Market Instruments and CO2 Mitigation: A General Equilibrium Analysis for Spain

25 p.

Multipole moments in general relativity and dynamical perturbations of black-hole magnetospheres

This thesis consists of two parts. In Part I, we develop a multipole moment formalism in general relativity and use it to analyze the motion and precession of compact bodies. More specifically, the generic, vacuum, dynamical gravitational field of the exterior universe in the vicinity of a freely moving body is expanded in positive powers of the distance r away from the body's spatial origin (i.e., in the distance r from its timelike-geodesic world line). The expansion coefficients, called "external multipole moments,'' are defined covariantly in terms of the Riemann curvature tensor and its spatial derivatives evaluated on the body's central world line. In a carefully chosen class of de Donder coordinates, the expansion of the external field involves only integral powers of r ; no logarithmic terms occur. The expansion is used to derive higher-order corrections to previously known laws of motion and precession for black holes and other bodies. The resulting laws of motion and precession are expressed in terms of couplings of the time derivatives of the body's quadrupole and octopole moments to the external moments, i.e., to the external curvature and its gradient.

In part II, we study the interaction of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in a black-hole magnetosphere with the "dragging of inertial frames" effect of the hole's rotation - i.e., with the hole's "gravitomagnetic field." More specifically: we first rewrite the laws of perfect general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GRMHD) in 3+1 language in a general spacetime, in terms of quantities (magnetic field, flow velocity, ...) that would be measured by the ''fiducial observers” whose world lines are orthogonal to (arbitrarily chosen) hypersurfaces of constant time. We then specialize to a stationary spacetime and MHD flow with one arbitrary spatial symmetry (e.g., the stationary magnetosphere of a Kerr black hole); and for this spacetime we reduce the GRMHD equations to a set of algebraic equations. The general features of the resulting stationary, symmetric GRMHD magnetospheric solutions are discussed, including the Blandford-Znajek effect in which the gravitomagnetic field interacts with the magnetosphere to produce an outflowing jet. Then in a specific model spacetime with two spatial symmetries, which captures the key features of the Kerr geometry, we derive the GRMHD equations which govern weak, linealized perturbations of a stationary magnetosphere with outflowing jet. These perturbation equations are then Fourier analyzed in time t and in the symmetry coordinate x, and subsequently solved numerically. The numerical solutions describe the interaction of MHD waves with the gravitomagnetic field. It is found that, among other features, when an oscillatory external force is applied to the region of the magnetosphere where plasma (e⁺e^-) is being created, the magnetosphere responds especially strongly at a particular, resonant, driving frequency. The resonant frequency is that for which the perturbations appear to be stationary (time independent) in the common rest frame of the freshly created plasma and the rotating magnetic field lines. The magnetosphere of a rotating black hole, when buffeted by nonaxisymmetric magnetic fields anchored in a surrounding accretion disk, might exhibit an analogous resonance. If so then the hole's outflowing jet might be modulated at resonant frequencies ω=(m/2) Ω_H where m is an integer and Ω_H is the hole's angular velocity.

Applications of a Concise and General Strategy for the Syntheses of Transtaganolide and Basiliolide Natural Products

Herein are described the total syntheses of all members of the transtaganolide and basiliolide natural product family. Utilitzation of an Ireland–Claisen rearrangement/Diels–Alder cycloaddition cascade (ICR/DA) allowed for rapid assembly of the transtaganolide and basiliolide oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core. This methodology is general and was applicable to all members of the natural product family.

A brief introduction outlines all the synthetic progress previously disclosed by Lee, Dudley, and Johansson. This also includes the initial syntheses of transtaganolides C and D, as well as basiliolide B and epi-basiliolide B accomplished by Stoltz in 2011. Lastly, we discuss our racemic synthesis of basililide C and epi-basiliolide C, which utilized an ICR/DA cascade to constuct the oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core and formal [5+2] annulation to form the ketene-acetal containing 7-membered C-ring.

Next, we describe a strategy for an asymmetric ICR/DA cascade, by incorporation of a chiral silane directing group. This allowed for enantioselective construction of the C8 all-carbon quaternary center formed in the Ireland–Claisen rearrangement. Furthermore, a single hydride reduction and subsequent translactonization of a C4 methylester bearing oxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane core demonstrated a viable strategy for the desired skeletal rearrangement to obtain pentacyclic transtaganolides A and B. Application of the asymmetric strategy culminated in the total syntheses of (–)-transtaganolide A, (+)-transtaganolide B, (+)-transtaganolide C, and (–)-transtaganolide D. Comparison of the optical rotation data of the synthetically derived transtaganolides to that from the isolated counterparts has overarching biosynthetic implications which are discussed.

