Factores de riesgo ergonómico y condiciones de trabajo asociados a sintomatología osteomuscular, en conductores de una cooperativa del sector de transporte público en tres municipios de Cundinamarca, Colombia 2015

Introducción: Los conductores de transporte público, están expuesto a factores de riesgo ergonómicos y de condiciones de trabajo que pueden estar asociados a la aparición de síntomas osteomusculares, afectando su estado de salud. Objetivo: evaluar los factores de riesgo ergonómico y las condiciones de trabajo asociadas a sintomatología osteomuscular en conductores de una cooperativa del sector de transporte público. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal realizado a 158 conductores. La evaluación de las condiciones de trabajo se realizó por medio de la “Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo” y para la identificación de los síntomas y factores de riesgo ergonómicos, se usó el “Cuestionario Ergopar”. Resultados: La prevalencia de los síntomas osteomusculares fue mayor en espalda lumbar (41.1%), seguida del síntoma en cuello, hombros y/o espalda dorsal (36.7%). los factores asociados significativamente con la prevalencia de síntomas osteomusculares en cuello/hombros y/o espalda dorsal fueron: edad (p= 0.04) y el movimiento que realiza el cuello y la cabeza (p= 0.039); en espalda lumbar: intensidad del esfuerzo físico (p=0.011) y la frecuencia con la que la iluminación les permitía trabajar en una postura adecuada (p=0.025); en manos y muñecas: puesto de trabajo (p= 0.019), acción que realizan con las manos (p= 0.019), peso que manipulan (p=0.028), la frecuencia de huecos, aberturas, escaleras, plataformas y desniveles (p=0.021). Conclusiones: La morbilidad osteomuscular presentó una asociación mayor con las condiciones no ergonómicas (postura, manipulación de carga, movimientos repetitivos) y condiciones de trabajo (infraestructura de vías, velocidad del trabajo, plazos y metas para realizar el trabajo).

La influencia del resurgimiento religioso en el papel social de la mujer musulmana en Turquía (2007-2011)

El presente estudio de caso tiene como objetivo explicar la influencia del resurgimiento religioso en el papel social de la mujer, en el Estado de Turquía, dentro del periodo tiempo comprendido entre el año 2007 al 2011. Este proceso se ha podido evidenciar a través del islam político y las demandas culturales, en este sentido, se tendrá en cuenta el Partido de la Justicia y el Desarrollo para describir la situación de la mujer musulmana a partir del feminismo islámico; de esta manera se podrá entender su participación en el ámbito público y privado. El análisis de fuentes primarias y secundarias será el método principal para la recolección de información, de igual forma se desarrollarán entrevistas, lo que permitirá un acercamiento con las mujeres y su estilo de vida, a partir de sus prácticas religiosas. El resultado de esta investigación demostrará que el resurgimiento religioso le ha permitido a la mujer musulmana identificarse con su religión en el escenario público y tener mayor relevancia en las diferentes áreas del Estado.

La pelota no se mancha: Un estudio histórico sobre el desarrollo y la política en FIFA

Esta investigación se centra en la Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) como organización política. Intenta responder dos interrogantes primordiales: 1) ¿cómo la FIFA ha constituido el poder que tiene actualmente y, así, hacerse del monopolio indiscutido del fútbol? Y 2) ¿cómo ha cambiado en el tiempo la política interna de FIFA y su vínculo con la política internacional? Para lograr esto, se realiza un estudio histórico, basado principalmente en documentos, que intenta caracterizar y analizar los cambios de la organización en el tiempo. Se enfatizan las últimas dos presidencias de FIFA, de João Havelange y Joseph Blatter, como casos de estudio.

Natural resources, redistribution and Human capital formation

How do resource booms affect human capital accumulation? We exploit time and spatial variation generated by the commodity boom across local governments in Peru to measure the effect of natural resources on human capital formation. We explore the effect of both mining production and tax revenues on test scores, finding a substantial and statistically significant effect for the latter. Transfers to local governments from mining tax revenues are linked to an increase in math test scores of around 0.23 standard deviations. We find that the hiring of permanent teachers as well as the increases in parental employment and improvements in health outcomes of adults and children are plausible mechanisms for such large effect on learning. These findings suggest that redistributive policies could facilitate the accumulation of human capital in resource abundant developing countries as a way to avoid the natural resources curse.

