Experimental Use of Calcium Magnesium Acetate, Addendum, HR-253, 1984

The Iowa Department of Transportation Materials Laboratory personnel developed a process to produce a road deicer consisting of sand grains coated with calcium magnesium acetate (CMA). Research project HR-253 was established to explore commercial production of the CMA/sand deicer by an independent contractor. About 60 tons of the deicer was produced at a ready-mix concrete facility and evaluated in the field during the 1983-1984 winter season. The initial contracted production of CMA/sand deicer under research project HR-253 identified two major problems: (1) excessive unreacted lime in the final product, and (2) formation of spherical lumps within the product requiring subsequent size reduction. It was recommended in the HR-253 report that additional deicer be produced as a continuation of the project in order to address these problems and further develop the production process. A contract was negotiated with W. G. Block Co. to produce and deliver 50 tons of additional deicer. This addendum report covers this production effort including descriptions and results of all modifications of equipment and process procedures used.

The Permo-Triassic boundary in the Antalya Nappes (Western Taurides - Turkey)

The Antalya nappes (western Taurides-Turkey)*consist of several tectonic units which document the*Southern Neotethyan paleomargin from the Arabo-African*shallow shelf to the oceanic crust.*The Kerner Gorge Units (Upper Antalya nappes)*show a full stratigraphical succession from Ordovician*to Late Cretaceous. A carbonate platform regime*appeared during Late Permian times and existed up*to the early Middle Triassic. For detailed investigations*on the Permo-Triassic boundary, two lithostratigraphic*profiles have been selected: the Curuk*dag and the Kerner Gorge sections.*The main results presented in this paper are : 1) the Late Permian Pamucak Formation (Midian-*Dzhulfian) consists of calcareous algae-foraminiferae*bearing black limestones, locally rich in*brachiopods, crinoids and bryozoae : 2) this black limestone is overlain by an oolitic*grainstone. In the Curuk dag section, the oolitic horizon*is capped by a thin level of calcrete type; emersive*conditions are also inferred by a strong diagenetic*change within the oolitic deposit : 3) the first Early Triassic fossils, appearing*within or above the oolitic grainstone, are microforaminifera*and Pseudoclaraia wangi (late Griesbachian*in age). In the Curuk dag, a rich Early Triassic*microforaminifera association seems linked to a microbiallite*boundstone facies : 4) the overlying unfossiliferous lime mudstone,*the oolitical thick bedded grainstone, the variegated*marly limestone and the vermicular limestone facies*are present. not only in southern Turkey but seem*constant through ' the entire peri arabo-african platform.*Striking similarities appear between the studied*profiles and the Bellerophon-Werfen succession in the*Southern Alps..

DRIS norms for 'Valencia' sweet orange on three rootstocks

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) applies nutrient ratios instead of the isolated concentration values of each nutrient in interpretation of tissue analysis. The objectives of this research were to establish adequate DRIS norms for 'Valencia' sweet orange irrigated commercial groves budded on three rootstocks and correlate indexes of nutrition balance with yield. Experiments were conducted in São Paulo State, Brazil. Rootstocks Rangpur lime, Caipira sweet orange, and Poncirus trifoliata, with more than six years old and yield above 40 ton ha-1 were utilized. Data referred to yield, tree spacing, rootstock and foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B in non fruiting terminals for each grove were processed for the years 1994 through 1998. DRIS indexes were calculated by Nick criterion for choosing the ratio order of the nutrients and Jones calculation method of the ratio functions. Indexes of nutritional balance calculated from DRIS norms presented high correlation with yield for the three scion/rootstock combinations. DRIS norms defined in this research are valid, since leaf sampling is done on non fruiting terminals and the grove is irrigated.

