Epidemic of Salmonellosis in Passerine Birds in Switzerland With Spillover to Domestic Cats

A die-off of passerine birds, mostly Eurasian siskins (Carduelis spinus), occurred in multiple areas of Switzerland between February and March 2010. Several of the dead birds were submitted for full necropsy. Bacteriological examination was carried out on multiple tissues of each bird. At gross examination, common findings were light-tan nodules, 1 to 4 mm in diameter, scattered through the esophagus/crop. Histologically, a necroulcerative transmural esophagitis/ingluvitis was observed. Bacterial cultures yielded Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. At the same time, 2 pet clinics reported an unusual increase of domestic cats presented with fever, anorexia, occasionally dolent abdomen, and history of presumed consumption of passerine birds. Analysis of rectal swabs revealed the presence of S. Typhimurium in all tested cats. PFGE (pulsed field electrophoresis) analysis was performed to characterize and compare the bacterial isolates, and it revealed an indistinguishable pattern between all the avian and all but 1 of the feline isolates. Cloacal swabs collected from clinically healthy migrating Eurasian siskins (during autumn 2010) did not yield S. Typhimurium. The histological and bacteriological findings were consistent with a systemic infection caused by S. Typhimurium. Isolation of the same serovar from the dead birds and ill cats, along with the overlapping results of the PFGE analysis for all the animal species, confirmed a spillover from birds to cats through predation. The sudden increase of the number of siskins over the Swiss territory and their persistency during the whole winter of 2009-2010 is considered the most likely predisposing factor for the onset of the epidemic.

Investigating the role of free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the re-emergence of enzootic pneumonia in domestic pig herds: a pathological, prevalence and risk-factor study

Enzootic pneumonia (EP) caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae has a significant economic impact on domestic pig production. A control program carried out from 1999 to 2003 successfully reduced disease occurrence in domestic pigs in Switzerland, but recurrent outbreaks suggested a potential role of free-ranging wild boar (Sus scrofa) as a source of re-infection. Since little is known on the epidemiology of EP in wild boar populations, our aims were: (1) to estimate the prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae infections in wild boar in Switzerland; (2) to identify risk factors for infection in wild boar; and (3) to assess whether infection in wild boar is associated with the same gross and microscopic lesions typical of EP in domestic pigs. Nasal swabs, bronchial swabs and lung samples were collected from 978 wild boar from five study areas in Switzerland between October 2011 and May 2013. Swabs were analyzed by qualitative real time PCR and a histopathological study was conducted on lung tissues. Risk factor analysis was performed using multivariable logistic regression modeling. Overall prevalence in nasal swabs was 26.2% (95% CI 23.3-29.3%) but significant geographical differences were observed. Wild boar density, occurrence of EP outbreaks in domestic pigs and young age were identified as risk factors for infection. There was a significant association between infection and lesions consistent with EP in domestic pigs. We have concluded that M. hyopneumoniae is widespread in the Swiss wild boar population, that the same risk factors for infection of domestic pigs also act as risk factors for infection of wild boar, and that infected wild boar develop lesions similar to those found in domestic pigs. However, based on our data and the outbreak pattern in domestic pigs, we propose that spillover from domestic pigs to wild boar is more likely than transmission from wild boar to pigs.

Regulation of Bcl-2 expression by the product of the prostate apoptosis response gene -4, Par-4

Elevated expression levels of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene have been correlated with the appearance of androgen independence in prostate cancer. Although bcl-2 was first cloned as the t (14:18) translocation breakpoint from human follicular B cell lymphoma, the mechanism of overexpression of bcl-2 is largely undefined for advanced prostate cancer, there being no gross alterations in the gene structure. We investigated the role of the product of the prostate apoptosis response gene-4 (Par-4) and the product of the Wilms' tumor 1 gene (WT1) in the regulation of Bcl-2 expression in prostate cancer cell lines. We observed growth arrest and apoptosis, upon decreasing Bcl-2 protein and transcript in the high Bcl-2 expressing, androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines, by all trans-retinoic acid treatment but this did not occur in the androgen-dependent cell lines expressing low levels of Bcl-2. Changes in localization of Par-4, and an induction in the expression of WT1 protein accompanied the decrease in the Bcl-2 protein and transcript following all trans-retinoic acid treatment, in the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line. In stable clones expressing ectopic Par-4 we observed decreased Bcl-2 protein and transcript. This was accompanied by an induction in WT1 expression. Finally, we detected Par-4 and WT1 proteins binding to a previously identified WT1 binding site on the bcl-2 promoter both in vitro and in vivo leading to a decrease in transcription from the bcl-2 promoter. We conclude that Par-4 regulates Bcl-2 through a WT1 binding site on the bcl-2 promoter. ^