Lastly, improvement to the formal [5+2] annulation strategy is described. Negishi cross-coupling of methoxyethynyl zinc chloride using a palladium Xantphos catalyst is optimized for iodo-cyclohexene. Application of this technology to an iodo-pyrone geranyl ester allowed for formation and isolation of the eneyne product. Hydration of the enenye product forms natural metabolite basiliopyrone. Furthermore, the eneyne product can undergo an ICR/DA cascade and form transtaganolides C and D in a single step from an achiral monocyclic precursor.

General-domain compressible Navier-Stokes solvers exhibiting quasi-unconditional stability and high-order accuracy in space and time

This thesis presents a new class of solvers for the subsonic compressible Navier-Stokes equations in general two- and three-dimensional spatial domains. The proposed methodology incorporates: 1) A novel linear-cost implicit solver based on use of higher-order backward differentiation formulae (BDF) and the alternating direction implicit approach (ADI); 2) A fast explicit solver; 3) Dispersionless spectral spatial discretizations; and 4) A domain decomposition strategy that negotiates the interactions between the implicit and explicit domains. In particular, the implicit methodology is quasi-unconditionally stable (it does not suffer from CFL constraints for adequately resolved flows), and it can deliver orders of time accuracy between two and six in the presence of general boundary conditions. In fact this thesis presents, for the first time in the literature, high-order time-convergence curves for Navier-Stokes solvers based on the ADI strategy---previous ADI solvers for the Navier-Stokes equations have not demonstrated orders of temporal accuracy higher than one. An extended discussion is presented in this thesis which places on a solid theoretical basis the observed quasi-unconditional stability of the methods of orders two through six. The performance of the proposed solvers is favorable. For example, a two-dimensional rough-surface configuration including boundary layer effects at Reynolds number equal to one million and Mach number 0.85 (with a well-resolved boundary layer, run up to a sufficiently long time that single vortices travel the entire spatial extent of the domain, and with spatial mesh sizes near the wall of the order of one hundred-thousandth the length of the domain) was successfully tackled in a relatively short (approximately thirty-hour) single-core run; for such discretizations an explicit solver would require truly prohibitive computing times. As demonstrated via a variety of numerical experiments in two- and three-dimensions, further, the proposed multi-domain parallel implicit-explicit implementations exhibit high-order convergence in space and time, useful stability properties, limited dispersion, and high parallel efficiency.

Gauge Invariant Spectral Cauchy Characteristic Extraction of Gravitational Waves in Computational General Relativity

We present a complete system for Spectral Cauchy characteristic extraction (Spectral CCE). Implemented in C++ within the Spectral Einstein Code (SpEC), the method employs numerous innovative algorithms to efficiently calculate the Bondi strain, news, and flux.

Spectral CCE was envisioned to ensure physically accurate gravitational wave-forms computed for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (LIGO) and similar experiments, while working toward a template bank with more than a thousand waveforms to span the binary black hole (BBH) problem’s seven-dimensional parameter space.

The Bondi strain, news, and flux are physical quantities central to efforts to understand and detect astrophysical gravitational wave sources within the Simulations of eXtreme Spacetime (SXS) collaboration, with the ultimate aim of providing the first strong field probe of the Einstein field equation.

In a series of included papers, we demonstrate stability, convergence, and gauge invariance. We also demonstrate agreement between Spectral CCE and the legacy Pitt null code, while achieving a factor of 200 improvement in computational efficiency.

Spectral CCE represents a significant computational advance. It is the foundation upon which further capability will be built, specifically enabling the complete calculation of junk-free, gauge-free, and physically valid waveform data on the fly within SpEC.

Bassenthwaite Lake: a general assessment of environmental and biological features and their susceptibility to change

Bassenthwaite (Lake) is one of the larger Cumbrian lakes, certainly one of the most distinctive, and of considerable conservation and amenity value. Although its shores lack sizeable settlements, its main inflow receives sewage effluent from a major tourist centre (Keswick) and is subject to episodic floods. These influences, the growing development of leisure activities at the lake (e.g. sailing, time-share units), and recent road-construction, have led to past appraisals of ecological impacts and lake management. The lake has not been the subject of intense and long-term ecological study, but much scattered information exists that is relevant to future management decisions. In the present Report, commissioned by North West Water, such information - published and unpublished - is surveyed. Especial attention is given to evidence bearing on susceptibility to change, affecting the lake environment and its biota or species of conservation interest. Extensive use has been made of the results of a recent (1986-7) seasonal survey by the FBA.

A general assessment of environmental and biological features of Windermere and their susceptibility to change

Bassenthwaite (Lake) is one of the larger Cumbrian lakes, certainly one of the most distinctive, and of considerable conservation and amenity value. Although its shores lack sizeable settlements, its main inflow receives sewage effluent from a major tourist centre (Keswick) and is subject to episodic floods. These influences, the growing development of leisure activities at the lake (e.g. sailing, time-share units), and recent road-construction, have led to past appraisals of ecological impacts and lake management. The lake has not been the subject of intense and long-term ecological study, but much scattered information exists that is relevant to future management decisions. In the present Report, commissioned by North West Water, such information - published and unpublished - is surveyed. Especial attention is given to evidence bearing on susceptibility to change, affecting the lake environment and its biota or species of conservation interest. Extensive use has been made of the results of a recent (1986-7) seasonal survey by the FBA.

