroglian and other proteins are modeled as thin straight rods with two domain zig-zag repeats. When combined with the dimensions of pairs of tandem immunoglobulin-like domains from CD4 and CD2, this model suggests that neuroglian is a long narrow molecule (20 - 30 in diameter) that extends up to 370 from the cell surface.</p> <p>In photomicrographs, rotary shadowed Ng and NgFn1-5 appear to be highly flexible rod-like molecules. NgFn 1-5 is observed to bend in at least two positions and has a mean total length consistent with models generated from the NgFn1,2 structure. Ng molecules have up to four bends and a mean total length of 392 , consistent with a head-to-tail packing of neuroglian's C2-type domains.</p>
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A esquistossomose acomete 207 milhes de pessoas, com mais de 200 mil mortes anuais. Seu principal agente etiolgico o helminto Schistosoma e o principal modelo experimental, o camundongo. Linhagens de camundongos selecionadas geneticamente para susceptibilidade (TS) e resistncia (TR) a tolerncia imunolgica constituem bons modelos para o estudo da resposta imunolgica especfica e inespecfica nas infeces. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a infeco experimental por S. mansoni nestes camundongos, evidenciando a imunopatologia por diversos parmetros na fase aguda da infeco. TR e TS no diferiram quanto a penetrao de cercrias, recuperao de vermes adultos, fecundidade/produtividade de ovos das fmeas de S. mansoni, mas predominaram ovos mortos em TS. Quanto maior o nmero de casais, maior a probabilidade de troca de casais e regresso sexual da fmea, alm de pequena reduo da produtividade de ovos. Anlise ultraestrutural dos parasitos machos recuperados de TS apresentaram tubrculos edemaciados, espinhos encurtados e em menor densidade que os parasitos dos TR. O tegumento dos parasitos recuperados de TS apresentou-se desorganizado, intensamente vacuolizado e com tendncia a se desprender da superfcie e espinhos internalizados e clulas vitelnicas desorganizadas. TS desenvolveram granulomas hepticos grandes, com fibras radiais e predomnio do estgio exsudativo-produtivo com caractersticas de fase produtiva (EP/P), enquanto camundongos TR desenvolveram granulomas menores, com fibras concntricas e predomnio de granulomas exsudativo-produtivos. TS desenvolveu hepatomegalia mais acentuada na fase aguda da infeco e exacerbada esplenomegalia na fase crnica. A aspartato aminotransferase mais elevada nos TR foi coerente com a acentuada histlise nos granulomas iniciais dos TR. possvel que a histlise menor em TS tenha contribudo para sua intensa hepatomegalia na fase aguda. Leuccitos totais sricos aumentaram em TS, nas fases aguda e crnica, mas no em TR. TS apresentaram anemia durante a fase crnica da infeco, possivelmente devido ao desvio na hematopoiese medular para a produo de leuccitos ou apoptose das hemcias. A mieloperoxidase neutroflica heptica e no leo foi maior em TS e a peroxidase de eosinfilos foi mais elevada no leo do TS. Ambas as linhagens produziram IFN-γ, mas os nveis funcionais de IFN-γ foram diferentes nas duas linhagens em cultura de clulas. possvel que a imunopatologia heptica grave na linhagem TS possa estar relacionada aos altos ttulos IFN-γ. TS produziu IL-10 em maior quantidade, entretanto esta citocina no foi capaz de regular o crescimento exacerbado dos granulomas hepticos. Altos ttulos de IL-4 na linhagem TS tambm so coerentes com a exacerbao dos granulomas, pois, como a IL-13, a IL-4 induz sntese de colgeno e est relacionada ao desenvolvimento da fibrose no granuloma esquistossomtico. Observamos reduo do percentual relativo de clulas T CD4+ hepticas de animais infectados em ambas as linhagens e reduo percentual nas subpopulaes de linfcitos B na medula ssea (precursores, linfcitos B imaturos, maduros e plasmcitos) mais acentuada em TS que em TR, possivelmente devido a extensa mobilizao de B imaturos induzida pela inflamao ou desvio da hematopoiese para sntese de granulcitos em TS. Quantitativamente, TR no alterou suas subpopulaes de linfcitos B. TS e TR so bons modelos para estudo da resposta imunolgica na infeco esquistossomtica experimental. Novos estudos so necessrios para confirmar nossas propostas e compreender os mecanismos envolvidos na diferena da resposta imunolgica dessas linhagens na relao schistosoma-hospedeiro.
