Extrafiscalidade: análise da norma potiguar regulamentadora do imposto sobre propriedade veicular automotora à luz da tutela ambiental

From the second half of the twentieth century the state bega n to use exaction beyond your fiscalist character, also as a means of alignment deformities economic and social balance, influencing in different directions, according to economic, social and political policy. It is what is usually called the extrafiscalit y. It is in light of this phenomenon and the constitutional perspective, the present work aims to analyze item IV of article. 8 of Law n. 6.967/96, regulatory Property Tax Vehicle Automotive (property taxes) in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, in view of its possible incompatibility with the principles of the Basic Statute and with international guidelines for protection of the environment The problem of this research is Seated in art. 225 of the Constitution, which provides that everyone has the right to an ecologically balanced environment. From the reading of this standard, extracted it is the responsibility of the state protecting the environment, which requires the adoption of suitable actions to that end. However, we look to state law cited follows th e constitutional path, since it exempts the collection of property taxes automotive vehicles with over 10 years of manufacturing, which could encourage the conservation of a fleet of old vehicles, mostly more polluting and harmful to the environment and hu man health. Would the state legislature oblivious to the constitutional principles and the global trend of environmental preservation? Thus questions whether such an incentive for more polluting vehicles, emitting more gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, th e international community is already moving through important conventions in an attempt to minimize and control global warming and climate change. Predicting the theme in CF/88 demonstrates that the country is no stranger to the issue. Thus, the work is a retelling of Law No. 6.967/96 order to check whether it is compatible with the existing system. The methodology consists of a documentary, deductive, dialectical literature. At the end of the survey, it was found that provide a tax benefit to these vehicle s is encouraged to maintain them in circulation and contribute to the increase in air and noise pollution, in addition to the traffic problems generated. Thus, this potiguar anything standard can be expressed extrafiscality because the medium and long term there is encouragement and worsening environmental problem. Despite the ability to pay clause, but this remission is an affront to legally protected interests. Thus, this device goes in reverse order compared to the values of the legal system and in relat ion to sustainable development. Modern Tax Law should be used as a tool to achieve the purposes collimated by the State, and not otherwise. It was noticed that the vast majority of Brazilian states does not follow this rule, including Mato Grosso and Minas Gerais have no such exemption. Therefore, the RN State does not constitute a model for sustainable public policies, nor example of environmental protection by state law.

Ciclos econômicos e emissão de CO2 no Brasil: uma análise dinâmica para políticas ambientais ótimas

Este artigo estuda como as políticas ambientais devem responder de forma ótima aos ciclos econômicos no Brasil. Para isso utilizamos um modelo de ciclos reais de negócios (RBC) com externalidades de poluição. Os resultados indicam que o custo de mitigação de emissões de carbono é mais baixo que o da poluição no Brasil, justificando a adoção de políticas restritivas. Além disso, diante de choques de produtividade, o comportamento ótimo é uma política de mitigação pró-cíclica, onde o imposto e o teto de emissões devem aumentar em períodos de expansão da economia e diminuir em períodos de crise. Também definimos uma regra de decisão para a dinâmica da política de mitigação.

Análise da estrutura e transporte do zooplâncton no estuário do Rio Caravelas (Bahia-Brasil) através do uso do zooscan

Spatial-temporal dynamics of zooplankton in the Caravelas river estuary (Bahia, Brazil). The survey was conducted in order to describe the zooplankton community of the estuary Caravelas (Bahia, Brazil), to quantify and relate the patterns of horizontal and vertical transport with the type of tide (neap and spring) and tidal phase (flood and ebb). Zooplankton samples were collected with the aid of a suction pump (300L), filtered in plankton nets (300μm) and fixed in saline formalin 4%. Samples were collected at a fixed point (A1), near the mouth of the estuary, with samples taken at neap tides and spring tides during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples were collected for 13 hours, at intervals of 1 hour in 3 depths: surface, middle and bottom. Simultaneous collection of biological, we measured the current velocity, temperature and salinity of the water through CTD. In the laboratory, samples were selected for analysis in estereomicroscope, with 25 groups identified, with Copepoda getting the highest number of species. The 168 samples obtained from temporal samples were subsampled and processed on equipment ZooScan, with the aid of software ZooProcess at the end were generated 458.997 vingnettes. 8 taxa were identified automatically, with 16 classified as a semi-automatic. The group Copepoda, despite the limited taxonomic refinement ZooScan, obtained 2 genera and 1 species identified automatically. Among the seasons dry and wet groups Brachyura (zoea), Chaetognatha, and the Calanoid copepods (others), Temora spp., Oithona spp. and Euterpina acutifrons were those who had higher frequency of occurrence, appearing in more than 70% of the samples. Copepoda group showed the largest percentage of relative abundance in both seasons. There was no seasonal variation of total zooplankton, with an average density of 7826±4219 org.m-3 in the dry season, and 7959±3675 org.m-3 in the rainy season, neither between the types and phases of the tides, but seasonal differences were significant recorded for the main zooplankton groups. Vertical stratification was seen for the major zooplankton groups (Brachyura, Chaetognatha, Calanoida (other), Oithona spp, Temora spp. e Euterpina acutifrons). The scale of this stratification varied with the type (square or tide) and tidal phase (flood or ebb). The instantaneous transport was more influenced by current velocity, with higher values observed in spring tides to the total zooplankton, however, there was a variation of this pattern depending on the zooplankton group. According to the data import and export of total zooplankton, the outflow of organisms of the estuary was higher than the input. The results suggest that the estuary of Caravelas may influence the dynamics of organic matter to the adjacent coast, with possible consequences in National Marine Park of Abrolhos