Realidades...a lo claro. Andalucía.

Se reivindica la historia y la cultura andaluzas. Se reflexiona sobre la realidad andaluza en el entorno español y europeo desde los ámbitos político, social, económico, histórico y cultural. Se pretende favorecer la construcción de la conciencia colectiva de Andalucía exhaltando el principio de la solidaridad. Incluye un anexo con el perfil de las provincias andaluzas.

Animals.

Esta serie está diseñada para ayudar a desarrollar aptitudes de lectura y escritura y crear confianza en el niño. El tema de esta historia son los hábitats y hábitos de los animales en el campo. Se dan datos sobre el zorro, el tejón y el erizo común. Objetivos: aprender la secuencia de palabras en una oración. Emitir juicios. Localizar información. Utilizar mayúsculas y puntos correctamente para desarrollar la escucha y la habilidad del habla, escribir palabras y tener conciencia literaria. Al final hay una relación de palabras como referencia para el profesor.

El movimiento de los Bogomiles.

Título anterior de la publicación : Boletín de la Comisión Española de la UNESCO

Autoestima en niños y adolescentes : estudio de su relación con el contexto educativo y familiar.

Estudiar el concepto de autoestima y su importancia en niños con deprivación familiar. Sentar las bases teóricas que avalen un programa de intervención.. La forman alumnos de quinto, sexto y séptimo de Educación General Básica (EGB) pertenecientes a un colegio público de Salamanca, con edades comprendidas entre los 10 y 15 años. Un total de 57 alumnos, 33 chicos y 24 chicas.. Se parte de las siguientes hipótesis: 1. existen diferentes niveles de autoestima en niños con edades similares, 2. existe relación entre los niveles bajos de autoestima y la deprivación familiar, 3. la autoestima no es un constructo estable y por tanto es susceptible de modificación mediante un programa de entrenamiento estructurado. Estas hipótesis se apoyan en el marco teórico previo que establece la investigación (concepto de autoestima, conceptualización del maltrato infantil y consecuencias, elección y justificación del programa). Se determinan como variables a estudiar, la autoestima y la deprivación familiar; se aplica un instrumento de medida de las variables y finalmente se elabora un programa de intervención.. Se utiliza un cuestionario de autoestima para niños de Pope, McHale y Craighead (1988). Consta de 60 items agrupados en 6 subescalas: autoestima global, académica, familiar, social y de sinceridad.. La puntuación de los items se realiza con una escala Lickert de 3 puntos (casi siempre (2), algunas veces (1) y casi nunca (0) para items positivos y en dirección contraria para los negativos). El análisis chicuadrado es aplicado a las dos variables elegidas.. Se comprueba la primera hipótesis sin concluir que la edad de los alumnos (12 años) sea un punto clave en el desarrollo de la autoestima en la población infantil debido a la baja representatividad de la muestra. La segunda hipótesis queda sin comprobar; los datos indican que no existe una relación significativa entre autoestima y deprivación familiar. La tercera hipótesis no se confirma. Se deduce que el programa de intervención no ha sido adecuado.. Se cuestiona tanto la suficiencia de los datos relacionados con la situación familiar de los niños como la adecuación del instrumento de medida utilizado. Como sugerencia para futuras investigaciones se recomienda tener en cuenta el clima escolar, la actitud, expectativas y estilo educativo del profesor, la motivación del alumno y el rendimiento académico. Se recalca la importancia de una definición adecuada que dirija la elección del instrumentos de medida y el posible programa de intervención..

Production risk, pesticide use and GM crop technology in South Africa

Technology involving genetic modification of crops has the potential to make a contribution to rural poverty reduction in many developing countries. Thus far, pesticide-producing Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) varieties of cotton have been the main GM crops under cultivation in developing nations. Several studies have evaluated the farm-level performance of Bt varieties in comparison to conventional ones by estimating production technology, and have mostly found Bt technology to be very successful in raising output and/or reducing pesticide input. However, the production risk properties of this technology have not been studied, although they are likely to be important to risk-averse smallholders. This study investigates the output risk aspects of Bt technology by estimating two 'flexible risk' production function models allowing technology to independently affect the mean and higher moments of output. The first is the popular Just-Pope model and the second is a more general 'damage control' flexible risk model. The models are applied to cross-sectional data on South African smallholders, some of whom used Bt varieties. The results show no evidence that a 'risk-reduction' claim can be made for Bt technology. Indeed, there is some evidence to support the notion that the technology increases output risk, implying that simple (expected) profit computations used in past evaluations may overstate true benefits.

