Codisposição de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde com resíduos sólidos urbanos

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a codisposição de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde (RSSS) com resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), dando ênfase aos microrganismos normalmente encontrados nos RSSS. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas, julgadas relevantes para o entendimento da codisposição de RSSS com RSU, denominadas de forma geral: Codisposição, Recirculação e Inoculação. A Codisposição foi implementada a partir da montagem de seis células de 70 m3, portanto em escala real, escavadas sobre a Célula 4 do Aterro Sanitário Zona Norte, na cidade de Porto Alegre. As células experimentais foram dispostas lado a lado, apresentando base inferior 2 x 3 m, base superior 7 x 8 m e profundidade 2,5 m. Cada célula recebeu, nesta ordem, cobertura de BIDIM 400, PEAD 2 mm e BIDIM 180. As duas coberturas de BIDIM funcionaram como membranas protetoras da manta de PEAD (impermeabilizante), visando minorar possíveis danos mecânicos determinados principalmente por elementos pérfuro-cortantes. As drenagens dos efluentes líquidos e gasosos de cada célula foram realizadas através de tubos hidráulicos de DN 40 mm, possuindo estes comunicação entre si no interior de cada célula, mas não entre células. Os tubos de saída de gás e lixiviado foram furados em sua superfície para garantir a remoção dos efluentes do interior das células, sendo forrados com BIDIM 400 nas regiões perfuradas para impedir a obstrução dos furos pelo resíduo. As células foram denominadas C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 e C6, diferindo entre si devido às relações de RSSS/RSU que foram utilizadas em seu preenchimento. De C1 a C6, as percentagens de RSU e RSSS foram, respectivamente, (100% e 0%), (95% e 5%), (75% e 25%), (50% e 50%), (25% e 75%) e (0% e 100%). Depois de preenchidas, as células receberam uma camada de argila compactável de 60 cm. Foram analisadas diversas variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológicas de controle. Na etapa de Recirculação, estudou-se a influência da reposição de todo o lixiviado gerado em uma célula sobre a argila de recobrimento desta mesma célula. Foi estudado ainda o Poder Germinativo de quatro espécies vegetais das quais uma delas viria a ser utilizada para remoção de poluentes do lixiviado recirculado, sendo plantada sobre a superfície superior das células. Foram elas ervilhaca (Vicia sativa), aveia preta (Avena strigosa), alfafa (Medicago sativa) e pensacola (Paspalum notatum), testadas na presença e ausência de lixiviado;. Nesta etapa, foi testada a influência da espécie vegetal ervilhaca (Vicia sativa) – leguminosa de inverno –, plantada na argila, como agente de depuração do lixiviado recirculado. Verificou-se que a utilização desta espécie vegetal não teve influência significativa na remoção de poluentes do lixiviado, nas condições do experimento. A redução das concentrações de poluentes se deveu, portanto, à operação de recirculação. Na etapa denominada Inoculação, foram estudadas as curvas de crescimento de três espécies de microrganismos em lixiviado bruto e esterilizado. Foram utilizados reatores de 1,5 L preenchidos com 1 L de lixiviado esterilizado previamente, sendo inoculadas concentrações conhecidas dos microrganismos Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Staphylococcus aureus, separadamente. Para cada microrganismo, foram montados doze reatores: quatro com pH 5, quatro com pH 7 e quatro com pH 9. De cada conjunto de reatores de mesmo pH, três foram inoculados com igual concentração de microrganismos, e um, considerado reator de controle, recebeu somente água deionizada e esterilizada. Desenvolveram-se, como esperado, as curvas de crescimento para as espécies estudadas. A espécie Pseudomonas aeruginosa se adaptou melhor (maior tempo de sobrevivência e concentrações mais elevadas) no pH neutro, enquanto que a espécie Escherichia coli se desenvolveu melhor no pH ácido. No pH 9, ambas as espécies foram inviabilizadas desde a primeira contagem. Para Staphylococcus aureus a concentração reduziu-se drasticamente nas primeiras 24 h para todos os valores de pH. Comparando-se os pH, essa espécie se adaptou melhor no pH neutro e depois no pH ácido. A partir dos estudos desenvolvidos, a codisposição de RSSS com RSU se mostrou uma técnica aceitável.

