MPI-DING reference glasses for in situ microanalysis: New reference values for element concentrations and isotope ratios

[1] We present new analytical data of major and trace elements for the geological MPI-DING glasses KL2-G, ML3B-G, StHs6/80-G, GOR128-G, GOR132-G, BM90/21-G, T1-G, and ATHO-G. Different analytical methods were used to obtain a large spectrum of major and trace element data, in particular, EPMA, SIMS, LA-ICPMS, and isotope dilution by TIMS and ICPMS. Altogether, more than 60 qualified geochemical laboratories worldwide contributed to the analyses, allowing us to present new reference and information values and their uncertainties ( at 95% confidence level) for up to 74 elements. We complied with the recommendations for the certification of geological reference materials by the International Association of Geoanalysts (IAG). The reference values were derived from the results of 16 independent techniques, including definitive ( isotope dilution) and comparative bulk ( e. g., INAA, ICPMS, SSMS) and microanalytical ( e. g., LA-ICPMS, SIMS, EPMA) methods. Agreement between two or more independent methods and the use of definitive methods provided traceability to the fullest extent possible. We also present new and recently published data for the isotopic compositions of H, B, Li, O, Ca, Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb. The results were mainly obtained by high-precision bulk techniques, such as TIMS and MC-ICPMS. In addition, LA-ICPMS and SIMS isotope data of B, Li, and Pb are presented.

Interacció de metalls pesants sobre els càlculs renals. Àrea d’estudi: Flix

La litiasi renal (pedres de ronyó) és un desordre molt comú en països industrialitzats, als que aproximadament un 12% de la població desenvoluparà un càlcul renal al llarg de la seva vida. Aquestes xifres, però, varien molt en funció de diferents factors, com ara la zona geogràfica, el clima o l’alimentació. A Espanya, la urolitiasi té una prevalença al voltant del 4% amb una taxa d’incidència del 0,27%, i es produeixen uns 105.000 nous casos cada any. D’aquests, aproximadament una quarta part necessitarà una actuació urològica. L’índex d’incidència més gran es dóna entre els 30 i 60 anys, amb un clar predomini en els homes. A més, s’ha vist una correlació en l’augment de la freqüència de pedres en països desenvolupats amb l’increment de la riquesa i de la despesa en aliments per càpita. En el present estudi, es vol determinar una possible correlació entre els metalls pesants i la formació de pedres de ronyó. Els metalls pesants que s’investiguen són: zinc (Zn), plom (Pb) i coure (Cu). Tots ells poden introduir-se al cos humà per la ingesta d’aliments que, al seu torn, poden incorporar-los a través de l’aigua o del sòl, factors directament dependents de la qualitat del medi ambient on es conreen.

U-Pb zircon dating in the middle Penninic basement of the Western Alps (Valais, Switzerland)

New ages (U-Pb isotopic data) on zircon and monazite in the pre-Alpine basement of the Penninic realm (Valais, Switzerland) are presented. They are related to a Variscan metamorphic high-grade event (ca. 330 Ma) and to post-Variscan magmatic activities (ca. 270 Ma).

The Carboniferous Baralacha La basaltic dykes (Upper Lahul, Ladakh): remnants of an early rifting event along the Indian northern plate

The Lower Carboniferous Baralacha La basaltic dykes were emplaced along transtensional faults. The basalts exhibit tholeiitic and alkaline affinities. The tholeiites are TiO2-poor, moderately enriched in light rare earth (LREE), and display Nb and Ta negative and Th positive anomalies. The alkali basalts, compared to the tholeiites, have higher TiO2, rare earth and highly incompatible trace element contents and greater LREE enrichments. The Nd and Pb isotope compositions of the Baralacha La basalts suggest that they derive from the partial melting of an enriched OIB mantle source. characterized by a HIMU component, and contaminated by the lower continental crust. The Baralacha La dyke swarm represent the remnants of an early rifting event on the northern Indian passive margin.