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Microcystins (MCs) are cyanobacterial toxins in water blooms that have received increasing attention as a public biohazard for human and animal health. Previous studies were mainly focused on the toxic effects on adult fish, rather than juvenile or larvae, and the response of fish immune system were usually neglected. This paper presents the first data of the effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on transcription of several genes essential for early lymphoid development (Rag1, Rag2, Ikaros, GATA1, Lck and TCR alpha) and heat shock proteins (HSP90, HSP70, HSP60, HSP27) in zebrafish larvae. Relative changes of mRNA transcription were analyzed by real time PCR. The transcription of Rag1, Rag2, Ikaros, GATA1, Lck and TCR alpha were up-regulated when following exposure to 800 mu g/L MC-LR, which may indicate that specific lymphocytes differentiation and TCR/lg arrangement are induced to counteract the toxic effects of MC-LR. It was also interesting to note the dramatically increased transcription of HSP90. HSP70, HSP60 and HSP27, which may indicate their important roles as molecular chaperones under oxidative stress. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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CD4+CD25+T1995TTreg HIV/SIVAIDSTregTregHIV/SIVCD4+CD25+TSIVSIVmac239SIV1DNA19900399083SIVTCD4+TCD8+TCD4/CD8SIVSIVmac2394CD4+CD25+TTregTregSIVCD4+TTregSIVFoxP3 mRNATGF-IL-10SIVTreg TregCCR5HIVCD4HIV/SIVTregTregSIVTregTregCD4+CD25TTregSIVTregTregTregSIVSIVp27
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ObjectiveDeveloping a generalized psychological intervention program, and explore its influence on the emotion, subjective health, and immunity function of the perioperation patients with breast cancer. MethodSixty patients with breast cancer were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The clinical psychological intervention was performed on patients in the intervention group for 20 days, in addition to the routine therapy and care. Levels of emotion (SAS & SDS), subjective health (SF-36), and immunity function (t lymphocyte subsets) of the patients were tested. Results: 1.There was no significant difference between the age, income, educational level, and type of prefession of the two groups. There was no significant difference between SAS, SDS, SF-36 and lymphocyte subsetsCD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, NK of the two groups. 2. Scores of SAS and SDS decreased significantly after intervention in experimental group, while the score of SF-36, the average value of CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and NK increased significantly. For the control group, the score of depression decreased significantly after intervention, while the score of PF, GH, VT, SF, RE, and MH increased significantly. 3. In comparison of the intervention and control group, the intervention effect of SAS, SDS, SF-36 scores (except SF), CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and NK differed significantly, with the priority of experimental group. 4. SDS, SAS, and CD3+, CD4+, NK correlated in negative respectively, while SDS, SAS, and CD8+ correlated in positive. PF, RP, GH, SF, and MH of subjective health correlated in positive with every index of immunity function in positive, except negative correlation with CD4+/CD8+. BP, RE correlated with CD3+,CD4+,CD8+, and NK in positive. VT correlated in positive with CD3+, CD8+, and NK, in negative with CD4+/CD8+. Conclusions: 1. Anxiety, depression, and subjective health, correlated with immunity function in perioperation patients with breast cancer. 2. Psychological intervention can improve the emotional status, subjective health, and immune function of patients with breast cancer to the optimum in perioperative period.