Gerenciamento de hospitais estaduais paulistas : um estudo comparativo entre a administração direta e as organizações sociais de saúde

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo comparar o modelo de gerenciamento de hospitais públicos da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Sâo Paulo por meio das organizações sociais de saúde com o modelo de gerenciamento realizado diretamente pelo governo nos aspectos administrativos operacionais. Os dois modelos são comparados sob o enfoque de suas práticas gerenciais nas áreas de recursos huanos, gestção orçamentária e financeira, de contratos de serviços e de materiais. Foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa, sendo entrevistados diretores de 10 hospitais, 5 de cada modelo. Os resultados mostraram vantagem das organizações sociais em todas as áreas, exceto na de gestão de contratos. Como conclusão temos a necessidade da reforma da administração pública e a necessidade de estabelecer mecanismos adequados de responsabilização e de controle social no modelo das organizações sociais de saúde.

A pessoa como centro do cuidado : a abordagem centrada na pessoa no processo de produção do cuidado médico em Serviço de Atenção Primária à Saúde

Assumindo que uma atuação centrada na Pessoa é considerada imprescindível para um bom desempenho do médico de família e comunidade, a pesquisa apresentada nesta dissertação foi realizada objetivando identificar se estão presentes na prática os componentes que caracterizam inequivocamente o Método de Abordagem Clinica Centrada na Pessoa. O corpo da pesquisa foi constituído por médicos de família e comunidade e pessoas atendidas por eles em três das Unidades da Saúde Comunitária do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição (SSC–GHC), considerado o principal e mais qualificado centro de assistência e formação em atenção primária do Brasil, o que constitui um recorte do conjunto de serviços de atenção primária do Brasil. A pesquisa realizada é um estudo de caso, sendo os dados coletados a partir de falas de médicos de família e falas de pessoas atendidas por estes médicos, cujos depoimentos foram registrados em fitas magnetizadas de áudio e posteriormente transcritos. A seqüência do trabalho deu-se com a análise a partir de referencial teórico composto por diversos autores, utilizando-se como metodologia o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. No primeiro momento são focadas, separadamente, as falas de médicos de família e comunidade e pessoas atendidas. E num segundo momento, de conclusão, identificam-se aspectos comuns ou contraditórios nestes discursos, e ressaltam-se aqueles que podem contribuir na reflexão sobre a formação médica, do trabalho em equipe e especialmente na especialização em Medicina de Família e Comunidade.

Contratualização com uma organização social de saúde para gerenciamento de um hospital municipal em funcionamento: o impacto sobre a área meio

A contratualização com Organizações Sociais de Saúde (OSS) para prestação de serviços públicos é uma experiência recente no Município de São Paulo, mas de grande representatividade. Como parte de sua expansão, veio a primeira parceria com uma OSS – o Instituto de Responsabilidade Social Sírio-Libanês - para gerenciamento de um hospital em funcionamento – o Hospital Municipal Infantil Menino Jesus. Esta experiência iniciou-se em fins de 2008, quando o Instituto assumiu o gerenciamento da unidade, com um quadro de pessoal composto por servidores e empregados públicos. Considerado um modelo híbrido, teve que incorporar e coordenar essas diferenças na estruturação e nas práticas da sua área meio (gestão). Os exemplos de alguns de seus setores (Ouvidoria, Recursos Humanos e Recursos Materiais) podem indicar caminhos e desafios para o desenvolvimento do modelo.

Avaliação do serviço odontológico de autogestão da Fundação de Amparo Social do Hospital Moinhos de Vento

