El poder y la vida en Michel Foucault y Gilles Deleuze

Fil: Prósperi, Germán. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

Sobre el desplazamiento de la figura de la ascesis en la transición de la antigüedad tardía al cristianismo primitivo en las investigaciones éticas de Michel Foucault

La cuestión de la ascesis en cuanto práctica de sí se convierte en una constante en las indagaciones en torno del estoicismo que Michel Foucault despliega en su seminario de 1982 titulado La hermenéutica del sujeto. Allí, la noción de "inquietud de sí" funciona como operador a partir del cual se busca visibilizar el largo y complejo proceso en virtud del cual, entre el siglo V a.C. y el siglo V d.C., las antiguas prácticas de sí, reunidas bajo la figura de la askesis, vendrán a serasimiladas por el cristiano bajo la figura de la ascética. En tales indagaciones, concentradas en los siglos precedentes al nacimiento del cristianismo (I y II d.)la askesis es presentada como el brazo práctico de la ?técnica de existencia? enseñada en las escuelas estoicas. Así, al introducir esta noción, el autor francés se interesa por acentuar su connotación activa en la antigüedad, señalando que antes que a un estado de pasividad y renuncia, remite a un conjunto de prácticas cuyo objetivo ulterior es afirmativo, dado que la renuncia se convierte en un mecanismo a través del cual adquirir un estado de continua preparación para la vida. Asimismo, la lectura foucaulteana de la ascética permite introducir precisiones respecto del mecanismo de poder vinculado a la renuncia cristiana, ya que señala que mientras el sujeto a través de esta última es compelido a renunciar a sí y constituir su identidad sobre instancias ideales (interioridad cristiana), esta negación se asienta sobre prácticas de subjetivación ligadas de alguna manera a la búsqueda autorealización del sujeto. Introducidas en el cristianismo como consecuencia de los avatares del mencionado proceso de asimilación, estas prácticas se encuentran articuladas a un procedimiento de poder que lo que deberá poner en juego será, antes que una categórica renuncia a la materialidad, su regulación continua. De acuerdo con lo anterior, la hipótesis de este trabajo es que en la recuperación foucaulteana de la ascesis estoica, es posible vislumbrar tanto el rechazo de la concepción tradicional de la renuncia a sí, es decir, entendida como renuncia a la materialidad del sujeto y subordinación de la vida a principios trascendentes o a conducciones externas, como una relectura del anclaje político de las prácticas de renuncia ligadas al cristianismo.

Umbrales en las experiencias del lenguaje (Entre la significancia en Barthes y la arqueología en Foucault)

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto dar cuenta de algunas modificaciones en la experienciadel pensamiento y el lenguaje con su impacto en las consideraciones en torno a la subjetividad. La problemática que orienta nuestra búsqueda puede articularse, en parte, con la pregunta: ¿Cómo es posible y en qué condiciones dar cuenta de un nuevo pensar? En efecto, ciertas tradiciones del pensamiento filosófico de la segunda mitad del siglo XX han indagado en torno al pasaje o umbral que va del pensamiento moderno de lo Mismo al pensamiento de lo Otro. En el primer caso , la búsqueda de lo otro( en la naturaleza , en el arte , en la experiencia humana, en el lenguaje , etc.) solo ha sido un rodeo verosímil para subsumirlo a las condiciones de la conciencia , del sujeto o de la historia, cuyo resultado es un mundo domesticado , empobrecido , reducido. En el segundo caso, las limitaciones del discurso moderno y la crisis del sujeto han conducido a numerosos pensadores a indagar en torno a las estructuras del lenguaje y del discurso con el objeto de circunscribir los umbrales desde los cuales dar cuenta de aberturas de la experiencia con la consecuente proliferación de lo múltiple y la diversidad. En estos caminos del pensar podemos encontrar a Nietzsche, Heidegger, Deleuze, Foucault, Derrida, Lacan y Barthes, entre otros. En los siguiente apartados nos detendremos especialmente en dos de ellos: Barthes y Foucault. Presentaremos algunas de sus perspectivas en sus trabajos de la década de 1960, especialmente en el contexto de las tensiones políticas y sociales del mayo francés. Entre otras discusiones de la época, las consideraciones en torno al cambio y la transformación manifestaron allí una crisis que condujo a repensar las categorías y estructuras desde las cuales los discursos las articulaban. Para dar cuenta de ello, proponemos un abordaje de ciertas relaciones entre los análisis estructurales de relatos que realiza Barthes, con su interés manifiesto por la significancia (es decir, por la mantención de la brecha móvil del proceso de significación) y el método arqueológico desarrollado por Foucault en sus obras referidas a los discursos y al lenguaje. Si bien en ambos casos prima una concepción abierta de la experiencia del lenguaje y el sentido, buscamos evidenciar sus modos singulares de situarse en los umbrales de un nuevo modo de pensar en filosofía. Comencemos, entonces, por Roland Barthes