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Whooping cough remains a problem despite vaccination, and worldwide resurgence of pertussis is evident. Since cellular immunity plays a role in long-term protection against pertussis, we studied pertussis-specific T-cell responses. Around the time of the preschool acellular pertussis (aP) booster dose at 4 years of age, T-cell memory responses were compared in children who were primed during infancy with either a whole-cell pertussis (wP) or an aP vaccine. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and stimulated with pertussis vaccine antigens for 5 days. T cells were characterized by flow-based analysis of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) dilution and CD4, CD3, CD45RA, CCR7, gamma interferon (IFN-), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) expression. Before the aP preschool booster vaccination, both the proliferated pertussis toxin (PT)-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell fractions (CFSE<sup>dim</sup>) were higher in aP-than in wP-primed children. Post-booster vaccination, more pertussis-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> effector memory cells (CD45RA<sup>-</sup> CCR7<sup>-</sup>) were induced in aP-primed children than in those primed with wP. The booster vaccination did not appear to significantly affect the T-cell memory subsets and functionality in aP-primed or wP-primed children. Although the percentages of Th1 cytokine-producing cells were alike in aP- and wP-primed children pre-booster vaccination, aP-primed children produced more Th1 cytokines due to higher numbers of proliferated pertussis-specific effector memory cells. At present, infant vaccinations with four aP vaccines in the first year of life result in pertussis-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> effector memory T-cell responses that persist in children until 4 years of age and are higher than those in wP-primed children. The booster at 4 years of age is therefore questionable; this may be postponed to 6 years of age.
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Monoclonal antibodies of the OKT series were used to identify T lymphocytes (OKT3+) and their inducer (OKT4+) and suppressor-cytotoxic (OKT8+) subsets in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 32 healthy old-aged people more than 70 years old (16 men and 16 women) compared to 47 adults (29 men, 18 women) less than 40 years old. The absolute lymphocyte count in the peripheral blood was not significantly influenced by age or sex. Both the proportions and the absolute numbers of T3+ and T4+ cells were significantly lower in aged than in young participants. The proportions but not the absolute counts of OKT8+ cells were higher in the elderly. Most interesting is the influence of sex and these parameters. Old women have normal numbers and proportions of T3+, T4+ and T8+ cells when compared to young women. The latter have a significantly higher proportion of T8+ cells than young adult males. Old men have a striking reduction of both the numbers and proportions of OKT3+ and OKT4+ cells when compared with young men and with women. In addition, old men have an elevated proportion, but a normal absolute number, of OKT8+ cells. The responses of PBMC to phytohaemagglutinin extent (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) are reduced to the same extent in ageing male and female subjects when compared to young adults. In the older group, the magnitude of the lymphocyte response to PHA and Con A but not to PWM is negatively correlated with the proportions of OKT8+ cells. Surprisingly, these correlations are observed only in old women but not in old men. The latter finding excludes the possibility that the age-associated decline of the lymphocyte response to T cell mitogens is secondary to an imbalance between T4+ and T8+ lymphocytes.
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The molecular recognition and attachment of the CD4 molecule and the HIV envelope glycoprotein (gp120) might be described as a consecutive three-step molecular recognition process. 1. (a) Long range interaction: electrostatic pre-orientation, 2. (b) short range interaction: electronic attachment followed by a Locking-in (via aromatic ring orientation) and 3. (c) internal interaction (induced fit): conformational readjustment of the protein molecules. On the basis of the preliminary investigations (X-ray structures of CD4 and biological studies of CD4 and gp120 point mutants) we described a computational model. This approach consists of empirical calculations as well as ab initio level of quantum chemistry. The conformational analysis of the wild type and mutant CD4 molecules was supported by molecular mechanics and dynamics (Amber force field). The latter analysis involves the application of a novel method, the Amino Acid Conformation Assignment of Proteins (ACAP) software, developed for the notation of secondary protein structures. According to the cardinal role of the electrostatic factors during this interaction, several ab initio investigations were performed for better understanding of the recognition process on submolecular level. Using the above mentioned computational model, we could interpret the basic behaviours and predict some additional features of CD4-gp120 interaction, in spite of the missing gp120 X-ray structure.
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which inhibits apoptosis and promotes angiogenesis, is expressed in cancers suppressing immune surveillance. Its biological role in human glioblastoma is, however, only poorly understood. We examined in-vivo expression of MIF in 166 gliomas and 23 normal control brains by immunohistochemistry. MIF immunoreactivity was enhanced in neoplastic astrocytes in WHO grade II glioma and increased significantly in higher tumour grades (III-IV). MIF expression was further assessed in 12 glioma cell lines in vitro. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that MIF mRNA expression was elevated up to 800-fold in malignant glioma cells compared with normal brain. This translated into high protein levels as assessed by immunoblotting of total cell lysates and by ELISA-based measurement of secreted MIF. Wild-type p53-retaining glioma cell lines expressed higher levels of MIF, which may be connected with the previously described role of MIF as a negative regulator of wild-type p53 signalling in tumour cells. Stable knockdown of MIF by shRNA in glioma cells significantly increased tumour cell susceptibility towards NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, supernatant from mock-transfected cells, but not from MIF knockdown cells, induced downregulation of the activating immune receptor NKG2D on NK and CD8+ T cells. We thus propose that human glioma cell-derived MIF contributes to the immune escape of malignant gliomas by counteracting NK and cytotoxic T-cell-mediated tumour immune surveillance. Considering its further cell-intrinsic and extrinsic tumour-promoting effects and the availability of small molecule inhibitors, MIF seems to be a promising candidate for future glioma therapy.
