Variación espacio-temporal del fitoplancton frente a Callao, Perú, en 1986

Entre enero y noviembre de 1986, se colectaron un total de 216 muestras de fitoplancton en siete estaciones frente al Callao, Perú y 200 millas náuticas de distancia a la costa en profundidades de 0-50 m. Se determinaron las composiciones especiológicas y las densidades en relación a los factores ambientales.

Spatial and temporal variability of chlorophyll distributions and geostrophic estimates on the Peru shelf at 9°S

Estudio del perfil de la plataforma del Peru a los 9°S. Datos colectados mediante Batfish en zig zag

Geographical and temporal body size variation in a reptile: roles of sex, ecology, phylogeny and ecology structured in phylogeny.

Geographical body size variation has long interested evolutionary biologists, and a range of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the observed patterns. It is considered to be more puzzling in ectotherms than in endotherms, and integrative approaches are necessary for testing non-exclusive alternative mechanisms. Using lacertid lizards as a model, we adopted an integrative approach, testing different hypotheses for both sexes while incorporating temporal, spatial, and phylogenetic autocorrelation at the individual level. We used data on the Spanish Sand Racer species group from a field survey to disentangle different sources of body size variation through environmental and individual genetic data, while accounting for temporal and spatial autocorrelation. A variation partitioning method was applied to separate independent and shared components of ecology and phylogeny, and estimated their significance. Then, we fed-back our models by controlling for relevant independent components. The pattern was consistent with the geographical Bergmann's cline and the experimental temperature-size rule: adults were larger at lower temperatures (and/or higher elevations). This result was confirmed with additional multi-year independent data-set derived from the literature. Variation partitioning showed no sex differences in phylogenetic inertia but showed sex differences in the independent component of ecology; primarily due to growth differences. Interestingly, only after controlling for independent components did primary productivity also emerge as an important predictor explaining size variation in both sexes. This study highlights the importance of integrating individual-based genetic information, relevant ecological parameters, and temporal and spatial autocorrelation in sex-specific models to detect potentially important hidden effects. Our individual-based approach devoted to extract and control for independent components was useful to reveal hidden effects linked with alternative non-exclusive hypothesis, such as those of primary productivity. Also, including measurement date allowed disentangling and controlling for short-term temporal autocorrelation reflecting sex-specific growth plasticity.

Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Temporal variation in the composition of ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) on trees in the Pantanal floodplain, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. In this paper we investigate how seasonal flooding influences the composition of assemblages of ants foraging on trees in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul. During the flood in the Pantanal, a large area is covered by floods that are the main forces that regulate the pattern of diversity in these areas. However, the effects of such natural disturbances in the ant communities are poorly known. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of temporal variation in assemblages of ants foraging on trees in the Pantanal of Miranda. Samples were collected during a year in two adjacent areas, one who suffered flooding during the wet period and another that did not suffer flooding throughout the year. In 10 sites for each evaluated habitat, five pitfall traps were installed at random in trees 25 m apart from each other. In the habitat with flooding, the highest richness was observed during the flooding period, while there was no significant change in richness in the area that does not suffer flooding. The diversity of species between the two evaluated habitats varied significantly during the two seasons. Most ants sampled belong to species that forage and nest in soil. This suggests that during the flood in flooded habitats, ants that did not migrate to higher areas without flooding adopt the strategy to search for resources in the tree canopy.

Temporal Geobiotic Mapping: a conceptual mapping technique toward visualising geobiotic areas in cross-section

Geobiota are defined by taxic assemblages (i.e., biota) and their defining abiotic breaks, which are mapped in cross-section to reveal past and future biotic boundaries. We term this conceptual approach Temporal Geobiotic Mapping (TGM) and offer it as a conceptual approach for biogeography. TGM is based on geological cross-sectioning, which creates maps based on the distribution of biota and known abiotic factors that drive their distribution, such as climate, topography, soil chemistry and underlying geology. However, the availability of abiotic data is limited for many areas. Unlike other approaches, TGM can be used when there is minimal data available. In order to demonstrate TGM, we use the well-known area in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales (NSW), south-eastern Australia and show how surface processes such as weathering and erosion affect the future distribution of a Moist Basalt Forest taxic assemblage. Biotic areas are best represented visually as maps, which can show transgressions and regressions of biota and abiota over time. Using such maps, a biogeographer can directly compare animal and plant distributions with features in the abiotic environment and may identify significant geographical barriers or pathways that explain biotic distributions.

