Actions and reactions /

An habitation enforced -- The recall -- Garm, a hostage -- The power of the dog -- The mother hive -- The bees and the flies --With the night mail -- The four angels -- A deal in cotton -- The new knighthood -- The puzzler -- Little foxes -- Gallio's song -- The house surgeon -- The rabbi's song.

Actions and reactions,

An habitation enforced.--The recall.--Garm--a hostage.--The power of the dog.--The mother hive.--The bees and the flies.--With the night mail.--The four angels.--A deal in cotton.--The new knighthood.--The puzzler.--The puzzler.--Little foxes.--Gallio's song.--The house surgeon.--The rabbi's song.

[Announcement of] summer session, 1925.

Mode of access: Internet.

Der Fuchs : monographischer Beitrag zur Jagd-Zoologie /

Mode of access: Internet.

The hills of Hingham,

The hills of Hingham.--The open fire.--The ice crop.--Seed catalogues.--The dustless-duster.--Spring ploughing.--Mere beans.--A pilgrim from Dubuque.--The honey flow.--A pair of pigs.--Leafing.--The little foxes.--Our calendar.--The field of fodder.--Going back to town.--The Christmas tree.

Food requirements of the ranch fox.

Mode of access: Internet.

Introduced mammals in Australian rangelands: Future threats and the role of monitoring programmes in management strategies

In the present paper, we have provided an initial assessment of the current and future threats to biodiversity posed by introduced mammals (predators and herbivores) inhabiting the Australian rangelands, exploring trends in populations and options for management. Notably, rabbits have declined in recent years in the wake of rabbit haemorrhagic disease, populations of feral camels have increased dramatically and foxes appear to have moved northwards, thereby threatening native fauna within an expanded range. Following on, we developed a framework for monitoring the impacts of introduced mammals in the Australian rangelands. In doing so, we considered the key issues that needed to be considered in designing a monitoring programme for this purpose and critically evaluated the role of monitoring in pest animal management. Finally we have provided a brief inventory of current best-practice methods of estimating the abundance of introduced mammal populations in the Australian rangelands with some comments on new approaches and their potential applications.

Visual thalamocortical projections in the flying fox: Parallel pathways to striate and extrastriate areas

We studied thalamic projections to the visual cortex in flying foxes, animals that share neural features believed to resemble those present in the brains of early primates. Neurones labeled by injections of fluorescent tracers in striate and extrastriate cortices were charted relative to the architectural boundaries of thalamic nuclei. Three main findings are reported: First, there are parallel lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) projections to striate and extrastriate cortices. Second, the pulvinar complex is expansive, and contains multiple subdivisions. Third, across the visual thalamus, the location of cells labeled after visual cortex injections changes systematically, with caudal visual areas receiving their strongest projections from the most lateral thalamic nuclei, and rostral areas receiving strong projections from medial nuclei. We identified three architectural layers in the LGN, and three subdivisions of the pulvinar complex. The outer LGN layer contained the largest cells, and had strong projections to the areas V1, V2 and V3. Neurones in the intermediate LGN layer were intermediate in size, and projected to V1 and, less densely, to V2. The layer nearest to the origin of the optic radiation contained the smallest cells, and projected not only to V1, V2 and V3, but also, weakly, to the occipitotemporal area (OT, which is similar to primate middle temporal area) and the occipitoparietal area (OP, a third tier area located near the dorsal midline). V1, V2 and V3 received strong projections from the lateral and intermediate subdivisions of the pulvinar complex, while OP and OT received their main thalamic input from the intermediate and medial subdivisions of the pulvinar complex. These results suggest parallels with the carnivore visual system, and indicate that the restriction of the projections of the large- and intermediatesized LGN layers to V1, observed in present-day primates, evolved from a more generalized mammalian condition. (C) 2004 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reflecting on ethical and legal issues in wildlife disease

Disease in wildlife raises a number of issues that have not been widely considered in the bioethical literature. However, wildlife disease has major implications for human welfare. The majority of emerging human infectious diseases are zoonotic: that is, they occur in humans by cross-species transmission from animal hosts. Managing these diseases often involves balancing concerns with human health against animal welfare and conservation concerns. Many infectious diseases of domestic animals are shared with wild animals, although it is often unclear whether the infection spills over from wild animals to domestic animals or vice versa. Culling is the standard means of managing such diseases, bringing economic considerations, animal welfare and conservation into conflict. Infectious diseases are also major threatening processes in conservation biology and their appropriate management by culling, vaccination or treatment raises substantial animal ethics issues. One particular issue of great significance in Australia is an ongoing research program to develop genetically modified pathogens to control vertebrate pests including rabbits, foxes and house mice. Release of any self-replicating GMO vertebrate pathogen gives rise to a whole series of ethical questions. We briefly review current Australian legal responses to these problems. Finally, we present two unresolved problems of general importance that are exemplified by wildlife disease. First, to what extent can or should 'bioethics' be broadened beyond direct concerns with human welfare to animal welfare and environmental welfare? Second, how should the irreducible uncertainty of ecological systems be accounted for in ethical decision making?

Collection, seminal characteristics and chilled storage of spermatozoa from three species of free-range flying fox (Pteropus spp.)