Técnicas de subjetivación e interacción virtual en el tiempo real. ¿Tienen algo en común Michel Foucault y los "chats"?

Frente a la utilización del panoptismo y sus consiguientes efectos de poder, cabe rescatar la noción foucaultiana del “cuidado de sí” para considerar la práctica de las interacciones virtuales en tiempo real (por ejemplo los chats) como una determinada técnica de subjetivación en la constitución del sí mismo (self) que hunde sus raíces en la filosofía griega y cristiana. Los elementos que se consideran en esta indagación son cuatro: la sustancia interna de la identidad personal, el grado y tipo de comportamiento, el ritual y la habituación que se adoptan para reformular la propia identidad, los reanclajes de la identidad personal y el objetivo final de la transformación personal que se lleva a cabo.

Foucault, el liberalismo y la critica de la filosofía política

Evitando las abstracciones dicotomizadas, de la filosofía política moderna y contemporánea, Michel Foucault no ha tratado de reconstruir una totalidad trascendental, racional y normativa, ni de legitimar racionalmente los valores, sino de estudiar las prácticas de sí en una sociedad dada y las transformaciones que generan. Poner el acento sobre las prácticas autoformadoras del individuo nos dibuja toda una visión dinámica del sujeto y de la libertad que componen una cara inversa de «los cuerpos dóciles», o del sujeto producido por el entramado poder/saber. La genealogía de Foucault se puede ampliar para demostrar que el liberalismo es un conjunto de prácticas para la constitución de los sujetos. Un liberalismo, que luego de formar el programa policial para producir categorías de personas, es capaz de aportar condiciones para el juego de la libertad y regular la conducta en términos de empresarialidad.

Genealogie in guerra. Foucault critico di Schmitt

La nostra attualità ci interroga sulla comprensione della guerra e sullo statuto del suo rapporto con la politica. Questo lavoro si misura con tale questione e lo fa a partire dalle riflessioni di Michel Foucault sull’argomento. Anche grazie al riferimento ai manoscritti inediti del filosofo francese, conservati presso gli archivi del “Fonds Foucault” alla Bibliothèque nationale de France, si dimostra che le analisi foucaultiane sul tema, le quali non sempre hanno ricevuto un’adeguata attenzione, rivestono in realtà un’importanza decisiva all’interno dell’opera dell’autore. A partire da questo primo piano di indagine viene quindi sviluppato un secondo percorso di ricerca, intrecciato rispetto al precedente: le riflessioni di Foucault vengono messe in relazione con le posizioni di Carl Schmitt – un confronto tra due diverse genealogie che è stato raramente praticato e sul quale la letteratura critica è all’oggi ancora esigua. Tenendo conto dei materiali non ancora pubblicati, viene mostrato infatti che il modello polemocritico foucaultiano si costruisce sulla base di alcune rilevanti prossimità teoriche rispetto alla formulazione schmittiana della teoria del politico e si sviluppa come una critica radicale verso questa. Pensare Foucault come critico di Schmitt si rivela non solo importante ai fini della comprensione del pensiero del filosofo francese, ma anche fondamentale per indagare l’attualità dei due autori rispetto alla questione della guerra. È questa infatti la domanda di ricerca che percorre sottotraccia l’intero lavoro.

Association Between Prehypertension, Metabolic And Inflammatory Markers, Decreased Adiponectin And Enhanced Insulinemia In Obese Subjects.