The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants

The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants. The occurrence and spatio-temporal distribution of brown lacewing species (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) in Bursa province, northwestern Turkey, was investigated during 1999-2011. A total of 852 brown lacewing specimens of 20 species, including the genera of Hemerobius, Megalomus, Micromus, Sympherobius, and Wesmaelius were collected. Of these, 12 species were new records for northwestern Turkey while Sympherobius klapaleki is a new record for the Neuroptera fauna of Turkey. The most widespread species were Hemerobius handschini and Sympherobius pygmaeus with percent dominance values of 42.00 and 15.96%, respectively. Wesmaelius subnebulosus was the earliest emerging hemerobiid species and had the longest flight activity lasting from March to October. The species of southern origin characterized by the Mediterranean elements constituted 55% of the hemerobiid fauna and prevailed over the species of northern origin that belong to the Siberian centres. The total number of hemerobiid species reached a peak in July with captures of 15 species per month. There were 11, 13, 18 and 5 hemerobiid species occurring at altitudes between 1-500, 501-1000, 1001-1500 and 1500-2000 m, respectively. In addition, plant species harbouring hemerobiids are given for each species, and their association with the hemerobiid fauna is discussed.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of drosophilid larval assemblages associated to fruits

The study of organisms and their resources is critical to further understanding population dynamics in space and time. Although drosophilids have been widely used as biological models, their relationship with breeding and feeding sites has received little attention. Here, we investigate drosophilids breeding in fruits in the Brazilian Savanna, in two contrasting vegetation types, throughout 16 months. Specifically, larval assemblages were compared between savannas and forests, as well as between rainy and dry seasons. The relationships between resource availability and drosophilid abundance and richness were also tested. The community (4,022 drosophilids of 23 species and 2,496 fruits of 57 plant taxa) varied widely in space and time. Drosophilid assemblages experienced a strong bottleneck during the dry season, decreasing to only 0.5% of the abundance of the rainy season. Additionally, savannas displayed lower richness and higher abundance than the forests, and were dominated by exotic species. Both differences in larval assemblages throughout the year and between savannas and gallery forests are consistent with those previously seen in adults. Although the causes of this dynamic are clearly multifactorial, resource availability (richness and abundance of rotten fruits) was a good predictor of the fly assemblage structure.

Influencia de los factores psicosociales y el estrés en el trabajo sobre la duración de la incapacidad temporal por lesiones de accidente de trabajo: Estudio de cohorte prospectiva

Introducción y objetivo: La exposición a factores psicosociales y al estrés laboral se asocia con la duración de los procesos de incapacidad temporal (IT) en general. Sin embargo, dicha evidencia es escasa para el caso específico de los procesos de IT por lesión de accidente de trabajo (LAT), especialmente en nuestro entorno. En este estudio examinamos la influencia de los factores psicosociales y el estrés laboral sobre la duración de la IT por LAT en una cohorte prospectiva de trabajadores

Duración de la incapacidad temporal tras intervención quirúrgica del ligamento cruzado anterior de la rodilla. Análisis de dos técnicas quirúrgicas.

Se estima que en España la incidencia de la lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior (L.C.A) es de 4 casos por cada 10.000 habitantes/año. Su reconstrucción quirúrgica incluye habitualmente la utilización de autoinjertos (con tejido tendinoso propio del paciente). Los dos más frecuentes son de tendón rotuliano y de tendones isquiotibiales.La lesión del L.C.A y su intervención quirúrgica hace tributario al trabajador de una incapacidad temporal (IT). No existe consenso en cuanto a la elección entre los dos injertos en la cirugía de L.C.A ni se conoce su impacto en la duración de la IT.El objetivo principal de este trabajo es describir la duración de la incapacidad temporal en función de la técnica quirúrgica de autoinjertos utilizada en la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior.Se trata de cohorte retrospectiva de 151 trabajadores que han sido tributarios de una IT por plastia de ligamento cruzado anterior de la rodilla, utilizando autoinjertos. El ámbito de estudio es una mutua de accidentes de trabajo y enfermedades profesionales de la Seguridad Social (Mutual Midat Cyclops - MC MUTUAL). Los trabajadores han sido intervenidos quirúrgicamente en la Clínica MC-Copérnico de Barcelona, por una de las técnicas (T. rotuliano o T. Isquiotibiales).Para la técnica del Tendón Rotuliano se obtuvo una muestra de 68 trabajadores intervenidos quirúrgicamente, con una DM de 121 días, y para la técnica de los Tendones Isquiotibiales se recogió una muestra de 83 intervenciones quirúrgicas, con una DM de 113. La DM total fue de 117 días de IT.El análisis de los datos no arrojó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el tiempo de retorno al trabajo entre los trabajadores intervenidos por las técnicas quirúrgicas señaladas.