Potassium supply to cotton roots as affected by potassium fertilization and liming

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is known to have a high requirement for K and to be very sensitive to low soil pH. Most of K reaches plant roots by diffusion in the soil. As K interacts with Ca and Mg, liming can interfere in K movement in the soil, affecting eventually the plant nutrition. The objective of this work was to study the effect of dolomitic lime and 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 g kg-1 of K on the supply of K to cotton roots. Cotton plants were grown up to 40 days in 5 L pots containing a Dark Red Latosol (Typic Haplusthox) with 68% and 16% of sand and clay, respectively. There was an increase in dry matter yields and in K accumulation due to K fertilization. Root interception of soil K was also increased by K application, but was not affected by lime. Mass flow and diffusion increased linearly with K levels up to 60 mg kg-1, in pots with lime. In pots without lime the amount of K reaching the roots by diffusion increased up to 45 mg kg-1, but decreased at the highest K level. Accordingly, there was more K reaching the roots through mass flow at the highest K level. This happened because there were more fine roots in pots without lime, at the highest K level. As the roots grew closer, there was a stronger root competition leading to a decrease in the amount of K diffused to cotton roots.

Sweet orange trees grafted on selected rootstocks fertilized with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

The majority of citrus trees in Brazil are grafted on 'Rangpur lime' (Citrus limonia Osb.) rootstock. Despite its good horticultural performance, search for disease tolerant rootstock varieties to improve yield and longevity of citrus groves has increased. The objective of this work was to evaluate yield efficiency of sweet oranges on different rootstocks fertilized with N, P, and potassium. Tree growth was affected by rootstock varieties; trees on 'Swingle' citrumelo [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. paradisi Macf.] presented the smallest canopy (13.3 m³ in the fifth year after tree planting) compared to those on 'Rangpur lime' and 'Cleopatra' mandarin [C. reshni (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] grown on the same grove. Although it was observed an overall positive relationship between canopy volume and fruit yield (R² = 0.95**), yield efficiency (kg m-3) was affected by rootstocks, which demonstrated 'Rangpur lime' superiority in relation to Cleopatra. Growth of citrus trees younger than 5-yr-old might be improved by K fertilization rates greater than currently recommended in Brazil, in soils with low K and subjected to nutrient leaching losses.

Evaluation of the Consolid System of Soil Stabilization, MLR-86-10, 1987

The Consolid System by American Consolid Inc. is a three product system that, according to product literature, "enables any soil, found anywhere, to be upgraded to achieve better characteristics necessary in improving road life and quality". Consolid was evaluated along with mixes of cement-fly ash and hydrated lime on two soils. The soils were an A-2-4(0) with zero plasticity index and an A-7-8(18) with a 31 plasticity index. American Consolid Inc. recommended an application rate of 0.10% Consolid 444 and 1.00% Conservex by dry soil weight. The application rate chosen for cement-fly ash was 5% cement and 15% fly ash and for hydrated lime it was 6.5%. Testing involved triaxial testing of specimens after water soaking, unconfined compressive strength of specimens before and after water soaking, and freeze and thaw testing of specimens after water soaking. All specimens were compacted to standard proctor at optimum moisture. The cement-fly ash treated mixes had the highest strength and durability followed by the hydrated lime treated mixes.