U-Pb zircon dating of granitoids from the Dora-Maira massif (western Italian Alps)

Among the large number of granitic intrusions within the Dora-Maira massif, several main types can be distinguished. In this study we report field, petrographic and geochemical investigations as well as zircon typology and conventional U-Pb zircon dating of plutons representing these types. The main results are as follows: the Punta Muret augengneiss is a polymetamorphosed peraluminous granite of anatectic origin. It is 457 +/- 2 Ma old and represents one of the numerous Caledonian orthogneisses of the Alpine basement. All other dated granites are of Late Variscan age. The Cavour leucogranite is an evolved granite of probably calc-alkaline affiliation, dated at 304 +/- 2 Ma. The dioritic and granodioritic facies of the Malanaggio diorite (auct.) are typical calc-alkaline rocks, whose respective age of 290 +/- 2 and 288 +/- 2 Ma overlap within errors. The Sangone and Freidour granite types have very similar alkali-calcic characteristics; their ages are poorly constrained between 267-279 and 268-283 Ma, respectively. The new data for the Dora-Maira granites are in keeping with models of the overall evolution of the Late- to Post-Variscan magmatism in the Alpine area in terms of age distribution and progressive geochemical evolution towards alkaline melts. In a first approximation, granitic rocks across the Variscan belt seem to be increasingly younger towards the internal (southern) parts of the orogen. A Carboniferous, distensive Basin and Range situation is thought to be responsible for the magmatic activity. This tectonic context is comparable to the back-are opening of an active continental margin. The observed southward migration of the magmatism could be linked to the roll-back of the subducting Paleotethyan oceanic plate along the Variscan cordillera.

Utilização de isótopos estáveis de 13C e 15N na identificação de bacalhau Gadus e outras espécies de peixes salgados secos

O Brasil é dos países líderes na importação de peixes salgados e secos. Em 2008, importou da Noruega cerca de 30 mil toneladas destes produtos, a um custo de aproximadamente 190 milhões de dólares. O bacalhau é um produto salgado e seco bastante apreciado no país, mas espécies afins, de menor valor comercial, são também utilizadas na fabricação de peixes salgados secos e muitas vezes comercializadas como o bacalhau do Atlântico (Gadus morhua). A variação da razão de isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C/12C) e de nitrogênio (15N/14N) é medida com alta precisão por espectrômetro de massa de razão isotópica (IRMS) e nos últimos 20 anos tem aumentado significativamente a aplicação desta tecnologia na avaliação de fraudes e adulterações dos alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar isótopos estáveis de 15N e 13C na identificação de bacalhau e espécies afins. Utilizando a análise isotópica, em músculos e ossos, foi possível diferenciar o bacalhau (do Atlântico e do Pacífico) de Ling, Zarbo e Saithe (p < 0,01), que são três produtos salgados e secos de menor valor comercial. Com a pele não foi possível tal distinção entre bacalhau do Pacífico e Ling (p > 0,05). A combinação de análises de valores de 15N de diferentes tecidos – músculo, pele e ossos – possibilitou a separação das espécies. A comparação gráfica de valores de 15N de músculo vs. pele, músculo vs. ossos e pele vs. ossos permite estabelecer três regiões de confiança: uma com bacalhau do Atlântico e bacalhau do Pacífico; outra com Ling e Zarbo; e finalmente, uma terceira região com o Saithe isolada de todos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a metodologia é viável para a distinção entre bacalhau e outros peixes salgados secos. No entanto, conclusões mais seguras serão obtidas com uma base de dados, para que, isotopicamente, se faça um histórico da origem desses peixes

Utilização de isótopos estáveis de 13C e 15N na identificação de bacalhau Gadus e outras espécies de peixes salgados secos

O Brasil é dos países líderes na importação de peixes salgados e secos. Em 2008, importou da Noruega cerca de 30 mil toneladas destes produtos, a um custo de aproximadamente 190 milhões de dólares. O bacalhau é um produto salgado e seco bastante apreciado no país, mas espécies afins, de menor valor comercial, são também utilizadas na fabricação de peixes salgados secos e muitas vezes comercializadas como o bacalhau do Atlântico (Gadus morhua). A variação da razão de isótopos estáveis de carbono (13C/12C) e de nitrogênio (15N/14N) é medida com alta precisão por espectrômetro de massa de razão isotópica (IRMS) e nos últimos 20 anos tem aumentado significativamente a aplicação desta tecnologia na avaliação de fraudes e adulterações dos alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar isótopos estáveis de 15N e 13C na identificação de bacalhau e espécies afins. Utilizando a análise isotópica, em músculos e ossos, foi possível diferenciar o bacalhau (do Atlântico e do Pacífico) de Ling, Zarbo e Saithe (p < 0,01), que são três produtos salgados e secos de menor valor comercial. Com a pele não foi possível tal distinção entre bacalhau do Pacífico e Ling (p > 0,05). A combinação de análises de valores de 15N de diferentes tecidos – músculo, pele e ossos – possibilitou a separação das espécies. A comparação gráfica de valores de 15N de músculo vs. pele, músculo vs. ossos e pele vs. ossos permite estabelecer três regiões de confiança: uma com bacalhau do Atlântico e bacalhau do Pacífico; outra com Ling e Zarbo; e finalmente, uma terceira região com o Saithe isolada de todos. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a metodologia é viável para a distinção entre bacalhau e outros peixes salgados secos. No entanto, conclusões mais seguras serão obtidas com uma base de dados, para que, isotopicamente, se faça um histórico da origem desses peixes.