El sector industrial en Jujuy : Un análisis desde la teoría de la localización y la problemática del medio ambiente

La estructura productiva de Jujuy en los últimos cincuenta años se ha caracterizado por la transición desde una economía centrada en la producción primaria (predominante hasta comienzos de la década de 1960) hacia otra con preeminencia creciente del sector terciario (desde mediados de la década de 1970 hasta la actualidad). El sector secundario nunca llegó a ser el más importante en el contexto económico provincial. Sin embargo, en una desagregación mayor, es la industria uno de los sectores que más aporta al producto bruto geográfico en los últimos quince años, con la particularidad de encontrarse concentrada en unas pocas localidades de la provincia. En ese marco, el presente trabajo se propone comprender la ubicación de las industrias en el territorio jujeño a partir de las teorías de la localización, con un análisis particular del caso de Palpalá (por su diseño de parques industriales destinado a aprovechar las economías de escala) y de la problemática ambiental generada por el sector. Se pretende responder a algunos de los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué criterios fueron tomados en cuenta para decidir la ubicación de cada fábrica? ¿Cómo incidieron los cambios políticos en la radicación industrial en territorio jujeño? ¿Qué reconversiones se fueron logrando a partir de una industria básica como la siderúrgica? ¿Cómo fue resolviéndose la demanda de bienes finales e intermedios ante el crecimiento poblacional y la inserción/reinserción de la mano de obra? ¿Qué vinculaciones se observan entre la provincia y la región desde el punto de vista de la ocupación del espacio económico? ¿Qué problemas sobre los recursos naturales suscita la industrialización? ¿Cómo responden el Estado y la actividad privada en la prevención y solución de los inconvenientes ambientales? El análisis se realiza sobre la base de la transferencia de teoría a la situación real, entrevistas a informantes especializados y relevamiento de información en organismos estatales (para interiorizarse de aspectos político/económicos), interpretándose luego de modo interdisciplinar los datos relevados. Las respuestas a los distintos interrogantes van elaborándose a medida que se encuentran las relaciones entre las razones que la historia reciente registra y la respuesta social y productiva de los actores económicos de la provincia. En ese sentido, entre las conclusiones se destaca la escasez de aportes foráneos en la construcción del sector industrial local, la necesidad de políticas que incentiven al sector manufacturero a nivel regional, así como la importancia de que se desplieguen acciones con respecto al control de la contaminación, su prevención y la restauración de recursos naturales: agua, suelo, atmósfera y biomas

El sector industrial en Jujuy : Un análisis desde la teoría de la localización y la problemática del medio ambiente

La estructura productiva de Jujuy en los últimos cincuenta años se ha caracterizado por la transición desde una economía centrada en la producción primaria (predominante hasta comienzos de la década de 1960) hacia otra con preeminencia creciente del sector terciario (desde mediados de la década de 1970 hasta la actualidad). El sector secundario nunca llegó a ser el más importante en el contexto económico provincial. Sin embargo, en una desagregación mayor, es la industria uno de los sectores que más aporta al producto bruto geográfico en los últimos quince años, con la particularidad de encontrarse concentrada en unas pocas localidades de la provincia. En ese marco, el presente trabajo se propone comprender la ubicación de las industrias en el territorio jujeño a partir de las teorías de la localización, con un análisis particular del caso de Palpalá (por su diseño de parques industriales destinado a aprovechar las economías de escala) y de la problemática ambiental generada por el sector. Se pretende responder a algunos de los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué criterios fueron tomados en cuenta para decidir la ubicación de cada fábrica? ¿Cómo incidieron los cambios políticos en la radicación industrial en territorio jujeño? ¿Qué reconversiones se fueron logrando a partir de una industria básica como la siderúrgica? ¿Cómo fue resolviéndose la demanda de bienes finales e intermedios ante el crecimiento poblacional y la inserción/reinserción de la mano de obra? ¿Qué vinculaciones se observan entre la provincia y la región desde el punto de vista de la ocupación del espacio económico? ¿Qué problemas sobre los recursos naturales suscita la industrialización? ¿Cómo responden el Estado y la actividad privada en la prevención y solución de los inconvenientes ambientales? El análisis se realiza sobre la base de la transferencia de teoría a la situación real, entrevistas a informantes especializados y relevamiento de información en organismos estatales (para interiorizarse de aspectos político/económicos), interpretándose luego de modo interdisciplinar los datos relevados. Las respuestas a los distintos interrogantes van elaborándose a medida que se encuentran las relaciones entre las razones que la historia reciente registra y la respuesta social y productiva de los actores económicos de la provincia. En ese sentido, entre las conclusiones se destaca la escasez de aportes foráneos en la construcción del sector industrial local, la necesidad de políticas que incentiven al sector manufacturero a nivel regional, así como la importancia de que se desplieguen acciones con respecto al control de la contaminación, su prevención y la restauración de recursos naturales: agua, suelo, atmósfera y biomas