Seguiment de la diagnosi socioambiental del Camí de Cavalls: sector nord-est

El Camí de Cavalls és un element característic amb una importància històrica, cultural i recreativa considerable a Menorca. Aquesta illa va ser declarada Reserva de la Biosfera per l UNESCO l’any 1993; com a conseqüència, a l’any 2000 es va implantar el Pla Especial del Camí de Cavalls amb diversos objectius: definir les característiques del Camí i els seus instruments de gestió i aplicació; implantar mecanismes i normes que permetin l’ús públic que garanteixin la seva protecció i conservació; i finalment definir polítiques de sostenibilitat i conscienciació ambiental. Al llarg dels anys, la seva gestió ha permès que el Camí presenti una millora del seu estat de conservació i fer-ne un ús favorable a nivell socioambiental. L’any 2008 es va realitzar una diagnosi del Sector nord-est de la illa, aplicant-ne diversos indicadors per tal de determinar l’estat del Cam,í coincidint amb l’aplicació dels criteris plantejats pel Pla Especial del 2000 (Diagnosi Socioambiental del Camí de Cavalls de Menorca 2008). En aquest document s’explica la realització de la segona diagnosi, a partir del protocol dissenyat cinc anys abans, per tal de valorar l’estat actual del Camí i observar i definir les variacions que s’han produït en aquest període de temps. Els resultats mostren una tendència global positiva de millora del Camí, tal i com es planteja en la hipòtesis del projecte, tot i presentar-se una sèrie d’inconvenients a l’hora d’aplicar i valorar qualitativament els indicadors utilitzats. L’estudi s’ha realitzat amb la col·laboració dels centres de estudis ambientals de l’ICTA (Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals) amb seu a la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), i l’OBSAM (Observatori Socioambiental de Menorca) amb seu a l’IME (Institut Menorquí d’Estudis).

Growth regulators, culture media and antibiotics in the in vitro shoot regeneration from mature tissue of citrus cultivars

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) combinations, basal media and beta-lactam antibiotics on in vitro organogenesis from mature stem segments of 'Pêra', 'Valência' and 'Bahia' sweet oranges and 'Cravo' rangpur lime. For induction of shoot regeneration, the segments of the four cultivars were placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing the following BAP/NAA concentrations: 0.0/0.0; 0.25/0.0; 0.25/0.25; 0.5/0.0; 0.5/0.5; 1.0/0.0; 2.0/0.0; 2.0/0.25; 2.0/0.5; and 2.0/1.0 mg L-1. In order to test the influence of the culture media on shoot-bud induction, (MS), Murashige and Tucker (MT), and woody plant medium (WPM) formulations were evaluated, associated with the best combination of plant growth regulators obtained in the previous experiment. The influence of four beta-lactam antibiotics (timentin, cefotaxime sodium salt, meropenem trihydrate and augmentin) on shoot regeneration was determined. Better regeneration responses were achieved when internodal segments were cultured onto MS-based medium with 500 mg L-1 cefotaxime with the following BAP/NAA concentrations: 0.5 + 0.25 mg L-1 for 'Cravo', 1.0 + 0.25 mg L-1 for 'Valência' and 'Bahia', and 1.0 + 0.5 mg L-1 for 'Pêra'. Genotype, growth regulators, basal media and beta-lactam antibiotics affect the morphogenetic response in mature tissues of citrus.

Performance of 'Oneco' mandarin on six rootstocks in South Brazil

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of six rootstocks on yield, fruit quality, and growth of 'Oneco' mandarin during the first seven harvesting seasons, in Butiá, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The rootstocks evaluated were: 'Swingle' citrumelo (Citrus paradisi × Poncirus trifoliata), 'Caipira' orange (C. sinensis), 'Troyer' citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), 'Rangpur' lime (C. limonia), 'Volkamer' lemon (C. volkameriana), and 'Flying Dragon' trifoliata orange (P. trifoliata var. monstrosa). Plants budded onto 'Flying Dragon' had the lowest vegetative development, which indicates the dwarfing characteristics of this rootstock, and had the highest mean production efficiency, despite low yield. Plants grafted on 'Volkamer' lemon and 'Rangpur' lime had the highest alternate bearing. Under the experimental conditions evaluated, the most adequate rootstocks for mandarin 'Oneco' are 'Swingle' citrumelo and 'Troyer' citrange, regarding fruit yield and quality.

Toxicity of organic farming‑compatible products to the coffee leaf miner

The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity of organic farming‑compatible products to the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella. Lime sulphur, enriched Bordeaux mixture (Viça Café Plus), and the "supermagro" biofertilizer were first tested in laboratory. The most promising product was tested afterwards under field conditions. In laboratory, different concentrations of each product were applied on L. coffeella eggs and on infested coffee‑mined leaves. Only lime sulphur had ovicidal effects at an acceptable concentration (1.6%) for field applications, but no significant effect on larvae mortality was found. Enriched Bordeaux mixture and the "supermagro" biofertilizer had no effect on L. coffeella eggs and larvae. In the field trial, biweekly or monthly sprayings of lime sulphur at different concentrations caused population decrease after 30 days; however, this effect was not significant after 60 or 90 days.

