Nonpreference of whitefly for oviposition in tomato genotypes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Prospecção de genes associados ao processo de floração em tomateiro.

Flowering is a process marked by switch of shoot apical meristem to floral meristem, and it involves a complex regulation by endogenous and environmental factors. Analyses of key flowering genes have been carried out primarily in Arabidopsis thaliana and have provided a foundation for understanding the underlying molecular genetic mechanisms controlling different aspects of floral development. Several homologous have been found in other species, but for crops species such as tomatoes this process is not well known. The aim of this work was to use the genetic natural variation associated to the flowering process and use molecular tools such as subtractive libraries and real time PCR in order to identify and analyze the expression from genes that may be associated to flowering in these two species: L. esculentum cv Micro-Tom and L. pimpinellifolium. Our results showed there were identified many genes related to vegetative and possibly to the flowering process. There were also identified many sequences that were unknown. We ve chosen three genes to analyze the expression by real time PCR. The histone H2A gene gave an expression higher in L. pimpinellifolium, due to this the expression of this gene may be associated to flowering in this specie. It was also analyzed the expression of an unknown gene that might be a key factor of the transition to flowering, also in L. pimpinellifolium. For the elongation factor 1-α expression, the expression results were not informative, so this gene may have a constitutive expression in vegetative and flowering state. The results observed allowed us to identify possible genes that may be related to the flowering process. For further results it will be necessary a better characterization of them.

CONDUTIVIDADE ELÉTRICA em SEMENTES DE TOMATE (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.)

Sementes de tomate, sendo dois lotes comerciais do cultivar Petomech e dois lotes do cultivar Santa Clara, foram estudados com o objetivo de se avaliar as variações nos resultados de teste de condutividade elétrica, em função do período de embebição (6, 12, 18 e 24 horas) e do número de sementes utilizadas no teste (25, 50 e 100), procurando-se relacionar os resultados com a emergência das plântulas e o desempenho das sementes em outros testes, em tres épocas de avaliação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram comportamento diferenciado dos cultivares, com valores mais altos de condutividade elétrica para as sementes do cultivar Petomech. Observaram-se também diferenças acentuadas entre os dois lotes do cultivar Petomech em termos de condutividade. Os acréscimos dos valores de condutividade com o decorrer da embebição corresponderam a queda no vigor das sementes independentemente do cultivar.

Estratégias de controle de insetos-pragas nas culturas do tomateiro (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) e pimentão (Capsicum annum L.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação de déficit de polinização em tomateiros (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.)

Não disponível

Die Cultur des Solanum esculentum Dun. (S. melongena L. Eierfrucht) und des Solanum lycopersicum L. (Tomate, Liebesapfel, Paradiesapfel) und deren Verwendung in hauswirthschaftlicher Beziehung

von Garten-Director Bürgel

A revision of the genus Lycopersicon /

"July 1940."

Fine mapping of the tomato I-3 gene for fusarium wilt resistance and elimination of a co-segregating resistance gene analogue as a candidate for I-3

The I-3 gene from the wild tomato species Lycopersicon pennellii confers resistance to race 3 of the devastating vascular wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. As an initial step in a positional cloning strategy for the isolation of I-3, we converted restriction fragment length polymorphism and conserved orthologue set markers, known genes and a resistance gene analogue (RGA) mapping to the I-3 region into PCR-based sequence characterised amplified region (SCAR) and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. Additional PCR-based markers in the I-3 region were generated using the randomly amplified DNA fingerprinting (RAF) technique. SCAR, CAPS and RAF markers were used for high-resolution mapping around the I-3 locus. The I-3 gene was localised to a 0.3-cM region containing a RAF marker, eO6, and an RGA, RGA332. RGA332 was cloned and found to correspond to a putative pseudogene with at least two loss-of-function mutations. The predicted pseudogene belongs to the Toll interleukin-1 receptor-nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich-repeat sub-class of plant disease resistance genes. Despite the presence of two RGA332 homologues in L. esculentum, DNA gel blot and PCR analysis suggests that no other homologues are present in lines carrying I-3 that could be alternative candidates for the gene.