The physical properties of the atmosphere in the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1). Part II: Aspects of variability and regional climate

The performance of the atmospheric component of the new Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model (HadGEM1) is assessed in terms of its ability to represent a selection of key aspects of variability in the Tropics and extratropics. These include midlatitude storm tracks and blocking activity, synoptic variability over Europe, and the North Atlantic Oscillation together with tropical convection, the Madden-Julian oscillation, and the Asian summer monsoon. Comparisons with the previous model, the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere GCM (HadCM3), demonstrate that there has been a considerable increase in the transient eddy kinetic energy (EKE), bringing HadGEM1 into closer agreement with current reanalyses. This increase in EKE results from the increased horizontal resolution and, in combination with the improved physical parameterizations, leads to improvements in the representation of Northern Hemisphere storm tracks and blocking. The simulation of synoptic weather regimes over Europe is also greatly improved compared to HadCM3, again due to both increased resolution and other model developments. The variability of convection in the equatorial region is generally stronger and closer to observations than in HadCM3. There is, however, still limited convective variance coincident with several of the observed equatorial wave modes. Simulation of the Madden-Julian oscillation is improved in HadGEM1: both the activity and interannual variability are increased and the eastward propagation, although slower than observed, is much better simulated. While some aspects of the climatology of the Asian summer monsoon are improved in HadGEM1, the upper-level winds are too weak and the simulation of precipitation deteriorates. The dominant modes of monsoon interannual variability are similar in the two models, although in HadCM3 this is linked to SST forcing, while in HadGEM1 internal variability dominates. Overall, analysis of the phenomena considered here indicates that HadGEM1 performs well and, in many important respects, improves upon HadCM3. Together with the improved representation of the mean climate, this improvement in the simulation of atmospheric variability suggests that HadGEM1 provides a sound basis for future studies of climate and climate change.

Bt cotton and production risk: Panel data evidence

The farm-level success of Bt-cotton in developing countries is well documented. However, the literature has only recently begun to recognise the importance of accounting for the effects of the technology on production risk, in addition to the mean effect estimated by previous studies. The risk effects of the technology are likely very important to smallholder farmers in the developing world due to their risk-aversion. We advance the emergent literature on Bt-cotton and production risk by using panel data methods to control for possible endogeneity of Bt-adoption. We estimate two models, the first a fixed-effects version of the Just and Pope model with additive individual and time effects, and the second a variation of the model in which inputs and variety choice are allowed to affect the variance of the time effect and its correlation with the idiosyncratic error. The models are applied to panel data on smallholder cotton production in India and South Africa. Our results suggest a risk-reducing effect of Bt-cotton in India, but an inconclusive picture in South Africa.

Production risk, pesticide use and GM crop technology in South Africa

Technology involving genetic modification of crops has the potential to make a contribution to rural poverty reduction in many developing countries. Thus far, pesticide-producing Bacillus thuringensis (Bt) varieties of cotton have been the main GM crops under cultivation in developing nations. Several studies have evaluated the farm-level performance of Bt varieties in comparison to conventional ones by estimating production technology, and have mostly found Bt technology to be very successful in raising output and/or reducing pesticide input. However, the production risk properties of this technology have not been studied, although they are likely to be important to risk-averse smallholders. This study investigates the output risk aspects of Bt technology by estimating two 'flexible risk' production function models allowing technology to independently affect the mean and higher moments of output. The first is the popular Just-Pope model and the second is a more general 'damage control' flexible risk model. The models are applied to cross-sectional data on South African smallholders, some of whom used Bt varieties. The results show no evidence that a 'risk-reduction' claim can be made for Bt technology. Indeed, there is some evidence to support the notion that the technology increases output risk, implying that simple (expected) profit computations used in past evaluations may overstate true benefits.