Propósito: Avaliar os impactos econômicos e assistenciais de duas estratégias de redução de custos em um plano odontológico de autogestão. Métodos: O presente estudo avaliou a assistência odontológica fornecida a cerca de 4000 usuários de uma empresa. A análise foi dividida em três momentos: 1) linha de base (controle): quando assistência odontológica fornecida aos funcionários era terceirizada por uma empresa que operava com rede credenciada, 2) quando houve uma renegociação de preços com a prestadora original e 3) quando a assistência era feita por um serviço de odontologia próprio sem a intermediação de uma prestadora e com profissionais remunerados através de valores fixos. Foram coletados dados econômicos e sobre o tipo e número de procedimentos realizados. Os dados econômicos foram ajustados para inflação através do índice nacional de preços ao consumidor – ampliado (IPCA). Resultados: A renegociação de preços reduziu os custos em cerca de 37% em relação a linha de base ao passo que o serviço próprio reduziu os custos em 50% . A renegociação de preços provocou uma diminuição de 31% no número de procedimentos realizados sem modificar o perfil da assistência, ao passo que o serviço próprio não causou diminuição na quantidade de serviços, mas modificou o padrão da assistência, onde aumentaram os procedimentos relacionados com as causas das patologias e reduziram-se os procedimentos cirúrgico-restauradores. Conclusão: Entre as duas estratégias de redução de custo, o serviço próprio com protocolos clínicos embasados em evidência atingiu um melhor resultado, pois atingiu uma maior redução de custos, não reduziu os benefícios, mudou o paradigma de atendimento para um perfil de promoção de saúde, ampliou a cobertura e melhorou a satisfação do usuário.

Avaliação da atenção à saúde de portadores de HIV no centro de referência para o tratamento da Aids em Natal/RN por profissionais e usuários do serviço

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the health care of HIV/AIDS Reference Center for treatment of AIDS in Natal/RN for professionals and service users. Methods: This is an evaluative study with a quantitative approach, performed in the outpatient Giselda Trigueiro Hospital, in Natal (RN). The target population consisted of 313 patients with HIV and 34 professionals of the center. Data collection occurred from august 2007 to july 2008, with a structured form of interview, validated through a pilot study. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The evaluation of the service was considered unsatisfactory by 85.6% users. However, 58.8% of professionals considered it satisfactory. There was difference in the evaluation of the following indicators: the relationship professional users, offering support, timeliness of professional guidelines on the treatment. There was similarity in the following indicators: physical structure, respect for privacy, opportunity to make complaints, hospitality, convenience of schedules, availability of ARVs and laboratory tests, and ease of access. Conclusion: The results point to dissatisfaction of the users and professional satisfaction with the health care of people with HIV / AIDS in the service searched. It was found that the indicators used in this study may be considered relevant to evaluate the service in question, as well as monitoringparameters provide acceptable quality of health care by the National STD/AIDS

A violência no contexto de um serviço de urgência: análise do processo de cuidar na visão das vítimas e profissionais de saúde em Natal/RN

Exploratory descriptive study, with a quantitative approach and prospective data, performed in Pronto Socorro Clóvis Sarinho (PSCS), in Natal/RN, aiming to analyze care given by the nursing and medical staff to victims of violence attended to in an emergency hospital in Natal/RN; to identify care given by the nursing and medical staff as viewed by the victims; to compare data observed during the process of care with the victim s view on the care given by the nursing and medical staff; to identify the existing knowledge on violence and the process of caring for victims and its relation with prejudice; to identify obstacles and perspectives for prevention during the process of caring for victims in the emergency services. The population consisted of 97 physicians, 16 nurses, 75 nursing technicians and assistants and 365 victims of violence, with data collected from April to May 2009. Out of 188 professionals, 52.1% are female; 32% were aged 41 to 50; 99.5% had given care to a victim of violence; 90.4% reported to have given care to patients under custody; among these, 17.3% felt prejudice; 55.3% stated they don t provide different care for assaulted victims and assailants, however 44.7% stated they do; 86.7% feel their workplace is unsafe; 61.7% denied the existence of any obstacle and 38.3% reported the existence of obstacles; among these, 26.1% referred to inadequate facilities; 37.8% believe reinforcing security and professional training are the main solutions. Among the 365 researched violence victims, 82.2% were assaulted; male (69.6%); aged 18 to 24 (24.9%); hailing from the Greater Natal area (89.9%); on 19.7% the event happened on Saturday; during the night (48.8%); victim of physical assault (61.4%); produced by body force (27.7%); 24.4% were injured in the head and neck. 57% had used some drug, among which alcohol was predominant (75.5%). On 621 observations performed during the victim care process, when compared to the report of assaulted victims, there was a statistical difference, at 5% significance level, regarding reception, resistance from the professionals, questioning about the violent event, providing of guidance, interaction with the patient and the understanding of receiving proper care, and care resolution. In comparisons involving the observed and the assailant victims reports, there was a statistical difference regarding the resence of resistance from the professionals, performance of necessary procedures and the nteraction with the patient and the understanding of receiving proper care and 58.1% reported the nursing team was the one that provided the best care. We conclude that professionals had lready given care to assailant patients, acknowledge the importance of knowing how the vent took place and acquired this preparation during their practice. The most often referred bstacles that hinder assistance were: inadequate facilities, material deficit and lack of rofessional preparation. As solutions for these problems, they cited the reinforcement of ecurity and professional training