Obesity is associated with development of the cardiorenal metabolic syndrome, which is a constellation of risk factors, such as insulin resistance, inflammatory response, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure that predispose affected individuals to well-characterized medical conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular and kidney chronic disease. The study was designed to establish relationship between metabolic and inflammatory disorder, renal sodium retention and enhanced blood pressure in a group of obese subjects compared with age-matched, lean volunteers. The study was performed after 14 h overnight fast after and before OGTT in 13 lean (BMI 22.92 ± 2.03 kg/m(2)) and, 27 obese (BMI 36.15 ± 3.84 kg/m(2)) volunteers. Assessment of HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were calculated and circulating concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6 and C-reactive protein, measured by immunoassay. THE STUDY SHOWS THAT A HYPERINSULINEMIC (HI: 10.85 ± 4.09 μg/ml) subgroup of well-characterized metabolic syndrome bearers-obese subjects show higher glycemic and elevated blood pressure levels when compared to lean and normoinsulinemic (NI: 5.51 ± 1.18 μg/ml, P < 0.027) subjects. Here, the combination of hyperinsulinemia, higher HOMA-IR (HI: 2.19 ± 0.70 (n = 12) vs. LS: 0.83 ± 0.23 (n = 12) and NI: 0.98 ± 0.22 (n = 15), P < 0.0001) associated with lower QUICKI in HI obese when compared with LS and NI volunteers (P < 0.0001), suggests the occurrence of insulin resistance and a defect in insulin-stimulated peripheral action. Otherwise, the adiponectin measured in basal period was significantly enhanced in NI subjects when compared to HI groups (P < 0.04). The report also showed a similar insulin-mediated reduction of post-proximal urinary sodium excretion in lean (LS: 9.41 ± 0.68% vs. 6.38 ± 0.92%, P = 0.086), and normoinsulinemic (NI: 8.41 ± 0.72% vs. 5.66 ± 0.53%, P = 0.0025) and hyperinsulinemic obese subjects (HI: 8.82 ± 0.98% vs. 6.32 ± 0.67%, P = 0.0264), after oral glucose load, despite elevated insulinemic levels in hyperinsulinemic obeses. In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of adiponectin levels and dysfunctional inflammatory modulation associated with hyperinsulinemia and peripheral insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and renal dysfunction in a particular subgroup of obeses.

Governamentalidade democrática e ensino de Filosofia no Brasil contemporâneo

This article takes the concepts of biopower and governmentality as the starting point for an analysis of certain recent Brazilian government documents about the introduction of Philosophy as a subject in secondary school. In the 1980s, this argument centered on Philosophy's so-called criticism and its potential for preparing citizens for a democratic society, was used by the movements aimed to restore democracy in Brazil. This argument appears to have been assimilated by the Brazilian government, because it is stated in the Guidelines and Bases of Education Law, secondary school students should demonstrate knowledge of philosophy necessary for the exercise of citizenship. The argument also appears in documents such as the PCN and PCN+ (National Curricular Parameters) and OCEM (Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary School) in their chapters on Philosophy. These documents are examined here in the light of governmentality, making explicit how Philosophy is equipped to train young people according to what is understood as a modern democratic society.

Proposta de mecanismo de lavagem em equipamentos de beneficiamento de tomate de mesa

The cleanness level in fresh market tomatoes cleaning equipment is essential for consumer acceptance and conservation of product quality. However, the washing process in cleaning current equipments demands an excessive volume of water, leading to serious economic and environmental concerns. The objective of this work was to contribute with technical information for the washing system optimization. The conventional washing system currently used in cleaning equipment, which consists of perforated PVC pipes, was compared with a proposed system which uses commercial sprays. Characteristic curves (flow rate versus pressure) for both systems were determined in lab conditions and the respective water consumptions were compared. The results confirmed the excess of water consumption in the conventional washing systems, and the proposed system proved that is possible to reduce it, and the use of sprays allowed the rational use of the water.

Otimização da eficiência de limpeza em equipamento de beneficiamento de tomate de mesa

The post-harvesting cleaning process in fresh market tomatoes production is essential to the consumer acceptance, since the degree of dirtiness of the fruits is directly related to its quality. However, the washing stage of the cleaning process of commercial packinghouse demands an excessive water volume, bringing serious environmental concerns. The objective of this work was to compare the cleaning efficiency in two cleaning systems through the evaluation of different operational conditions of the cleaning process, related with the brush rotation, water flow and fruit standing time under the system. It was compared the conventional system utilized in commercial equipment with a system using commercial sprays. The results showed that the cleaning efficiency was not directly related to the water volume used, but to the water pressure, standing time and brushes rotation. Therefore, the use of commercial sprays can bring benefits to the cleaning efficiency, increasing it up to 13%, and to the environmental, decreasing water consumption.