Yield and mineral nutrition of soybean, maize, and Congo signal grass as affected by limestone and slag

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of superficial application of limestone and slag, and their effects on soil chemical attributes and on yield and mineral nutrition of soybean, maize, and Congo signal grass (Urochloa ruziziensis). The experiment was carried out in a Rhodic Hapludox under no tillage system. The treatments consisted of the use of limestone or slag (silicates of calcium and magnesium) to correct soil acidity, and of a control treatment without the use of soil correctives. Rates were calculated in order to raise soil base saturation up to 70%. Soybean was sown in November 2006 and maize in December 2007. Congo signal grass was sown right after the harvests of soybean and maize, and it was cropped during the off-seasons. Soil chemical attributes were evaluated at 6, 12, and 18 months after the application of the corrective materials. Slag is an efficient source for soil acidity correction, being able to raise the exchangeable base levels in the soil profile faster than lime. Both limestone and slag increase dry matter yield of Congo signal grass, and grain yield of soybean and maize. Slag is more effective in improving maize grain yield.

Kalkkisaostuslaitteiston suunnittelu Biolan Oy:n lannoite- ja kasvualustatehtaan varastoja ja kompostointikentältä tulevien suoto- ja hulevesien käsittelyyn

Tässä diplomityössä oli tavoitteena löytää ratkaisu Biolan Oy:n lannoiteja kasvualustatehtaan varastoja kompostointikentältä tulevien suotoja hulevesien käsittelyyn. Erityisenä kiinnostuksen kohteena oli suotoja hulevesien sisältämän fosforin poistamisen ratkaisun löytäminen. Ratkaisua päätettiin lähteä hakemaan kemiallisen saostuksen kautta. Fosforin kemiallinen saostus toteutetaan nykypäivänä useimmiten raudan ja alumiini yhdisteiden avulla, mutta tämän työn lähtökohtana oli saostuksen suorittaminen kalkilla. Yhtenä työn lähtökohtana oli myös muodostuvan, fosforipitoisen, kalkkisakan hyödyntäminen Biolan Oy:n kasvualustatehtaan tuottamien kasvualustojen ravinnelähteenä, jolloin yleisesti ongelmana pidetty jätevesiliete muuttuu mahdollisuudeksi.

Haja-asutusalueiden sakokaivolietteiden kalkkistabilointi ja hyötykäyttö maataloudessa

In the sparsely populated areas of Finland there are approximately 350 000 households and 450 000 leisure time residences outside sewer networks. According to the Finnish domestic wastewater act outside sewer networks, the Finnish Government is reducing the environmental load of domestic wastewaters by the year 2017. The law is aimed at restricting the quality of sludge from domestic wastewater purification systems. The wastewater purification systems are complex systems, which often include sedimentation basins. The sedimentation basins remove most of the nutrients from the domestic wastewaters. The Finnish Government has decided that sedimentation basin sludge must be treated before reusing. One possibility is to stabilise domestic sludge with slaked lime and to reuse treated sludge in agriculture. According to this master’s thesis lime stabilisation can be done in sedimentation basins or in decanting tanks. Decanting tanks must be under 100 m3. Dosage of stabilisation is 8,5 kg/m3 of lime. If you are treading sludge that is highly hydrous, you need 13,5 kg/m3 of lime. In stabilisation lime and sludge must be thoroughly mixed. Mixed sludge must be in sedimentation basin at least two hours. If there is evidence that sludge contains salmonella or if it’s decanting tank stabilisation time is 48 hours. Sludge must be mixed at least once during the longer stabilisation time. Lime destroys Esherichia coli and enterococcus concentrations below accepted level. Lime also destroys Salmonella bacterium. After treating, sludge’s can be distributed over a field. You can safely spread lime treated domestic sludge’s about 40 m3/ha. Lime stabilisation can also be used to treat separately and collectively collected domestic wastewaters.