E. U. Magisterio de Vitoria-Gasteiz. Plan general Practicum I. Comisión de prácticas, 21 de marzo de 2011

[ES]La adaptación de la Universidad Española al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) ha supuesto un cambio en los estudios universitarios que se advierte en su estructura (títulos de grado de cuatro años,) y que debe manifestarse también en las metodologías utilizadas. En los estudios de Magisterio la nueva ordenación de las enseñanzas ha supuesto la unificación de las anteriores especialidades en dos títulos de grado: Maestro de Educación Infantil y Maestro de Educación Primaria. En estos nuevos títulos las Prácticas de Enseñanza continúan teniendo un importante papel y constituyen un momento privilegiado de integración entre la teoría y la realidad de las aulas. El Practicum es el conjunto de actividades en las que diversas instituciones colaboran con la Escuela Universitaria de Magisterio, a fin de poner al alumnado en contacto con el mundo profesional. Supone la inmersión de los estudiantes en centros educativos con la finalidad de conocerlos directamente, integrar conocimientos teórico-prácticos, y adquirir competencias profesionales en todos los ámbitos de actuación.

Water temperature studies on the R. North Tyne after impoundment by Kielder dam. 1. General introduction and background data

This report describes the general background to the project, defines the stations from which data sets have been obtained and lists the available data. The project had the following aims: To develop a more accurate and less labour-intensive system for the collection and processing of water temperature data from a number of stations within a stream/river system, and to use the River North Tyne downstream of the Kielder impoundment as a test bed for the system. This should yield useful information on the effects of impoundment upon downstream water temperatures.

E. U. Magisterio de Vitoria-Gasteiz. Plan general Practicum II. Comisión de prácticas, 21 de marzo de 2012

[ES]El Módulo de Practicum se organiza en dos materias: Prácticas escolares (38 créditos ECTS), y Trabajo fin de grado (12 créditos ECTS). Las prácticas escolares se realizarán en los dos ciclos de Educación Infantil (0-3, 3-6) y en los tres de Primaria (1ª-2º, 3º-4º, 5º-6º). Al tratarse de un Practicum progresivo, los estudiantes de los grados de Magisterio cursan la materia a lo largo del segundo, tercer y cuarto curso (Practicum I, Practicum II y Practicum III) con contenidos que tienen continuidad y que suponen un nivel de competencia superior respecto el anterior. El Practicum supone para el alumnado una oportunidad de adquirir e integrar las habilidades, los conocimientos, las competencias y la práctica necesarios para el ejercicio de su profesión, así como una ocasión para reflexionar de forma individual y grupal acerca del aprendizaje realizado. El Practicum I pretende que el alumnado establezca un primer contacto como futuros profesionales con un centro escolar, y realice una observación de carácter global, integrando los conocimientos aprendidos en la Escuela de Magisterio, ajustándolos a la diversidad del aula, a la escuela y al entorno social de ésta, y dedicando una especial atención al tratamiento de género. El Practicum II, al que se refiere esta guía, corresponde al tercer curso y se centra en el desarrollo docente de experiencias de enseñanza y aprendizaje con alumnado de la etapa, la implicación en la vida del ciclo y etapa y el ejercicio de la autocrítica y la reflexión en relación al propio desarrollo formativo y profesional. Se pretende que los estudiantes reflexionen de forma crítica sobre su conocimiento práctico inicial puesto en acción en esos contextos y sobre las condiciones que determinan su forma de pensar y actuar. El Practicum III está relacionado con las menciones (minor) y con la participación en proyectos de innovación.

E. U. Magisterio de Vitoria-Gasteiz. Plan general Practicum III. Comisión de prácticas, 4 de julio de 2014

[ES]Las Prácticas Escolares se realizarán en los dos ciclos de Educación Infantil (0-3, 3-6) y en los tres de Educación Primaria (1º-2º, 3º-4º, 5º-6º). Al tratarse de un Prácticum progresivo, cada estudiante cursa la materia a lo largo del segundo, tercer y cuarto curso (Prácticum I, Prácticum II y Prácticum III) con contenidos que tienen continuidad y que suponen un nivel de competencia superior respecto el anterior. Además, el alumnado que en 4º curso se matricule en el minor de Educación Física deberá realizar su periodo de prácticas junto a una maestra o maestro especialista en esta materia, quien tutorizará sus prácticas. El Prácticum supone para el alumnado una oportunidad de adquirir e integrar las habilidades, los conocimientos, las competencias y la práctica necesarios para el ejercicio de su profesión, así como una ocasión para reflexionar de forma individual y grupal acerca del aprendizaje realizado y de la práctica llevada a cabo.