Elaboração de um plano de gerenciamento integrado de resíduos sólidos no restaurante universitário da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

The concern about preservation of the environment reaches different layers and sections of global society. The environmental prior quality of our planet can only be reached through changes in the attitudes taken in relation due to the waste generated by society, this also lead involving the education sector, in example of the Superior Education Institutions where the concept of ambiental management needs to gain a growing space.In the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, can be found the Universitary Restaurant as an example of a Food and Nutrition Unit, it is a restaurant destined to provide services to the academic comunity with the production and distribution of meals. In this operational context the work itself aims subsidies and funds to the search of as minimal generation of residues as possible, applying environmentally correct processes and practices. The work was developed in the period of September to October of 2009 in the Universitary Campus of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, in the Universitary Restaurant of the referred institution. The project involved all the employees of the restaurant and used like method the action survey. The produced waste was characterized, arranged according with it s nature (organic or inorganic) classificated following the NBR ISO 14004, adapted by Kinasz (2004) that adjusts the Standards to the specific reality of Food and Nutrition Services being diagnosed an expressive amount of produced waste in the Universitary Restaurant, it can be assured that a culture of wasting is very present and exists, contributing to the rise of solid residues, damaging the environment and consequently reflecting in the costs and expenses of the Unity, a known fact that characterizes and justifies the need of a promoting and active action that leads to positive reflexes in the economic and environmental area, drafting a Plan for Integrate Management of Solid Residues on the Universitary Restaurant of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte

Caracterização dos resíduos esgotados de sistemas de tratamento individual de esgotos de Natal

In Natal still dominates the use of individual disposal systems for domestic sewage, once only 29% of the city has a sewarage system. Wastes that are accumulated in these individual treatment systems should be exhausted periodically, service provided by collector entrepreneurs. Some of these companies causing major damage to the environment. In Natal, only two companies have their own septage (RESTI) treatment system, which were designed with parameters from domestic sewage generating strain and inefficient systems. Therefore, the characterization becomes essential as a source of parameters for their design. Thus, this work presents the physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of waste pumped from individual sewage treatment systems. Samples collections were made weekly from 5 different trucks at the reception point on the treatment plant on the point of the preliminary treatment. From each truck it was taken 5 samples during the discharge in order to make a composite sample. Afterwards, samples were carried out to laboratory and analyses for determination of temperature, pH, conductivity, BOD, COD, nitrogen (ammonia e organic), alkalinity, oils, phosphorus, solids, faecal coliforms and helminth egg. The results were treated as a single database, and ranked according to its generating source (multi and single house, lodging, health, services and / or food), area of origin (metropolitan, south and north) and type of system (cesspits, septic tank and / or sink). Through these data it was possible to verify that the type of system adopted by most in Natal and the metropolitan region is cesspit, besides to confirm the difference between the septage of areas with a population have different social and economical characteristics. It was found that the septage have higher concentrations than domestic sewage, except for thermotolerant coliforms that showed concentrations of 1,38E+07. Among the parameters studied, is the median values identified for COD (3,549 mg / L), BOD (973mg / L) and total solids (3.557mg / L). The volatile fraction constitutes about 70% of the total solids of the septage. For helminths has been a median of 7 eggs/L. In general, the characteristics of the waste followed the variability found in the literature reviewed for all variables, showing high amplitudes

O Serviço Residencial Terapêutico: cartografias de um híbrido no contexto da desinstitucionalização em saúde mental