Análise da estrutura e transporte do zooplâncton no estuário do Rio Caravelas (Bahia-Brasil) através do uso do zooscan

Spatial-temporal dynamics of zooplankton in the Caravelas river estuary (Bahia, Brazil). The survey was conducted in order to describe the zooplankton community of the estuary Caravelas (Bahia, Brazil), to quantify and relate the patterns of horizontal and vertical transport with the type of tide (neap and spring) and tidal phase (flood and ebb). Zooplankton samples were collected with the aid of a suction pump (300L), filtered in plankton nets (300μm) and fixed in saline formalin 4%. Samples were collected at a fixed point (A1), near the mouth of the estuary, with samples taken at neap tides and spring tides during the dry and rainy seasons. Samples were collected for 13 hours, at intervals of 1 hour in 3 depths: surface, middle and bottom. Simultaneous collection of biological, we measured the current velocity, temperature and salinity of the water through CTD. In the laboratory, samples were selected for analysis in estereomicroscope, with 25 groups identified, with Copepoda getting the highest number of species. The 168 samples obtained from temporal samples were subsampled and processed on equipment ZooScan, with the aid of software ZooProcess at the end were generated 458.997 vingnettes. 8 taxa were identified automatically, with 16 classified as a semi-automatic. The group Copepoda, despite the limited taxonomic refinement ZooScan, obtained 2 genera and 1 species identified automatically. Among the seasons dry and wet groups Brachyura (zoea), Chaetognatha, and the Calanoid copepods (others), Temora spp., Oithona spp. and Euterpina acutifrons were those who had higher frequency of occurrence, appearing in more than 70% of the samples. Copepoda group showed the largest percentage of relative abundance in both seasons. There was no seasonal variation of total zooplankton, with an average density of 7826±4219 org.m-3 in the dry season, and 7959±3675 org.m-3 in the rainy season, neither between the types and phases of the tides, but seasonal differences were significant recorded for the main zooplankton groups. Vertical stratification was seen for the major zooplankton groups (Brachyura, Chaetognatha, Calanoida (other), Oithona spp, Temora spp. e Euterpina acutifrons). The scale of this stratification varied with the type (square or tide) and tidal phase (flood or ebb). The instantaneous transport was more influenced by current velocity, with higher values observed in spring tides to the total zooplankton, however, there was a variation of this pattern depending on the zooplankton group. According to the data import and export of total zooplankton, the outflow of organisms of the estuary was higher than the input. The results suggest that the estuary of Caravelas may influence the dynamics of organic matter to the adjacent coast, with possible consequences in National Marine Park of Abrolhos

Regimes de Tributação Existentes no Brasil para Residentes e Não Residentes

Nos últimos anos, devido à crise enfrentada por Portugal, muitos são os portugueses a pro-curarem oportunidades de negócios no Brasil. Deste modo, esta dissertação debruça-se sobre a legislação tributária brasileira, com o objetivo de apresentar como serão tributados os investidores que decidam investir no Brasil, através de empresas residentes no território brasileiro ou como não residentes. E não poderíamos falar em investimento estrangeiro no Brasil, sem falar dos tratados inter-nacionais, utilizados para evitar a dupla tributação, e como é realizada a articulação deste tipo de normas com o direito interno brasileiro. Para as empresas residentes no Brasil, ou as que lhe são equiparadas pela legislação, exis-tem quatro regimes para a apuração do imposto de renda, a saber: Lucro Real, Lucro Pre-sumido, Lucro Arbitrado e o SIMPLES Nacional. E para os não residentes, que obtenham rendimentos cuja fonte de produção e fonte pagadora estejam localizadas no Brasil, existe o regime do Imposto de Renda Retido na Fonte. Quanto aos tratados internacionais, estes têm caráter supra legal e infra constitucional no ordenamento brasileiro. Contudo, um dos problemas no Brasil em relação às CDT é a interpretação das normas ser extremamente restritiva.