Levels of some heavy Metals in Cocoyam ( Colocasia esculentum ) grown on Soil receiving Effluent from a Paint Industry

The levels of some heavy metals in soil samples and tubers of cocoyam ( Colocasia esculentum ) grown on soil receiving paint wastes (PWS) has been investigated using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (Unicam 939/959 model). Similar analyses were carried out for the same plant from a control area. The studies revealed that although the P.W.S contained abnormally high levels of Pb (474.14mgkg-1) and Cu (137.85mgkg-1). The paint waste tuber (PWT) recorded low levels of these metals: Pb (2.13mgkg-1) and Cu (13.85mgkg-1) respectively. Correlation analysis tested at 0.05 level of significance show that no significant correlation existed between the metals levels in the soil and the level in the tuber. In all cases the levels of the metals in the tubers were well below the upper limit documented for unpolluted plant. The results however suggest the ineffectiveness of the use of Colocasia esculentum as a bioindicator for heavy metal pollution in soil.

Expresión génica diferencial y antioxidantes en la planta de tomate (Solanum lycopersicon L. Mill) enriquecida con selenio

La biofortificación tiene como finalidad incrementar la concentración de elementos biodisponibles en las plantas de cultivo para elevar la calidad nutricional. El selenio es un elemento traza de gran impacto para el metabolismo antioxidante de las plantas y su acumulación es pobre en especies como el tomate, de igual manera este elemento es esencial para los humanos, por lo que adicionarlo en las plantas forma parte de los programas de biofortificación. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar experimentalmente la capacidad del selenito de sodio para incrementar la concentración de Se y modificar la actividad antioxidante en plantas de tomate. Para ello se usaron plantas de la variedad híbrido Toro y se aplicaron tres tratamientos 0, 2 y 5 mg L-1 de selenito de sodio (Na2SeO3) utilizando como vehículo el agua de riego, los tratamientos fueron aplicados bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Se llevaron a cabo tres muestreos 40, 80 y 120 días después del trasplante y la subsecuente cuantificación de la acumulación de selenio y macronutrientes en hojas, tallos y frutos así como su impacto en la producción de frutos bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Se determinó la altura de la planta, los diámetros de tallos, firmeza, sólidos solubles de frutos y la materia seca total de los diferentes tejidos. Se obtuvo una cuantificación del potencial oxido reducción y de la actividad de antioxidante específicos como la catalasa, glutatión peroxidasa, superóxido dismutasa, el ácido ascórbico y licopeno, para cada variable se llevó a cabo un análisis de varianza y posteriormente una prueba de comparación de medias de Tukey. La expresión de los genes cat, gpx, sod, apx y lic en los frutos fue también analizada y en este caso se aplicó un análisis de varianza no paramétrico de Fisher, para encontrar las diferencias entre tratamientos. Los resultados mostraron un incremento en la acumulación de Se, encontrándose hasta un 53.1% de aumento en la concentración en los frutos bajo el tratamiento 5 mg L-1 en comparación con el testigo, sin embargo, este incremento no tuvo un impacto notorio en la producción y el rendimiento del tomate, a pesar de la existencia de una correlación de Spearman positiva (r =0.9637) entre la producción de fruto y la concentración de Se. Los valores del potencial oxido-reducción se redujeron en promedio desde -41.4 mV para el tratamiento testigo y hasta -68.0 mV con el mayor tratamiento. Mientras tanto, la concentración de Se si influyó positivamente en los parámetros de calidad incluyendo el ácido ascórbico (hasta un 50 % de aumento con el tratamiento 5 mgL-1 ) y el licopeno (hasta un 66.9% de aumento con el mayor tratamiento). La actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes aumentó notablemente en el fruto con el tratamiento 5 mg L-1 de selenito encontrándose 60.9% de aumento para CAT, 33.4% para GPX y 26.0% para SOD. En cuanto la expresión génica hubo mayor nivel de transcriptos de los genes gpx, sod y apx bajo el tratamiento 2 mg L-1

Parasitismo em pupas de Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) e Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard, 1926) (Diptera, Agromyzidae) em tomate Licopersicon esculentum (Mill.) na região de Guaíra, SP.

1992

Solarização do solo para o controle de plantas daninhas na cultura de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum).

Tendo como um dos objetivos estudar a eficácia biológica desse método para controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum). Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos e 6 repetições. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: 1-) solarização do solo durante 30 dias antes do transplante das mudas de tomate; 2-) solarização do solo durante 50 dias; 3-) brometo de metila; 4-) testemunha. As plantas daninhas predominantes nas parcelas-testemunha foram Digitaria horizontalis (gramínea) e Amaranthus deflexus (dicotiledonea). A avaliação de controle foi feita aos 36 dias apos o transplante das mudas. Verificou-se que os dois tratamentos com solarização e o tratamento com brometo de metila não diferiram entre si, diferindo da testemunha significativamente quanto ao acumulo de matéria seca da comunidade infestante. Portanto, a solarização do solo por 30 e 50 dias, foi eficaz para o controle das plantas daninhas. Fez-se também, o estudo fitossociológico para os diferentes tratamentos, mostrando que a importância relativa das espécies dicotiledôneas foi maior na testemunha e no tratamento com brometo de metila; enquanto que nos tratamentos com solarização as importâncias relativas das dicotiledôneas e das gramíneas foram praticamente iguais.