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RESUMO:O processo de glicosilao a modificao ps-traducional de protenas mais comum e est envolvido em vrios processos fisiolgicos e patolgicos. Especificamente, certos perfis glicosdeos esto correlacionados a estados especficos de diferenciao celular, e podem modular vrios eventos celulares, como sinalizao celular, migrao celular e interaes hospedeiro-patognio. Assim sendo, a glicosilao desempenha um papel crucial na modulao de vrios processos imunolgicos. No entanto, permanece por esclarecer como as estruturas glicosdicas influenciam a imunidade. Especificamente, algumas estruturas glicosdicas terminais que esto modificadas pela ligao de cido silico desempenham um papel importante em vrias funes do sistema imune, nomeadamente migrao leucocitria em contexto de inflamao e ativao de clulas imunes. Como tal, este trabalho teve como objectivo investigar como a expresso de certos glicanos influencia componentes importantes da resposta imune inata e adaptativa. Este trabalho est dividido em trs componentes principais: 1) A imunidade est amplamente dependente da habilidade das clulas circulantes migrarem para os tecidos inflamados, sendo que a ligao de leuccitos Eselectina endotelial o primeiro passo. Assim, ns analismos a estrutura e funo dos ligandos de E-selectina que so expressos pelas clulas humanas mononucleares de sangue perifrico (PBMCs), fornecendo novos conhecimentos para a compreenso dos intervenientes moleculares que mediam a ligao dos moncitos, clulas CD4+ e CD8+T e clulas B ao endotlio vascular. Surpreendentemente, os moncitos apresentaram maior capacidade de ligao E-selectina comparativamente aos linfcitos. Esta observao pode ser explicada pelo facto de os moncitos humanos expressarem, uniformemente, um vasto reportrio de glicoprotenas que exibem afinidade de ligao E-selectina, nomeadamente: as glicoformas do CD43 (CD43E) e do CD44 (HCELL), em adio j previamente reportada glicoforma da PSGL-1 (CLA). Consistentemente, a diferente capacidade que as diversas populaes linfocitrias apresentam de se ligar E-selectina, est integralmente relacionada com a sua expresso de glicoprotenas com afinidade de ligao E-selectina. Enquanto que as clulas CD4+T apresentam uma elevada reatividade E-selectina, as clulas CD8+T e B demonstram pouca ou nenhuma capacidade de ligao E-selectina. Esta atividade de ligao E-selectina das clulas CD4+T conferida pela expresso de HCELL, em adio s j previamente reportadas CLA e CD43E. As clulas CD8+ T no expressam HCELL e apenas expressam pequenas quantidades de CLA e CD43E, enquanto que as clulas B no expressam ligandos de Eselectina. Mais, a exofucosilao da superfcie destas clulas, levou ao dramtico aumento da expresso dos ligandos de E-selectina em todos as populaes leucocitrias, verificando-se que a criao de certos ligandos de E-selectina est dependente do tipo de clula, aps fucosilao. Colectivamente, estes resultados redefinem o nosso conhecimento acerca dos mecanismos moleculares que governam o trfico das clulas mononucleares de sangue perifrico em contexto de inflamao. 2) A habilidade das clulas dendrticas (DCs) para extravasarem em locais de inflamao crucial para o sucesso da terapia com DCs. Assim, analismos a estrutura e funo das molculas de adeso que mediam a migrao transendotelial (TEM) das DCs. Para isso, foram usadas DCs geradas a partir da diferenciao de moncitos (mo-DCS), obtidos quer pelo mtodos de separao imuno-magntica de clulas CD14+ (CD14-S) ou por isolamento por aderncia ao plstico (PA-S). Os resultados obtidos indicam que as glicoformas de ligao Eselectina de PSGL-1, CD43 e CD44 so expressas pelas CD14-S mo-DCs, enquanto que as PA-S mo-DCs expressam apenas CLA. importante notar que a ligao do CD44 nas mo-DCs, mas no nas PA-S mo-DCs, desencadeia a ativao e consequente adeso da VLA-4 ao endotlio na ausncia de um gradiente de quimiocinas. Procedeu-se tambm anlise dos ligandos E-selectina expressos em mo-DCs geradas a partir de moncitos do sangue do cordo umbilical (UCB) e, inesperadamente, as UCB mo-DCs no expressam qualquer glicoprotena com reatividade E-selectina. Alm disso, a exofucosilao das mo- DCs humanas utilizando uma (1,3)-fucosiltransferase aumenta significativamente a expresso de HCELL e, portanto, estas clulas apresentam uma capacidade aumentada para se ligarem E-selectina em condies de fluxo hemodinmico. Estes resultados destacam o papel do HCELL no desencadeamento do TEM das CD14-S mo-DCs e sugerem que estratgias para potenciar a expresso de HCELL podero impulsionar o recrutamento de mo-DCs para locais de inflamao. 