Effect of sulphation on the oestrogen agonist activity of the phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

The phytoestrogens genistein, daidzein and the daidzein metabolite equol have been shown previously to possess oestrogen agonist activity. However, following consumption of soya diets, they are found in the body not only as aglycones but also as metabolites conjugated at their 4'- and 7-hydroxyl groups with sulphate. This paper describes the effects of monosulphation on the oestrogen agonist properties of these three phytoestrogens in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in terms of their relative ability to compete with [H-3]oestradiol for binding to oestrogen receptor (ER), to induce a stably transfected oestrogen-responsive reporter gene (ERE-CAT) and to stimulate cell growth. In no case did sulphation abolish activity. The 4'-sulphadon of genistein reduced oestrogen agonist activity to a small extent in whole-cell assays but increased the relative binding affinity to ER. The 7-sulphation of genistein, and also of equol, reduced oestrogen agonist activity substantially in all assays. By contrast, the position of monosulphation of daidzein acted in an opposing manner on oestrogen agonist activity. Sulphation at the 4'-position of daidzein resulted in a modest reduction in oestrogen agonist activity but sulphation of daidzein at the 7-position resulted in an increase in oestrogen agonist activity. Molecular modelling and docking studies suggested that the inverse effects of sulphation could be explained by the binding of daidzein into the ligand-binding domain of the ER in the opposite orientation compared with genistein and equol. This is the first report of sulphation enhancing activity of an isoflavone and inverse effects of sulphation between individual phytoestrogens.

Comparative study of oestrogenic properties of eight phytoestrogens in MCF7 human breast cancer cells

Previous studies have compared the oestrogenic properties of phytoestrogens in a wide variety of disparate assays. Since not all phytoestrogens have been tested in each assay, this makes inter-study comparisons and ranking oestrogenic potency difficult. In this report, we have compared the oestrogen agonist and antagonist activity of eight phytoestrogens (genistein, daidzein, equol, miroestrol, deoxymiroestrol, 8-prenylnaringenin, coumestrol and resveratrol) in a range of assays all based within the same receptor and cellular context of the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. The relative binding of each phytoestrogen to oestrogen receptor (ER) of MCF7 cytosol was calculated from the molar excess needed for 50 % inhibition of [H-3]oestradiol binding (IC50), and was in the order coumestrol (35x)/8-prenylnaringenin (45 x)/deoxymiroestrol (50 x) > miroestrol (260x) > genistein (1000x) > equol (4000x) > daidzein (not achieved: 40 % inhibition at 10(4)-fold molar excess) > resveratrol (not achieved: 10 % inhibition at 10(5)-fold molar excess). For cell-based assays, the rank order of potency (estimated in terms of the concentration needed to achieve a response equivalent to 50 % of that found with 17 beta-oestradiol (IC50)) remained very similar for all the assays whether measuring ligand ability to induce a stably transfected oestrogen-responsive ERE-CAT reporter gene, cell growth in terms of proliferation rate after 7 days or cell growth in terms of saturation density after 14 days. The IC50 values for these three assays in order were for 17 beta-oestradiol (1 x 10-(11) M, 1 x 10-(11) M, 2 x 10(-11) M), and in rank order of potency for the phytoestrogens, deoxymiroestrol (1 x 10(-10) M, 3 x 10(-11) M, 2 x 10(-11) M) > miroestrol (3 x 10(-10) M, 2 x 10(-11) M, 8 x 10(-11) M) > 8-prenylnaringenin (1 x 10(-9) M, 3 x 10(-10) M, 3 x 10(-10) M) > cournestrol (3 x 10(-8) M, 2 x 10(-8) M, 3 x 10(-8) M) > genistein (4 x 10(-8) M, 2 x 10(-8) M, 1 x 10(-8) M)/equol (1 x 10(-7) M, 3 x 10(-8) M, 2 x 10(-8) M) > daidzein (3 x 10(-7) M, 2 x 10(-7) M, 4 x 10(-8) M) > resveratrol (4 x 10(-6) M, not achieved, not achieved). Despite using the same receptor context of the MCF7 cells, this rank order differed from that determined from receptor binding. The most marked difference was for cournestrol and 8-prenylnaringenin which both displayed a relatively potent ability to displace [3H]oestradiol from cytosolic ER compared with their much lower activity in the cell-based assays. Albeit at varying concentrations, seven of the eight phytoestrogens (all except resveratrol) gave similar maximal responses to that given by 17 beta-oestradiol in cell-based assays which makes them full oestrogen agonists. We found no evidence for any oestrogen antagonist action of any of these phytoestrogens at concentrations of up to 10(-6) M on either reporter gene induction or on stimulation of cell growth. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.