TURISMO EM TERRAS INDÍGENAS: AUTO-GESTÃO E NOVO COLONIALISMO NO NORDESTE DO BRASIL

O artigo versa o uso e a apropriação do espaço pela prática turística em Terras Indígenas (TIs). Enfatizam-se os casos do turismo em terras dos povos Tremembé e Jenipapo-Kanindé, Ceará, Nordeste, Brasil. Apresentam-se leituras geográficas e antropológicas sobre o turismo e, também, depoimentos de atores sociais que demonstram este fenômeno como uma nova forma de colonialismo em TIs do litoral cearense. O turismo é uma prática espacial globalizada, criador de territorialidades. As demandas, cada vez mais, buscam segmentos turísticos que proporcionem vivências culturais e destinos distintos do turismo de massa. Nesta perspectiva os povos Jenipapo-Kanindé ofertam o turismo em suas TIs por meio de um projeto de auto-gestão em parceria com Redes de Turismo Comunitário. Para os povos Tremembé de Buriti e de Sítio São José o contexto relacionado com o turismo difere dos Jenipapo-Kanindé, pois enfrentam situação de conflito. Parte dos habitantes de Buriti e de Sítio São José recusa o turismo em suas TIs, imposto por grupos hoteleiros internacionais como um novo colonialismo. Os empreendedores espanhóis pretendem implantar o projeto ‘Nova Atlântida – Cidade Turística Internacional’ nas TIs dos citados Tremembé e ofertar aos visitantes vislumbres de um paraíso tropical construído historicamente no imaginário europeu.

O CADASTRO NACIONAL DE IMÓVEIS RURAIS (CNIR): IMPLICAÇÕES PARA OS PROJETOS DE REFORMA AGRÁRIA E PARA A TRIBUTAÇÃO FUNDIÁRIA NO BRASIL

Este artigo visa analisar as implicações decorrentes da implementação parcial do Cadastro Nacional de Imóveis Rurais (CNIR) para o Imposto Territorial Rural (ITR) e para os projetos de Reforma Agrária. Entendido como um elemento necessário para a compreensão da atual configuração territorial brasileira, o CNIR se apresenta como um sistema normativo no território, elaborado a partir de sistemas técnicos que se utilizam de tecnologias da informação (sistema de GPS, sensoriamento remoto orbital e sistemas de informação geográfica), operacionalizando um cadastro fundiário de maior precisão e atualizado regular e periodicamente. São apontadas as implicações diretas que o cadastro georreferenciado de imóveis rurais possui, como identificação de terras devolutas, reconhecimento de posses ilegais, inconsistências nos dados sobre a situação fundiária brasileira, além de sua relação com o sistema de tributação fundiária e as possibilidades de reforma agrária, analisando a sua utilização para a chamada Reforma Agrária de Mercado, promovida pelo Banco Mundial. O CNIR é, portanto, entendido como um elemento da densidade técnica e normativa do espaço geográfico e que ocasiona em novas formas de uso, organização e regulação do território brasileiro.

GERENCIAMENTO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS NOS MUNICÍPIOS DE PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE, OURINHOS E ASSIS - SÃO PAULO, BRASIL

Tendo em vista o crescimento das cidades e aumento da população, temos um aumento do consumo, principalmente pelas parcelas da sociedade que possuem maior poder aquisitivo, fato que tem como conseqüência o aumento da quantidade de lixo gerado. Dentre a cadeia de produção, geração e descarte destes materiais têm-se impactos que agridem de maneira direta o meio do qual fazemos parte. Uma das questões colocadas é a da gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), além dos trabalhadores que sobrevivem da separação e venda dos materiais recicláveis. Deste modo, tendo em vista este descompasso imposto pelo capital, que precariza o homem, o objetivo do trabalho é analisar os municípios de Presidente Prudente, Ourinhos e Assis, no que diz respeito à gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, assim como a organização dos catadores em cooperativas ou associações, levando em conta a valorização dos catadores, sendo eles, os responsáveis pela execução de todo o processo de coleta e venda dos resíduos sólidos recicláveis. Como procedimentos metodológicos, foram realizados trabalhos de campo nos municípios, entrevistas com os cooperados e análise junto às prefeituras sobre o modelo de gestão e gerenciamento dos resíduos.