El sector industrial en Jujuy : Un análisis desde la teoría de la localización y la problemática del medio ambiente

La estructura productiva de Jujuy en los últimos cincuenta años se ha caracterizado por la transición desde una economía centrada en la producción primaria (predominante hasta comienzos de la década de 1960) hacia otra con preeminencia creciente del sector terciario (desde mediados de la década de 1970 hasta la actualidad). El sector secundario nunca llegó a ser el más importante en el contexto económico provincial. Sin embargo, en una desagregación mayor, es la industria uno de los sectores que más aporta al producto bruto geográfico en los últimos quince años, con la particularidad de encontrarse concentrada en unas pocas localidades de la provincia. En ese marco, el presente trabajo se propone comprender la ubicación de las industrias en el territorio jujeño a partir de las teorías de la localización, con un análisis particular del caso de Palpalá (por su diseño de parques industriales destinado a aprovechar las economías de escala) y de la problemática ambiental generada por el sector. Se pretende responder a algunos de los siguientes interrogantes: ¿Qué criterios fueron tomados en cuenta para decidir la ubicación de cada fábrica? ¿Cómo incidieron los cambios políticos en la radicación industrial en territorio jujeño? ¿Qué reconversiones se fueron logrando a partir de una industria básica como la siderúrgica? ¿Cómo fue resolviéndose la demanda de bienes finales e intermedios ante el crecimiento poblacional y la inserción/reinserción de la mano de obra? ¿Qué vinculaciones se observan entre la provincia y la región desde el punto de vista de la ocupación del espacio económico? ¿Qué problemas sobre los recursos naturales suscita la industrialización? ¿Cómo responden el Estado y la actividad privada en la prevención y solución de los inconvenientes ambientales? El análisis se realiza sobre la base de la transferencia de teoría a la situación real, entrevistas a informantes especializados y relevamiento de información en organismos estatales (para interiorizarse de aspectos político/económicos), interpretándose luego de modo interdisciplinar los datos relevados. Las respuestas a los distintos interrogantes van elaborándose a medida que se encuentran las relaciones entre las razones que la historia reciente registra y la respuesta social y productiva de los actores económicos de la provincia. En ese sentido, entre las conclusiones se destaca la escasez de aportes foráneos en la construcción del sector industrial local, la necesidad de políticas que incentiven al sector manufacturero a nivel regional, así como la importancia de que se desplieguen acciones con respecto al control de la contaminación, su prevención y la restauración de recursos naturales: agua, suelo, atmósfera y biomas

Intermediate pyrolysis and product identification by TGA and Py-GC/MS of green microalgae and their extracted protein and lipid components

The thermo-chemical conversion of green microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild type (CCAP 11/32C), its cell wall deficient mutant C. reinhardtii CW15 (CCAP 11/32CW15) and Chlorella vulgaris (CCAP 211/11B) as well as their proteins and lipids was studied under conditions of intermediate pyrolysis. The microalgae were characterised for ultimate and gross chemical composition, lipid composition and extracted products were analysed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and Pyrolysis-gaschromatography/mass-spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). Proteins accounted for almost 50% and lipids 16-22 % of dry weight of cells with little difference in the lipid compositions between the C. reinhardtii wild type and the cell wall mutant. During TGA analysis, each biomass exhibited three stages of decomposition, namely dehydration, devolatilization and decomposition of carbonaceous solids. Py-GC/MS analysis revealed significant protein derived compounds from all algae including toluene, phenol, 4-methylphenol, 1H-indole, 1H-indole-3methyl. Lipid pyrolysis products derived from C. reinhardtii wild type and C. reinhardtii CW15 were almost identical and reflected the close similarity of the fatty acid profiles of both strains. Major products identified were phytol and phytol derivatives formed from the terpenoid chain of chlorophyll, benzoic acid alkyl ester derivative, benzenedicarboxylic acid alkyl ester derivative and squalene. In addition, octadecanoic acid octyl ester, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and hydrocarbons including heptadecane, 1-nonadecene and heneicosane were detected from C. vulgaris pyrolysed lipids. These results contrast sharply with the types of pyrolytic products obtained from terrestrial lignocellulosic feedstocks and reveal that intermediate pyrolysis of algal biomass generates a range of useful products with wide ranging applications including bio fuels.