Nd-, O-, and H-isotopic evidence for complex, closed-system fluid evolution of the peralkaline Ilimaussaq intrusion, South Greenland

Relatively homogeneous oxygen isotope compositions of amphibole, clinopyroxene, and olivine separates (+5.2 to +5.7parts per thousand relative to VSMOW) and neodymium isotope compositions (epsilon(Nd(T)) = -0.9 to -1.8 for primary magmatic minerals and epsilon(Nd(T)) = -0.1 and -0.5 for mineral separates from late-stage pegmatites and hydrothermal veins) from the alkaline to agpaitic llimaussaq intrusion, South Greenland, indicate a closed system evolution of this igneous complex and support a mantle derivation of the magma. In contrast to the homogeneous oxygen and neodymium isotopic data, deltaD values for hand-picked amphibole separates vary between -92 and -232parts per thousand and are among the most deuterium-depleted values known from igneous amphiboles. The calculated fluid phase coexisting with these amphiboles has a homogeneous oxygen isotopic composition within the normal range of magmatic waters, but extremely heterogeneous and low D/H ratios, implying a decoupling of the oxygen- and hydrogen isotope systems. Of the several possibilities that can account for such unusually low deltaD values in amphiboles (e.g., late-stage hydrothermal exchange with meteoric water, extensive magmatic degassing, contamination with organic matter, and/or effects of Fe-content and pressure on amphibole-water fractionation) the most likely explanation for the range in deltaD values is that the amphiboles have been influenced by secondary interaction and reequilibration with D-depleted fluids obtained through late-magmatic oxidation of internally generated CH(4) and/or H(2). This interpretation is consistent with the known occurrence of abundant magmatic CH(4) in the Ilimaussaq rocks and with previous studies on the isotopic compositions of the rocks and fluids. Copyright (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd.

Contrasting magma types and timing of intrusion in the Permian layered mafic complex of Mont Collon (Western Alps, Valais, Switzerland): evidence from U/Pb zircon and 40Ar/39Ar amphibole dating

We have selected and dated three contrasting rock-types representative of the magmatic activity within the Permian layered mafic complex of Mont Collon, Austroalpine Dent Blanche nappe, Western Alps. A pegmatitic gabbro associated to the main cumulus sequence yields a concordant U/Pb zircon age of 284.2 +/- 0.6 Ma, whereas a pegmatitic granite dike crosscutting the latter yields a concordant age of 282.9 +/- 0.6 Ma. A Fe-Ti-rich ultrabasic lamprophyre, crosscutting all other lithologies of the complex, yields an 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 260.2 +/- 0.7 Ma on a kaersutite concentrate. All ages are interpreted as magmatic. Sub-contemporaneous felsic dikes within the Mont Collon complex are ascribed to anatectic back-veining from the country-rock, related to the emplacement of the main gabbroic body in the continental crust, which is in accordance with new isotopic data. The lamprophyres have isotopic compositions typical of a depleted mantle, in contrast to those of the cumulate gabbros, close to values of the Bulk Silicate Earth. This indicates either contrasting sources for the two magma pulses - the subcontinental lithospheric mantle for the gabbros and the underlying asthenosphere for the lamprophyres - or a single depleted lithospheric source with variable degrees of crustal contamination of the gabbroic melts during their emplacement in the continental crust. The Mont Collon complex belongs to a series of Early Permian mafic massifs, which emplaced in a short time span about 285-280 Ma ago, in a limited sector of the post-Variscan continental crust now corresponding to the Austroalpine/ Southern Alpine domains and Corsica. This magmatic activity was controlled in space and time by crustal-scale transtensional shear zones.