Resonancias discursivas y cortesía en prácticas de lecto-escritura

In this paper we present a study of reading comprehension based on a contrastive argumentative-discursive approach. We examine the relationship between linguistic materiality and discursive processes, observing the connection between reading in a foreign language, writing production and textual memories in the mother tongue. In addition to an interest in practical language teaching and learning processes (in this case of Spanish and Portuguese), we investigate the question of politeness and the theoretical relationship between subjectivity, language, and textuality. The latter, being understood as the result of discourse regularities, is unique for each and every production, yet is also conditioned by plural discursive memories resulting from contradictory social relationships in a specific historical context (Foucault, 1986; Pêcheux, 1990). In the experiment presented here, we follow some of the procedures of the methodology applied in the European Galatea Project developed for the study of reading strategies in the inter-comprehension between Romance languages (Dabène, 1996). We use the procedure of simulation and the subjective projection of participants as well as the notion of discursive resonance in the analysis. The results, having to do with directness and indirectness in speech and the question of politeness in two typologically close languages, lead to the conclusion that the concept of politeness goes beyond a pragmatic strategy used to avoid conflicts to be approached as a marker of cultural identity constitution. The relevance of discursive awareness and its theoretical and practical consequences are then emphasized.

Qualidade pós-colheita de caqui 'fuyu' com utilização de diferentes concentrações de cobertura comestível

One of the main objectives of applying edible coatings on fruits surface is to create a protective film to reduce weight loss due to evaporation and transpiration and also to decrease the risk of fruit rot caused by environmental contamination, in order to improve the visual aspect. Therefore, it is possible to increase shelf life, and decrease post harvest losses. Persimmon is a much appreciated fruit, with high potential for export, but sensitive to handling and storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of applying the edible coating Megh Wax ECF-124 (18% of active composts, consisting of emulsion of carnauba wax, anionic surfactant, preservative and water) produced by Megh Industry and Commerce Ltda in three different concentrations (25, 50 and 100%) on post harvest quality of 'Fuyu' persimmon stored for 14 days. The attributes evaluated for quality were: firmness, pH, acidity, soluble solids, weight loss and color. The results showed that application of carnauba wax in different concentrations was effective on decreasing weight loss of persimmon cv. Fuyu and maintenance of color aspects. Treatment at lower concentration, 25%, showed lower rate of discharge, but high concentrations showed lower values of mass loss. Carnauba wax application showed a high potential for use on postharvest conservation, and can be applied together with other technologies, helping to maintain quality for export.

A Educação Física no contexto da nova estrutura do ensino fundamental : uma proposta para o primeiro ano

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

As interfaces entre imagem corporal e a representação simbolica de Carl Gustav Jung

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Effectiveness of different final irrigation protocols in removing debris in flattened root canals

This study evaluated in vitro the capacity of debris removal from the apical third of flattened root canals, using different final irrigation protocols. Thirty human mandibular central incisors with a mesiodistal flattened root were prepared using rotary instrumentation by Endo-Flare 25.12 and Hero 642 30.06, 35.02, 40.02 files, irrigated with 2 mL of 1% NaOCl after each file. The specimens were randomly distributed into 5 groups according to the final irrigation of root canals: Group I: 10 mL of distilled water (control), Group II: 10 mL of 1% NaOCl for 8 min, Group III: 2 mL of 1% NaOCl for 2 min (repeated 4 times), Group IV: 10 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 8 min, and Group V: 10 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 2 min (repeated 4 times). The apical thirds of the specimens were subjected to histological processing and 6-μm cross-sections were obtained and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The specimens were examined under optical microscopy at ×40 magnification and the images were subjected to morphometric analysis using the Scion image-analysis software. The total area of root canal and the area with debris were measured in square millimeters. Analysis of variance showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) among the groups GI (2.39 ± 3.59), GII (2.91 ± 2.21), GIII (0.73 ± 1.36), GIV (0.95 ± 0.84) and GV (0.51 ± 0.22). In conclusion, the final irrigation protocols evaluated in this study using the Luer syringe presented similar performance in the removal of debris from the apical third of flattened root canals.