Effectiveness of Olympic sponsorship by foreign and domestic companies: the influential role of consumer ethnocentrism

This study investigates Chinese consumers' responses to foreign and domestic sponsors engaged in the Beijing Olympic Games. It identifies direct causal relationships between consumer ethnocentrism, attitudes towards the sponsor and product judgement. Findings reveal that event involvement mediates the positive relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and attitudes towards the domestic sponsor. Attitudes towards foreign sponsors are found to be a significant mediator in the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and judgements of the sponsors' products. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

An Exploratory Study on the Role of Familiarity in Product Evaluations

There is growing interest among researchers working in the areas of product-country image effects, and more generally international consumer behaviour, in the potential relationship between consumers’ familiarity with, and evaluation of, products from various countries. We use data from a consumer survey in Hungary to attempt an initial exploration of this relationship. The data support findings from earlier similar studies but also suggest that affective considerations may be playing a considerable role in the evaluations of domestic products, and that the relationship of familiarity with product evaluations may vary significantly from country to country and may not be as strong as previously thought.

Feminist Disability Theory: Domestic Violence Against Women with a Disability

Women with a disability continue to experience social oppression and domestic violence as a consequence of gender and disability dimensions. Current explanations of domestic violence and disability inadequately explain several features that lead women who have a disability to experience violent situations. This article incorporates both disability and material feminist theory as an alternative explanation to the dominant approaches (psychological and sociological traditions) of conceptualising domestic violence. This paper is informed by a study which was concerned with examining the nature and perceptions of violence against women with a physical impairment. The emerging analytical framework integrating material feminist interpretations and disability theory provided a basis for exploring gender and disability dimensions. Insight was also provided by the women who identified as having a disability in the study and who explained domestic violence in terms of a gendered and disabling experience. The article argues that material feminist interpretations and disability theory, with their emphasis on gender relations, disablism and poverty, should be used as an alternative tool for exploring the nature and consequences of violence against women with a disability.

The Behavior of Hydroxyl Units of Synthetic Goethite and its Dehydroxylated Product Hematite

The behavior of the hydroxyl units of synthetic goethite and its dehydroxylated product hematite was characterized using a combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) during the thermal transformation over a temperature range of 180-270 degrees C. Hematite was detected at temperatures above 200 degrees C by XRD while goethite was not observed above 230 degrees C. Five intense OH vibrations at 3212-3194, 1687-1674, 1643-1640, 888-884 and 800-798 cm(-1), and a H2O vibration at 3450-3445 cm(-1) were observed for goethite. The intensity of hydroxyl stretching and bending vibrations decreased with the extent of dehydroxylation of goethite. Infrared absorption bands clearly show the phase transformation between goethite and hematite: in particular. the migration of excess hydroxyl units from goethite to hematite. Two bands at 536-533 and 454-452 cm(-1) are the low wavenumber vibrations of Fe-O in the hematite structure. Band component analysis data of FTIR spectra support the fact that the hydroxyl units mainly affect the a plane in goethite and the equivalent c plane in hematite.

Study on microwave dielectric properties of epoxy resin mixtures used for rapid product development

This paper presents a preliminary study on the dielectric properties and curing of three different types of epoxy resins mixed at various stichiometric mixture of hardener, flydust and aluminium powder under microwave energy. In this work, the curing process of thin layers of epoxy resins using microwave radiation was investigated as an alternative technique that can be implemented to develop a new rapid product development technique. In this study it was observed that the curing time and temperature were a function of the percentage of hardener and fillers presence in the epoxy resins. Initially dielectric properties of epoxy resins with hardener were measured which was directly correlated to the curing process in order to understand the properties of cured specimen. Tensile tests were conducted on the three different types of epoxy resins with hardener and fillers. Modifying dielectric properties of the mixtures a significant decrease in curing time was observed. In order to study the microstructural changes of cured specimen the morphology of the fracture surface was carried out by using scanning electron microscopy.

Exploring the effectiveness of virtual product placement on recall and recognition of new brands

This paper investigates the effectiveness of virtual product placement as a marketing tool by examining the relationship between brand recall and recognition and virtual product placement. It also aims to address a gap in the existing academic literature by focusing on the impact of product placement on recall and recognition of new brands. The growing importance of product placement is discussed and a review of previous research on product placement and virtual product placement is provided. The research methodology used to study the recall and recognition effects of virtual product placement are described and key findings presented. Finally, implications are discussed and recommendations for future research provided.