Variabilidad temporal de baja frecuencia en el ecosistema de la Corriente Humboldt frente a Perú

La variabilidad temporal de baja frecuencia en Ecosistema de la Corriente Humboldt (ECH) frente a Perú se caracteriza por cambios abruptos en la dominancia de anchoveta y sardinas, así como por drásticas disminuciones en los desembarques de anchoveta durante la fase calidad del ciclo El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) (e.g. 1972-73 y 1982 – 1983). Sumado a esta características, estudios recientes sugieren que existen señales de largo plazo en el ECH frente a Perú (e. G. Tendencia decreciente de la abundancia de aves guaneras y volúmenes de mesozooplancton). Sin embargo, respuestas biológicas a tales señales físicas de largo plazo son crípticas o poco conocidas. En este estudio se analiza por una parte la variabilidad internual en las variables físicas y biológicas asociadas con El Niño. Esta señal se expresó en el Índice de oscilación Peruano (IOP), basado en las temperaturas superficiales del mar (TSM), en la variabilidad del viento del área EL NIÑO 3,4 y en el Índice de Oscilación del Sur (IOS), basado en la presión superficial del mar.

Estabilidade temporal da distribuição espacial da umidade do solo em área irrigada por pivô central

A heterogeneidade do solo faz com que o armazenamento de água seja variável, sendo necessária uma amostragem intensa, para caracterizar a sua distribuição espacial em uma área irrigada. Para fins de manejo da irrigação, é importante o monitoramento da umidade do solo durante o processo de secagem entre duas irrigações sucessivas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos avaliar a estabilidade temporal da distribuição espacial da umidade do solo, a correlação da umidade com conteúdo de argila e avaliar se há estrutura de dependência espacial dessas variáveis. Quanto mais estável for a distribuição espacial da umidade e mais estreita a correlação com a textura, menos intensas poderão ser as amostragens para fins de controle das irrigações. Em área irrigada por pivô central, no campus da ESALQ/USP, de solo Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro, a umidade foi medida em pontos espaçados de 2,83 m ao longo de uma transeção radial, nas profundidades de 0,15 e 0,30 m, por meio de uma sonda de nêutrons. O conteúdo de argila e a densidade global foram também medidos. As medidas foram feitas durante um período de secagem do solo. A estabilidade temporal das distribuições espaciais foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação e da técnica de diferenças relativas. Foi constatada a persistência no tempo das distribuições de umidade, sendo possível identificar pontos de amostragem cujos valores permitem estimar a média geral da umidade na área, a qualquer momento. A dependência espacial da umidade foi avaliada por meio de semivariogramas, os quais mostraram que mais de 50% da variação dos dados pode ser atribuída à variação estruturada no espaço, cujo padrão se mantém estável no tempo e varia com a profundidade. Na camada inferior, a correlação espacial entre umidade e conteúdo de argila é descrita por semivariograma cruzado com efeito pepita nulo. A estrutura de dependência espacial pode ser usada no mapeamento da umidade do solo.

Dinámica espacio temporal en la ecología trófica de la anchoveta (Engraulis ringens Jenyns, 1842; pisces: engraulide) en el mar peruano