Host location by the fruit fly parasitoid Diachasmimorpha krausii : role of fruit fly species, life stage and host plant

1 Diachasmimorpha krausii is a braconid parasitoid of larval tephritid fruit flies, which feed cryptically within host fruit. At the ovipositor probing stage, the wasp cannot discriminate between hosts that are physiologically suitable or unsuitable for offspring development and must use other cues to locate suitable hosts. 2 To identify the cues used by the parasitoid to find suitable hosts, we offered, to free flying wasps, different combinations of three fruit fly species (Bactrocera tryoni, Bactrocera cacuminata, Bactrocera cucumis), different life stages of those flies (adults and larvae) and different host plants (Solanum lycopersicon, Solanum mauritianum, Cucurbita pepo). In the laboratory, the wasp will readily oviposit into larvae of all three flies but successfully develops only in B. tryoni. Bactrocera tryoni commonly infests S. lycopersicon (tomato), rarely S. mauritianum (wild tobacco) but never C. pepo (zucchini). The latter two plant species are common hosts for B. cacuminata and B. cucumis, respectively. 3 The parasitoid showed little or no response to uninfested plants of any of the test species. The presence of adult B. tryoni, however, increased parasitoid residency time on uninfested tomato. 4 When the three fruit types were all infested with larvae, parasitoid response was strongest to tomato, regardless of whether the larvae were physiologically suitable or unsuitable for offspring development. By contrast, zucchini was rarely visited by the wasp, even when infested with B. tryoni larvae. 5 Wild tobacco was infrequently visited when infested with B. cacuminata larvae but was more frequently visited, with greater parasitoid residency time and probing, when adult flies (either B. cacuminata or B. tryoni) were also present. 6 We conclude that herbivore-induced, nonspecific host fruit wound volatiles were the major cue used by foraging D. krausii. Although positive orientation to infested host plants is well known from previous studies on opiine braconids, the failure of the wasp to orientate to some plants even when infested with physiologically suitable larvae, and the secondary role played by adult fruit flies in wasp host searching, are newly-identified mechanisms that may aid parasitoid host location in environments where both physiologically suitable and unsuitable hosts occur.

Herbal medicines used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Arunachal Himalaya, northeast, India

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Medicinal plants have played an important role in treating and preventing a variety of diseases throughout the world. Khampti tribal people living in the far-flung Lohit district of the Eastern Arunachal Himalaya, India still depend on medicinal plants and most of them have a general knowledge of medicinal plants which are used for treating a variety of ailments. This survey was undertaken in Lohit district in order to inventory the medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: Field investigations were conducted in seventeen remote villages of Lohit district starting from April 2002 to May 2004 through interviews among 251 key informants who were selected randomly during our household survey. To elucidate community domains and determine differences in indigenous traditional knowledge of medicinal plants with anti-diabetic efficacy, we repeated our field survey starting from April 2008 to May 2010 with one hundred traditional healers locally called as ``Chau ya'' in Khampti of Lohit district. ``Chau ya'' traditional healers who know and use medicinal plants for treating diabetes mellitus were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: This study reports an ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh reputed for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Forty-six plant species were identified in the study area to treat diabetes mellitus by the Khamptis ``Chau ya'' traditional healers. Comparative published literature survey analysis of this study with other ethnobotanical surveys of plants used traditionally in treating diabetes mellitus suggests that eleven plant species make claims of new reports on antidiabetic efficacy. These plant species are Begonia roxburghii, Calamus tenuis, Callicarpa arborea, Cuscuta reflexa, Dillenia indica, Diplazium esculentum, Lectuca gracilis, Millingtonia hortensis, Oxalis griffithii, Saccharum spontaneum, and Solanum viarum. Some of the plants reported in this study have an antidiabetic effect on rodent models but none have sufficient clinical evidence of effectiveness. Conclusions: The wide variety of medicinal plants that are used to treat diabetes mellitus in this area supports the importance of plants in the primary healthcare system of the rural people of Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh. The finding of new plant uses in the current study reveals the importance of the documentation of such ethnobotanical knowledge. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.