This study reports observations on the collection and characteristics of semen from free-range populations of flying fox in Brisbane, Australia. Semen was successfully recovered by electroejaculation from 107 of 115 wild flying foxes (Pteropus alecto, Pteropus poliocephalus and Pteropus scapulatus). A proportion of ejaculates collected from all three species contained seminal vesicle secretions, the incidence of which appeared related to breeding season. Ejaculate volume was small (5-160 mu L), requiring a specialised collection vessel and immediate extension to avoid desiccation. Sperm morphological abnormalities and characteristics are described for the first time. In two species (P. scapulatus and P. alecto), sperm quality varied with breeding season. Dilution in Tris-citratefructose buffer and subsequent incubation (37 degrees C) of Pteropus semen for 2-3 h appeared to have a negative impact on sperm motility and the percentage of sperm with intact plasma membranes and acrosomes and represents a concern for the potential development and use of assisted breeding technology in these species. Preliminary attempts to develop a short-term chilled preservation protocol for flying fox semen revealed that spenn viability (percentage motility and percentage live sperm with intact acrosomes) was significantly reduced after 102 h chilled storage at 5 degrees C; nevertheless, approximately 40% of the spermatozoa were still motile and contained intact acrosomes. Glycerol was neither protective nor detrimental to sperm survival during chilled storage. Microbial flora of the prepuce, urethra and semen of all species were isolated and their antibiotic susceptibility tested. Tetracycline, penicillin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftazidime were the most effective antibiotics in preventing growth of all identified bacteria; however, their effects on sperm survival were not investigated. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Emerging viral diseases of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific: A brief review

Over the past 6 years, a number of zoonotic and vectorborne viral diseases have emerged in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Vectorborne disease agents discussed in this article include Japanese encephalitis, Barmah Forest, Ross River, and Chikungunya viruses. However, most emerging viruses have been zoonotic, with fruit bats, including flying fox species as the probable wildlife hosts, and these will be discussed as well. The first of these disease agents to emerge was Hendra virus, formerly called equine morbillivirus. This was followed by outbreaks caused by a rabies-related virus, Australian bat lyssavirus, and a virus associated with porcine stillbirths and malformations, Menangle virus. Nipah virus caused an outbreak of fatal pneumonia in pigs and encephalitis in humans in the Malay Peninsula. Most recently, Tioman virus has been isolated from flying foxes, but it has not yet been associated with animal or human disease. Of nonzoonotic viruses, the most important regionally have been enterovirus 71 and HIV.

Toxoplasma gondii seropositive rates of animals living on Svalbard

Samples (blood or tissue fluid) from 594 arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus), 390 Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus), 361 sibling voles (Microtus rossiaemeridionalis), 17 walruses (Odobenus rosmarus), 149 barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis), 58 kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), and 27 glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from Svalbard and nearby waters were assayed for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using a direct agglutination test. The proportion of seropositive animals was 43% in arctic foxes, 7% in barnacle geese, and 6% (1 of 17) in walruses. There were no seropositive Svalbard reindeer, sibling voles, glaucous gulls, or kittiwakes. The prevalence in the arctic fox was relatively high compared to previous reports from canid populations. There are no wild felids in Svalbard and domestic cats are prohibited, and the absence of antibodies against T gondii among the herbivorous Svalbard reindeer and voles indicates that transmission of the parasite by oocysts is not likely to be an important mechanism in the Svalbard ecosystem. Our results suggest that migratory birds, such as the barnacle goose, may be the most important vectors bringing the parasite to Svalbard. In addition to transmission through infected prey and carrion, the age-seroprevalence profile in the fox population suggests that their infection levels are enhanced by vertical transmission.

Écologie de la nidification de la buse pattue dans le Haut-Arctique et vulnérabilité des nids aux risques géomorphologiques

Les caractéristiques physiques d’un site de nidification peuvent influencer la probabilité qu’il soit utilisé et l’issue des tentatives de nidification. La buse pattue (Buteo lagopus) construit un imposant nid, qui peut être réutilisé plusieurs années, en bordure des falaises et des versants en Arctique. Ces habitats escarpés sont perturbés par des mouvements de masse pouvant entraîner la destruction de sites critiques pour la reproduction des buses. Nous avons d’abord examiné l’effet de plusieurs variables environnementales et de la réutilisation d’un nid sur la reproduction de la buse pattue. Ensuite, nous avons évalué la vulnérabilité des nids aux mouvements de masse et identifié les facteurs environnementaux associés à la persistance des nids. L’étude s’est déroulée à l’île Bylot (Nunavut) de 2007 à 2015. La probabilité qu’un nid soit utilisé par un couple augmentait avec la distance du nid actif le plus proche, la présence d’un surplomb au-dessus du nid et la densité des lemmings. Les nids accessibles aux renards et orientés vers le nord étaient associés à un moins bon succès reproducteur. Celui-ci était aussi positivement relié à la densité estivale de lemmings et négativement relié aux précipitations. Nos résultats suggèrent que les caractéristiques physiques du site de nidification offrant un microclimat favorable et une protection contre les prédateurs reflètent des sites de haute qualité. Le succès reproducteur était similaire entre les nouveaux nids et ceux préexistants, suggérant que la construction d’un nid n’entraîne pas de coût sur la reproduction à court terme. Parmi les 82 nids connus, près du tiers ont été détruits par des mouvements de masse et parmi ceux encore intacts, la majorité sont à risque modéré et haut de l’être. La probabilité de destruction était élevée pour les nids construits sur des sédiments non consolidés et positivement associée aux fortes précipitations. La hausse anticipée des précipitations due aux changements climatiques est susceptible d’augmenter la vulnérabilité des nids aux mouvements de masse ce qui pourrait ultimement réduire la disponibilité de sites appropriés pour la reproduction de ce rapace.