Multiple plume events in the genesis of the peri-Caribbean Cretaceous oceanic plateau province

The oceanic crust fragments exposed in central America, in north-western South America, and in the Caribbean islands have been considered to represent accreted remnants of the Caribbean-Colombian Oceanic Plateau (CCOP). On the basis of trace element and Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions we infer that cumulate rocks, basalts, and diabases from coastal Ecuador have a different source than the basalts from the Dominican Republic. The latter suite includes the 86 Ma basalts of the Duarte Complex which are light rare earth element (REE) -enriched and display (relative to normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, NMORB) moderate enrichments in large ion lithophile elements, together with high Nb, Ta, Pb, and low Th contents. Moreover, they exhibit a rather restricted range of Nd and Pb isotopic ratios consistent with their derivation from an ocean island-type mantle source, the composition of which includes the HIMU (high U-238/Pb-204) component characteristic of the Galapagos hotspot. In contrast, the 123 Ma Ecuadorian oceanic rocks have flat REE patterns and (relative to NMORB) are depleted in Zr, Hf, Th, and U. Moreover, they show a wide range of Nd and Pb isotopic ratios intermediate between those of ocean island basalts and NMORB. It is unlikely, on geochemical grounds, that the plume source of the Ecuadorian fragments was similar to that of the Galapagos. In addition, because of the NNE motion of the Farallon plate during the Early Cretaceous, the Ecuadorian oceanic plateau fragments could not have been derived from the Galapagos hotspot but were likely formed at a ridge-centered or near-ridge hotspot somewhere in the SE Pacific.

Parâmetros erosividade da chuva e da enxurrada correlacionados com as perdas de solo de um solo Bruno Não-Cálcico Vértico em Sumé (PB)

Foram estudadas correlações lineares simples entre os parâmetros erosividade da chuva e da enxurrada e as perdas de solo provocadas por chuvas erosivas num solo Bruno Não-Cálcico Vértico. Os dados correspondentes aos anos de 1986-1990 foram obtidos na estação experimental de Sumé (PB), pertencente à Universidade Federal da Paraíba-UFPB. Os parâmetros erosividade da chuva e da enxurrada estudados foram: (a) altura total da chuva (P), em mm; (b) intensidades máximas (In), ocorridas nos tempos de 5; 10; 15; 20; 25; 30; 35; 40; 45; 50; 55; 60 e 120 minutos, respectivamente, em mm h-1; (c) energia cinética total, pelo método de Wischmeier e Smith (Ec) e pelo método de Wagner e Massambani (EcW), em MJ ha-1; (d) somatório da energia cinética de intensidades superior a 10 mm h-1 (Ec > 10 e EcW > 10) em MJ ha-1; (e) somatório da energia cinética de intensidades superior a 25 mm h-1 (Ec > 25 e EcW > 25), em MJ ha-1; (f) produtos da energia cinética total pelas intensidades máximas de chuva em intervalos crescentes de tempo (EIn), ou seja: EI5; EI10; EI15; EI20; EI25; EI30; EIW30; EI35; EI40; EI45; EI50; EI55; EI60 e EI120, em MJ mm ha-1 h-1; (g) produtos da altura total da chuva pelas intensidades máximas das chuvas em intervalos crescentes de tempo (PIn), ou seja: PI5; PI10; PI15; PI20; PI25; PI30; PI35; PI40; PI45; PI50; PI55; PI60 e PI120, em mm² h-1, e (h) volume de enxurrada (Vu), em m³. O parâmetro volume de enxurrada (Vu) foi o que melhor estimou (r = 0,812) as perdas de solo em Sumé (PB). Dentre os parâmetros erosividade da chuva, o que melhor se correlacionou com as perdas de solo foi o parâmetro PI25 (r = 0,753). As equações de Wischmeier & Smith e de Wagner & Massambani, utilizadas no cálculo da energia cinética total da chuva, apresentaram o mesmo grau de precisão na estimativa das perdas de solo.