Homogeneidade e heterogeneidade nos sistemas educacionais: Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México

This study focus on the reconfiguration of educational management in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico, which was promoted by the new logic of social regulation and the new role attributed to the State, considering each country's own historicity. So, the cultural factors that interfere on the dynamics of the 90' school reform are analyzed. Aspects that show the homogeneity or heterogeneity of these reforms in the region, as well as local specificities that block out the concretization of the reform are underlined. It is shown that the historicity that characterizes the educational reform has taken, in each country, a form that can be called, in Mexico, conservative rupture; in Chile, conservative continuity; in Brazil, conservative renovation; and, in Argentina, interrupted rupture. Some conclusions about the impact of educational reform in the selected countries are recuperated through the analysis of 186 academic texts on the subject.

Políticas sociais de atendimento às crianças e aos adolescentes no Brasil

This article analyses the emergence and development of social policies for children and adolescents attendance that are in line with the development process of the Brazilian social protection system, focusing on some of the main representations attributed to childhood, according to the historical and political periods. It seeks to present the notion of childhood instituted under the constitution of the Brazilian welfare state, in such a way as to place it within the broader context of the historical and political transformations that involved the emergence and consolidation of the social policies directed towards children and adolescents in Brazil in the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st.

Reflexão sobre alguns desafios do ensino médio no Brasil hoje

The purpose of this article is to develop some ideas that may contribute to the debate about the secondary education in Brazil, giving emphasis to the conditions existing in the educational institutions, the ongoing educational policies and the challenges posed by the social, economic and political reality of the country. It is also discussed the political, social and economic importance of the expansion and the compulsory character of secondary education as well as the school's culture dimension, in its relationship to the so-called knowledge society. Finally, the role of secondary education for the youth and the new demands it poses for teachers are presented, among some others aspects.

Governamentalidade democrática e ensino de Filosofia no Brasil contemporâneo

This article takes the concepts of biopower and governmentality as the starting point for an analysis of certain recent Brazilian government documents about the introduction of Philosophy as a subject in secondary school. In the 1980s, this argument centered on Philosophy's so-called criticism and its potential for preparing citizens for a democratic society, was used by the movements aimed to restore democracy in Brazil. This argument appears to have been assimilated by the Brazilian government, because it is stated in the Guidelines and Bases of Education Law, secondary school students should demonstrate knowledge of philosophy necessary for the exercise of citizenship. The argument also appears in documents such as the PCN and PCN+ (National Curricular Parameters) and OCEM (Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary School) in their chapters on Philosophy. These documents are examined here in the light of governmentality, making explicit how Philosophy is equipped to train young people according to what is understood as a modern democratic society.

Organização de pesquisa no Brasil: lições do passado, propostas para o futuro

Chemical research in Brazil has grown significantly in the past 20 years, largely thanks to the Brazilian S&T Development Program of the federal government (PADCT). However, the newly achieved levels of highly qualified manpower and research infra-structure require new research organization frameworks to make science, technology and innovation really useful and meaningful for the citizens. The current requirements for creating viable networks of academic and industry researchers are presented and discussed as well as some structural and procedural bottlenecks that have to be eliminated, to achieve maximum high-quality science, technology and relevant innovation output.

25 anos de quimiometria no Brasil

Chemometric activities in Brazil are described according to three phases: before the existence of microcomputers in the 1970s, through the initial stages of microcomputer use in the 1980s and during the years of extensive microcomputer applications of the ´90s and into this century. Pioneering activities in both the university and industry are emphasized. Active research areas in chemometrics are cited including experimental design, pattern recognition and classification, curve resolution for complex systems and multivariate calibration. New trends in chemometrics, especially higher order methods for treating data, are emphasized.

A importância das revistas Química Nova e Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society no crescimento da área de química no Brasil

Quimica Nova and the Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society are two examples of successful initiatives taken by the Brazilian Chemical Society (SBQ - Sociedade Brasileira de Química), and may serve as models for the scientific societies of developing countries. Pillars of the SBQ, these two periodicals are undeniable demonstrations that idealism, utopia and dignity are the essential ingredients for transforming dreams into reality. Few believed that the Brazilian chemical community would one day have, as it does today, two scientific research periodicals indexed in the principal international data banks.