This thesis seeks to uphold the idea that the therapeutic residential service, as hybrid device and recent process of deinstitutionalization in mental health, works as a problem producer while it also indicates challenges and potentialities in this process, the attention on mental health and on its own care production. To that end, we work with the prospect map with which we approach reality as the subjectivities production field which transformations and intensities are the major thought propellants. From this perspective, it was possible to produce three "purpose maps" from meetings with actors and groups involved with the TRS and the theoretical study carried out. On the first map we mapped the conditions of possibility of this device and its design in the midst of the process of institutionalization and health policies. We indicate on it the TRS configuration as a hybrid and we hassled its proposition as a means of "social rehabilitation" that can work as a social homogeneity mechanism. On a second map, we cartographied mental captures through images and ways historically built from madness presented in the biopolitical contemporary game and we indicated that the resistance to such catches should be built on a politic daily basis as important vectors of the institutionalization process in mental health. Finally, on a third map we mapped the carefulness produced in the TRS, by analyzing the transition psychiatric hospital - TRS and the caregivers´ team work. On this mapping, the care, for the weakness in the coresponsibility field, is reveled crossed by mental, disciplinary and normality elements, but it is also built in resistance born from links in the intersubjective field of the caring work. We conclude, then, that the TRS power and the deinstitutionalization process itself were in building and strengthening affective labor micro political networks of life and liberty producers

O Serviço Social nas operadoras de planos privados de assistência à saúde: demandas, atribuições e respostas profissionais

The present study deals with the exercise of professional social workers in private health care plans registered with the Regional Council of Medicine/RN, in the city of Natal/RN, with regards to the demands/tasks, work conditions, and the professional response, given the climate of restructuring the capital. The set of socio-historical transformations, as a results of the dynamic capitalist, is a process of new configurations in relation to state and society that interfere directly in relation to working conditions, social rights historically won by workers. In this context, the operator of health plans arises as a possibilities to provide services in health, through the logic of the market, in which the subjects of law, become consumers contributing to the displacement of the responsibilities of the State. Obligating workers to lessen the burden with the reproduction of their workforce. This involves changing societal context for social service, since it is one of the professions that are active in terms of the immediate social issue, and come as part of the collective worker. From qualitative research based on a theoretical and methodological perspective and critical dialectics, it was possible to unveil some features and trends of the exercise of(a) social operators in private health care plans. The survey results indicated that : a) the demands and duties for certain social service, are associated with the redevelopment of the capital, whose requirements and responsibilities professionals have with their needs, particularly the guarantee of profit, services rendered; b) in the conditions of work there is a trend of insecurity uncertainty and dismantling of professionals; c) the answers professionals suffer the limits and contradictions present in the daily training, mainly depending one the characteristics of management and operation of the operators, which has professional relative autonomy

Serviço Social Audit Saúde no SUS/RN: projeto ético político profissional e de reforma sanitária

Health policies in Brazil, the decentralization of SUS management responsibilities for the three spheres of government has driven the creation and regulation of the audits of health services in the National Audit Office, this is a trend of neoliberal policies imposed by international bodies like the World Bank and IMF to peripheral countries characterized by productive restructuring and reforming the state focuses on the presence of two competing projects in the area of health: Health Sector Reform Project which is based on the democratic rule of law with the assumption of health as social right and duty of the State in defending the extension of the conquest of rights and democratization of access to health care guaranteed through the public financing strategies and the effective decentralization of decisions pervaded by social control and privatized Health Project which is based on the state minimum, with a reduction in social spending or in partnerships and privatization, stronger nonprofit sector, subject to capitalist interests, is made effective through strategies targeting health policy and refilantropização actions. In this context, the present study is an analysis on the work of social audits of public health in infants from a qualitative and quantitative approach, embodied by the critical method of dialectical Marxist social theory that enabled us to unveil the characterization, the demands, challenges and outline the profile of Social Work in teams inserted audits of SUS in RN, but also provided evidence to demonstrate the prospects and possibilities of this area of activity of social workers. It was also found that through the audit work that the state fulfill its role as bureaucratic and regulator of health services with efficiency, effectiveness and economy. Yet, paradoxically, the audits of SUS may provide a vehicle for enforcing rights and ensuring the fundamental principles contained in the project of health reform, because it can be configured in a space of political struggle as representing a new field of knowledge production that needs to be appropriate for a theoretical critic able to redirect the social interests in favor of the user. From this perspective, it is concluded that the work of social audits of public health in infants despite the social relevance that prints, as they constitute an activity study of reality and its transformation proposition requires a transformative political action guided the discussion Marxist theory holds that the ethical project professional politician of Social Work