Kasvihuonekaasujen päästökaupan ohjausvaikutus sellutehtaan prosessien ja laitteiden kehityksessä

EU:n päästökaupan ensimmäinen jakso alkoi 1.1.2005. Päästökauppa on aiheuttanut sen piiriin kuuluvalle teollisuudelle monia haasteita ja riskejä kasvavien kustannusten muodossa. Massa- ja paperiteollisuus on päästökaupanpiiriin kuuluva teollisuudenala, johon päästökaupan kustannukset vaikuttavat haitallisesti globaalin hinnoittelun vuoksi. Massa- ja paperiteollisuudelle päästökaupasta voi koitua kustannuksia päästöoikeuksien ostamisesta, sähkön, polttoaineiden ja kemikaalien hinnan noususta sekä raaka-ainehuollon vaikeutumisesta. Toisaalta tehtaat voivat hyötyä päästökaupasta alittaessaan päästöoikeutensa tai myydessään sähköä ulkopuoliseen verkkoon. Massa- ja paperiteollisuudessa sähköä kuluu enimmäkseen pumppauksiin eli massan siirtoon ja mekaanisen massan valmistukseen. Suurimpia sähköenergian kuluttajia sellun valmistuksessa ovat soodakattila, puunkäsittely, valkaisu ja lajittelu. Lämpöä tarvitaan haihdutus-, kuivaus- ja keittoprosesseissa. Kemikaaleista klooridioksidin valmistuksessa käytettävä natriumkloraatti on kustannusten kannalta merkittävin kemikaali. Tässä työssä tutkittiin päästökaupan aiheuttamien kustannusten vähentämismahdollisuuksia kohdetehtaalla. Suurin potentiaali liittyy meesauunissa poltettavan maakaasun korvaamiseen mäntyöljyllä tai biomassan kaasutuskaasulla. Kemikaalikulutuksen osalta happidelignifiointi on merkittävin mahdollisuuskustannusten alentamiseksi. Lisäksi päästökaupan kustannuksia voidaan alentaa muun muassa oikealla mitoituksella ja sekundäärilämpöjen optimaalisella käytöllä.

Comparative study of the mandarin hybrid fruit characteristics: Nova, Murcott and Ortanique in Capão Bonito SP, Brazil

The Murcott tangor represent 20% of the tangerines trees in São Paulo State being the second more grown. Their fruits have good acceptance in the market cause of the good characteristics presented as: size, attractive internal and external color, transport resistance, high juice rate and industry potential. It is necessary to study the behavior of others varieties, in order to amplify the diversity of tangerine industry, which show suitable characteristics to the fresh fruit market and that make possible different harvest season. Many tangerine varieties, selected from the Citrus Germplasm Bank of the do Centro Avançado de Pesquisa Tecnológica do Agronegócio de Citros "Sylvio Moreira"/IAC, belong to trials carried out in 15 places in São Paulo State. The Capão Bonito area, south-west of the state, is one of this places where the Nova tangelo, the Ortanique and the Murcott tangors are showing quite good results about their fruit qualities. This paper had as an objective to compare the fruit characteristics of the Nova tangelo, the Murcott and the Ortanique tangors grafted on two rootstocks: Rangpur lime and Cleopatra mandarin. Accordingly to the gotten results, is possible to conclude that Nova and Ortanique had shown weight, width, fruit shape and juice percent, similar to the Murcott. In compliance with the harvest season, the Nova present suitable conditions to fresh fruit market in May and June. By the other hand the Murcott fruits can be harvested in July to August and the Ortanique in August to September. For this reason, is possible extend the harvest season of this mandarin-like, from two to five month, occurring inclusive in a period out of the crop at the north hemisphere.