3) Outro obstculo para alcanar o sucesso promissor de vacinas baseadas em DCs o estabelecimento de abordagens eficientes que podero melhorar o estado de maturao e apresentao antignica das DCs. Por conseguinte, foram investigadas abordagens alternativas que podem superar este obstculo. Atravs da remoo de cido silico de superfcie celular das DCs, conseguiu-se induzir a maturao de DC humanas e de ratinhos. Notavelmente, tanto as DCs humanas como as de ratinho, ao serem desialiladas mostraram uma capacidade aumentada para induzir a proliferao de clulas T, para secretar citocinas Th1 e para induzir a morte especfica de clulas tumorais. Em adio, as DCs desialiladas apresentam uma maior capacidade de apresentao cruzada de antignios tumorais s clulas T citotxicas. Colectivamente, o presente estudo oferece uma viso chave para optimizar a capacidade das DCs em induzir respostas imunitrias anti-tumorais, e indica que o tratamento com sialidase uma nova tecnologia para melhorar a eficcia e aplicabilidade das vacinas baseadas em DCs. Coletivamente, os nossos resultados demostram como a glicosilao e a sua manipulao podem modular a imunidade. Concretamente, atravs de uma reao de exofucosilao conseguimos aumentar fortemente a capacidade de os leuccitos extravasarem para os tecidos afectados, enquanto que a remoo dos nveis de cido silico da superfcie celular das DCs, induz potentes respostas anti-tumorais mediadas por clulas T citotxicas. ---------------------------- ABSTRACT: Glycosylation is the most widely form of protein post-translational modification and is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. Specifically, certain patterns of glycosylation are associated with determined stages of cell differentiation and can modulate processes like cell-signaling and migration and host-pathogen interactions. As such, glycosylation plays a crucial role in the modulation of several immune events. However, how glycans execute this immune-modulation and, therefore, influence immunity is still poorly unknown. Specifically, some terminal sialic acid-modified determinants are known to be involved in several physiological immune processes, including leukocyte trafficking into sites of inflammation and cell immune activation. Therefore, in this work, we sought to investigate more deeply how the expression of these glycosidic structures affects events form both innate and adaptive immune responses. To this end, we divided our work into three main parts: 1) Immunity critically depends on the ability of sentinel circulating cells to infiltrate injured sites, of which leukocyte binding to endothelial E-selectin is the critical first step. Thus, we first analyzed the structure and function of the E-selectin ligands expressed on native human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), providing novel insights into the molecular effectors governing adhesion of circulating monocytes, and of circulating CD4+T, CD8+T and B cells, to vascular endothelium under hemodynamic shear conditions. Strikingly, monocytes show a higher ability to tether and roll on endothelial cells than lymphocyte subsets. This is due to the fact that human circulating monocytes uniformly display a wide repertoire of E-selectin binding glycoproteins, namely the E-selectin-binding glycoforms of CD43 (CD43E) and CD44 (HCELL), in addition to the previously described E-selectin-binding glycoform of PSGL-1 (CLA). In addition, we also observed a differential ability of the different lymphocyte subsets to bind to Eselectin under hemodynamic shear stress conditions, and these differences were highly correlated with their individual expression of E-selectin binding glycoproteins. While CD4+T cells show a robust E-selectin binding ability, CD8+T and B cells show little to no E-selectin reactivity. CD4+T cell potent Eselectin rolling activity is conferred by HCELL expression, in addition to the previously reported E-selectin-binding glycoproteins CD43E and CLA. CD8+T cells display no HCELL and low amounts of CLA and CD43E, whereas B cells lack E-selectin ligand expression. Moreover, enforced exofucosylation of cell surface of these cells noticeably increases expression of functional E-selectin ligands among all leukocytes subsets, with cell type-dependent specificity in the protein scaffolds that are modified. Taken together, these findings redefine our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the trafficking patterns of PBMCs that are relevant in the context of acute or chronic inflammatory conditions. 