The contribution of the young Cretaceous Caribbean Oceanic Plateau to the genesis of late Cretaceous arc magmatism in the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador

The eastern part of the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador comprises thick buoyant oceanic plateaus associated with island-arc tholeiites and subduction-related calc-alkaline series, accreted to the Ecuadorian Continental Margin from Late Cretaceous to Eocene times. One of these plateau sequences, the Guaranda Oceanic Plateau is considered as remnant of the Caribbean-Colombian Oceanic Province (CCOP) accreted to the Ecuadorian Margin in the Maastrichtien. Samples studied in this paper were taken from four cross-sections through two arc-sequences in the northern part of the Cordillera Occidental of Ecuador, dated as (Rio Cala) or ascribed to (Macuchi) the Late Cretaceous and one arc-like sequence in the Chogon-Colonche Cordillera (Las Orquideas). These three island-arcs can clearly be identified and rest conformably on the CCOP. In all four localities, basalts with abundant large clinopyroxene phenocrysts can be found, mimicking a picritic or ankaramitic facies. This mineralogical particularity, although not uncommon in island arc lavas, hints at a contribution of the CCOP in the genesis of these island arc rocks. The complete petrological and geochemical study of these rocks reveals that some have a primitive island-arc nature (MgO values range from 6 to 11 wt.%). Studied samples display marked Nb, Ta and Ti negative anomalies relative to the adjacent elements in the spidergrams characteristic of subductionrelated magmatism. These rocks are LREE-enriched and their clinopyroxenes show a tholeiitic affinity (FeO(1)-TiO(2) enrichment and CaO depletion from core to rim within a single crystal). The four sampled cross-sections through the island-arc sequences display homogeneous initial Nd, and Pb isotope ratios that suggest a unique mantellic source for these rocks resulting from the mixing of three components: an East-Pacific MORB end-member, an enriched pelagic sediment component, and a HIMU component carried by the CCOP. Indeed, the ankaramite and Mg-basalt sequences that form part of the Caribbean-Colombian Oceanic Plateau are radiogenically enriched in (206)Pb/(204)Pb and (207)Pb/(204)Pb and contain a HIMU component similar to that observed in the Gorgona basalts and Galapagos lavas. The subduction zone that generated the Late Cretaceous arcs occurred far from the continental margin, in an oceanic environment. This implies that no terrigenous detrital sediments interacted with the source at this period. Thus, the enriched component can only result from the melting of subducted pelagic sediments. We have thus defined the East-Pacific MORB, enriched (cherts, pelagic sediments) and HIMU components in an attempt to constrain and model the genesis of the studied island-arc magmatism, using a compilation of carefully selected isotopic data from literature according to rock age and paleogeographic location at the time of arc edification. Tripolar mixing models reveal that proportions of 12-15 wt.% of the HIMU component, 7-15 wt.% of the pelagic sediment end-member and 70-75 wt.% of an East-pacific MORB end-member are needed to explain the measured isotope ratios. These surprisingly high proportions of the HIMU/CCOP component could be explained by the young age of the oceanic plateau (5-15 Ma) during the Late Cretaceous arc emplacement. The CCOP, basement of these arc sequences, was probably still hot and easily assimilated at the island-arc lava source. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved,

Efeito do desmatamento da caatinga sobre as perdas de solo e água de um Luvissolo em Sumé (PB)

Foram estudados os efeitos do desmatamento da caatinga sobre as perdas de solo e água provocadas por chuvas erosivas num Luvissolo. Os dados relativos aos anos de 1983-1990 foram obtidos na Estação Experimental de Sumé (PB), pertencente à Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas parcelas desmatadas, uma parcela com caatinga nativa, uma parcela com caatinga nova, duas macroparcelas com caatinga nativa e duas macroparcelas desmatadas. Nas parcelas desmatadas, as perdas de solo foram de 61,7 e 47,7 t ha-1 e as perdas de água de 224,2 e 241,0 mm. A parcela com caatinga nativa, quando comparada com a parcela desmatada, reduziu a perda de solo em cerca de 98% e a perda de água em torno de 73%. Nas macroparcelas desmatadas foram observadas perdas anuais de solo de 31 e 26 t ha-1 e de água de 151,3 e 131,5 mm. Nas macroparcelas com caatinga, houve uma redução de aproximadamente 99% das perdas de solo e 90% das perdas de água, em relação às macroparcelas desmatadas.