2) The ability of circulating dendritic cells (DCs) to extravasate at inflammatory sites is critical to the success of DC-based therapies. Therefore, we assessed the structure and function of adhesion molecules mediating the transendothelial migration (TEM) of human monocyte derived-DCs (mo-DCs), obtained either by CD14 positive immune-magnetic selection (CD14-S) or by plastic adherence of blood monocytes (PA-S). We report for the first time that the E-selectin binding glycoforms of PSGL-1, CD43 and CD44 are all expressed on CD14-S mo-DCs, in contrast to PA-S mo-DCs that express only CLA. Importantly, CD44 engagement on CD14-S mo-DCs, but not on PA-S mo-DCs, triggers VLA-4-dependent adhesiveness and programs TEM in absence of chemokine gradient. We also analyzed the E-selectin ligands expressed on mo-DCs generated from umbilical cord blood (UCB) monocytes, and unexpectedly, UCB mo-DCs do not express any glycoprotein with E-selectin reactivity. Furthermore, exoglycosylation of human mo-DCs using an (1,3)-fucosyltransferase significantly increases expression of HCELL, and therefore exofucosylated mo-DCs exhibit an augmented ability to bind to E-selectin under hemodynamic shear stress conditions. These findings highlight a role for HCELL engagement in priming TEM of CD14-S mo-DCs, and suggest that strategies to enforce HCELL expression could boost mo-DC recruitment to inflammatory sites.3) Another obstacle to achieve the promising success of DC-based vaccines is the establishment of efficient approaches that could successfully enhance maturation and cross-presentation ability of DCs. Therefore, we investigated an alternative approach that can overcome this problem. Through removal of sialic acid content from DC cell surface we are able to elicit maturation of both human and mouse DCs. Notably, desialylated human and murine DCs showed enhanced ability to induce autologous T cell to proliferate, to secrete Th1 cytokines and to kill tumor cells. Moreover, desialylated DCs display enhanced cross-presentation of tumor antigens to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Collectively, this study offers key insight to optimize the ability of DCs to boost anti-tumor immune responses, and indicates that the treatment with an exogenous sialidase is a powerful new technology to improve the efficacy and applicability of DC-based vaccines. Overall, our findings show how glycosylation and its manipulation can modulate immunity. Concretely, through an exofucosylation reaction we are able to greatly augment the ability of leukocytes to extravasate into injured tissues, while removal of sialic acid moieties from cell surface of DCs, significantly potentiate their ability to induce anti-tumor cytotoxic T cell-mediate responses.
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Psoriasis is a common T-cell-mediated skin disease with 2-3% prevalence worldwide. Psoriasis is considered to be an autoimmune disease, but the precise nature of the autoantigens triggering T-cell activation remains poorly understood. Here we find that two-thirds of patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis harbour CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) T cells specific for LL37, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) overexpressed in psoriatic skin and reported to trigger activation of innate immune cells. LL37-specific T cells produce IFN-, and CD4(+) T cells also produce Th17 cytokines. LL37-specific T cells can infiltrate lesional skin and may be tracked in patients blood by tetramers staining. Presence of circulating LL37-specific T cells correlates significantly with disease activity, suggesting a contribution to disease pathogenesis. Thus, we uncover a role of LL37 as a T-cell autoantigen in psoriasis and provide evidence for a role of AMPs in both innate and adaptive immune cell activation.
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Affiliation: Facult de mdecine, Universit de Montral & CANVAC
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La barrire hmato-encphalique (BHE) protge le systme nerveux central (SNC) en contrlant le passage des substances sanguines et des cellules immunitaires. La BHE est forme de cellules endothliales lies ensemble par des jonctions serres et ses fonctions sont maintenues par des astrocytes, celles ci scrtant un nombre de facteurs essentiels. Une analyse protomique de radeaux lipidiques de cellules endothliales de la BHE humaine a identifi la prsence de la voie de signalisation Hedgehog (Hh), une voie souvent lies des processus de dveloppement embryologique ainsi quau niveau des tissus adultes. Suite nos expriences, jai dtermin que les astrocytes produisent et secrtent le ligand Sonic Hh (Shh) et que les cellules endothliales humaines en cultures primaires expriment le rcepteur Patched (Ptch)-1, le co-rcepteur Smoothened (Smo) et le facteur de transcription Gli-1. De plus, lactivation de la voie Hh augmente ltanchit des cellules endothliales de la BHE in vitro. Le blocage de lactivation de la voie Hh en utilisant lantagoniste cyclopamine ainsi quen utilisant des souris Shh dficientes (-/-) diminue lexpression des protines de jonctions serres, claudin-5, occcludin, et ZO-1. La voie de signalisation sest aussi montre comme tant immunomodulatoire, puisque lactivation de la voie dans les cellules endothliales de la BHE diminue lexpression de surface des molcules dadhsion ICAM-1 et VCAM-1, ainsi que la scrtion des chimiokines pro-inflammatoires IL-8/CXCL8 et MCP-1/CCL2, crant une diminution de la migration des lymphocytes CD4+ travers une monocouche de cellules endothliales de la BHE. Des traitements avec des cytokines pro-inflammatoires TNF- and IFN- in vitro, augmente la production de Shh par les astrocytes ainsi que lexpression de surface de Ptch-1 et de Smo. Dans des lsions actives de la sclrose en plaques (SEP), o la BHE est plus permable, les astrocytes hypertrophiques augmentent leur expression de Shh. Par contre, les cellules endothliales de la BHE naugmentent pas leur expression de Ptch-1 ou Smo, suggrant une dysfonction dans la voie de signalisation Hh. Ces rsultats montrent que la voie de signalisation Hh promeut les proprits de la BHE, et quun environnement dinflammation pourrait potentiellement drgler la BHE en affectant la voie de signalisation Hh des cellules endothliales.
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Le VIH-1 a dvelopp plusieurs mcanismes menant la dgradation de son rcepteur cellulaire, la molcule CD4, dans le but daugmenter la relche de particules virales infectieuses et dviter que la cellule soit surinfecte. Lun de ces mcanismes est la dgradation, induite par la protine virale Vpu, du CD4 nouvellement synthtis au niveau du rticulum endoplasmique (RE). Vpu doit lier CD4 et recruter lubiquitine ligase cellulaire SCF-TrCP, via sa liaison -TrCP, afin de dgrader CD4. Puisque CD4 doit tre retenu au RE pour permettre Vpu dinduire sa dgradation via le systme ubiquitine-protasome, il a t suggr que ce processus implique un mcanisme semblable une voie cellulaire de dgradation des protines mal-replies appele ERAD ( endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation ). La dgradation par ERAD implique gnralement la dislocation des protines du RE vers le cytoplasme afin de permettre leur poly-ubiquitination et leur dgradation par le protasome. Nous avons dmontr que Vpu induit la poly-ubiquitination de CD4 dans des cellules humaines. Nos rsultats suggrent aussi que CD4 doit subir une dislocation afin dtre dgrad par le protasome en prsence de Vpu. De plus, un mutant transdominant ngatif de lATPase p97, qui est implique dans la dislocation des substrats ERAD, inhibe compltement la dgradation de CD4 par Vpu. Enfin, nos rsultats ont montr que lubiquitination sur des rsidus accepteurs de lubiquitine (lysines) de la queue cytoplasmique de CD4 ntait pas essentielle, mais que la mutation des lysines ralentit le processus de dgradation de CD4. Ce rsultat suggre que lubiquitination de la queue cytosolique de CD4 pourrait reprsenter un vnement important dans le processus de dgradation induit par Vpu. Lattachement de lubiquitine a gnralement lieu sur les lysines de la protine cible. Toutefois, lubiquitination sur des rsidus non-lysine (srine, thronine et cystine) a aussi t dmontre. Nous avons dmontr que la mutation de tous les sites potentiels dubiquitination cytoplasmiques de CD4 (K, C, S et T) inhibe la dgradation par Vpu. De plus, la prsence de cystines dans la queue cytoplasmique apparat suffisante pour rendre CD4 sensible Vpu en absence de lysine, srine et thronine. Afin dexpliquer ces rsultats, nous proposons un modle dans lequel lubiquitination de la queue cytosolique de CD4 serait ncessaire sa dgradation et o les sites dubiquitination de CD4 seraient slectionns de faon non spcifique par lubiquitine ligase recrute par Vpu. Enfin, nous avons observ que la co-expression dune protine Vpu incapable de recruter -TrCP (Vpu S52,56/D) semble stabiliser le CD4 qui est retenu au RE. De plus, dautres mutants de Vpu qui semblent capables de recruter -TrCP et CD4 sont toutefois incapables dinduire sa dgradation. Ces rsultats suggrent que lassociation de Vpu CD4 et -TrCP est essentielle mais pas suffisante pour induire la dgradation de CD4. Par consquent, ces rsultats soulvent la possibilit que Vpu puisse recruter dautres facteurs cellulaires pour induire la dgradation de CD4. Les rsultats prsents ont permis de mieux dfinir le mcanisme de dgradation de CD4 par Vpu dans des cellules humaines. De plus, ces rsultats nous ont permis dlaborer un modle dans lequel lubiquitine ligase cellulaire SCF-TrCP dmontre de la flexibilit dans le choix des rsidus ubiquitiner afin dinduire la dgradation de CD4. Enfin, ces tudes jettent un oeil nouveau sur le rle de Vpu dans ce processus puisque nos rsultats suggrent que Vpu doive recruter dautres partenaires cellulaires, mis part -TrCP, pour induire la dgradation de CD4.
Resumo:
Lhistoire naturelle de linfection anale par le virus du papillome de type 16 (VPH-16) est mal dfinie pour les hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec dautres hommes (HARSAHs) VIH-sropositifs. Le but de cette tude tait dvaluer lassociation entre la charge pisomale et intgre du VPH-16 et la progression de la noplasie intrapithliale anale (AIN). Les charges pisomales et intgres du VPH-16 furent mesures par PCR quantitatif en temps rel sur 665 spcimens anaux obtenus de 135 hommes VPH-16-positifs participant ltude prospective HIPVIRG (Human Immunodeficiency and Papilloma VIrus Research Group). Le grade de lAIN fut dtermin sur des biopsies obtenues lors des anuscopies haute rsolution priodiques. Lintgration du VPH-16 fut confirme par DIPS-PCR pour dmontrer la prsence de jonctions virales-cellulaires. La charge pisomale du VPH-16 [ratio de cote (OR) 1.5, intervalle de confiance (IC) 95%=1.12.1], le nombre de types de VPH [OR 1.4 (IC 95%=1.11.8)] et le tabagisme actuel [OR 4.8 (IC 95%=1.318.6)], mais non la charge intgre, furent associs aux lsions de haut-grade (AIN-2,3) aprs ajustement pour lge et le dcompte des lymphocytes CD4. La charge pisomale du VPH-16 tait le seul facteur prdictif de progression de lAIN de bas-grade (AIN-1) vers lAIN-2,3 [OR 8.0 (IC 95%=1.255.4)]. Les spcimens avec une charge pisomale du VPH-16 leve taient moins susceptibles de contenir de lintgration [OR 0.5 (IC 95%=0.30.8)]. Lintgration du VPH-16 fut dtecte en absence dAIN, dans lAIN-1 et dans lAIN-2,3. Lanalyse des jonctions virales-cellulaires ne permit pas didentifier un site dintgration spcifique.