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar las variaciones ontogénicas, espaciales y nictemerales en la dieta de la anchoveta peruana (Engraulis ringens). El trabajo se basa en el análisis de contenido estomacal de 13 430 anchovetas (peces de 4 a 19,5 cm) muestreados durante 22 cruceros de investigación realizados a bordo de las embarcaciones científicas del Instituto del Mar del Perú durante el período 1996-2003. Previo a los análisis estadísticos la contribución de cada grupo de presa fue convertido a carbonó. Los datos fueron procesados por medio de estadística uni y multivariada en función de la talla de la anchoveta, la latitud, la distancia de la costa, la distancia del borde de la plataforma continental y el período nictemeral. Los resultados enseñan que la anchoveta se alimenta mayormente de zooplancton cualquier sea su tamaño o su distribución espaciotemporal. La anchoveta cambio gradualmente su dieta a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. Así, los individuos mas pequeños han ingerido mayormente copépodos calanoideos (68.0%) y eufausidos (23.3%), mientras que los individuos mas grandes ingirieron mayormente eufausidos (84.9%) y copépodos calanoideos (11.5%). Latitudinalmente, la mayor contribución de los copépodos calanoideos se observó en las zonas de afloramiento de Chicama y San Juan, con el 52.3% y 47.5%, respectivamente. Hasta los 160 km de distancia de la costa, no se ha observado un patrón regular en la contribución de las principales presas, mientras que por fuera, se insinúa un patrón caracterizado por el predominio de los eufausidos (>84%) y la menor contribución de copépodos calanoideos (<14,1%). En la plataforma continental los eufausidos contribuyeron con el 55.6% y los copépodos calanoideos con el 36.9%; mientras que por fuera de esa zona, los eufausidos se incrementaron al 75.3% y los copépodos calanoideos disminuyeron al 20.1%. Al considerar el período nictemeral, el ítem presa predominante durante el día fueron los eufausidos (52.7%) seguido de los copépodos calanoideos (40.9%); mientras que durante la noche, los eufausidos se incrementaron al 80.2% y los copépodos calanoideos disminuyeron al 15.7%. Estos resultados contradicen lo que se conocía acerca de la variabilidad de la dieta de la anchoveta, desestimándose: (i) que en el norte es fitoplanctívora y en el sur es zooplanctívora; (ii) que la fracción zooplanctónica es mayor en la zona oceánica. Asimismo, se ha demostrado que: (i) la anchoveta es principalmente zooplanctófaga durante su ciclo de vida, con modificaciones que corresponden a la mayor ingesta de presas pequeñas cuando son juveniles y de presas grandes cuando son adultas, (ii) en la zona de influencia de la plataforma continental consume aproximadamente el doble de copépodos calanoideos que en la zona oceánica, y aproximadamente una tercera parte menos de eufausidos en la zona interna que en la zona oceánica, y (iii) durante la noche y el día ingiere principalmente eufausidos pero la contribución de los copépodos calanoideos sube al 40%.

Disponibilidade de fósforo em seis solos do Uruguai afetada pela variação temporal das condições de oxirredução

Os processos de oxirredução influem na reatividade dos óxidos de ferro no solo, o que pode afetar a disponibilidade do fósforo. Com o objetivo de avaliar como estes processos interferem na disponibilidade do fósforo, realizou-se um estudo com seis solos do Uruguai sujeitos a variações temporais nas condições de oxirredução. Amostras do horizonte A desses solos, com diferente material de origem e que ocupam posição topográfica plana e encostas baixas da paisagem, foram colocadas sob condições de alagamento por 5, 15 e 45 dias. Decorridos estes períodos de tempo, os materiais de solo foram secos durante um período de 21 dias e amostrados para análises químicas. As formas de ferro de baixa cristalinidade, extraídas pelo oxalato de amônio a pH 6 (Fe6), aumentaram com o alagamento dos solos e, após a secagem, decresceram, mas ficaram, entretanto, acima dos teores iniciais. Encontrou-se uma relação significativa entre o conteúdo de carbono orgânico dos solos e a proporção de formas de ferro de baixa cristalinidade, antes e depois dos diferentes períodos de alagamento. Os teores de fósforo disponível extraídos por Bray-1 aumentaram com o alagamento e, com exceção do solo Algorta, após a secagem dos solos, diminuíram para valores similares aos iniciais. O alagamento do solo e a posterior secagem determinaram o aumento das frações de ferro de maior reatividade, acarretando a adsorção de fósforo, evidenciado pelos menores teores de fósforo remanescentes na solução. Houve tendência muito definida de diminuição do fósforo na solução dos solos com o aumento dos teores de ferro em formas de alta reatividade química (Fe6). Estes resultados indicam que, após ciclos de alagamento-secagem do solo, a adsorção do fósforo aumenta pela reação com compostos de ferro recentemente precipitados, o que resulta em menor disponibilidade do fósforo para as plantas.

Neuropsychological outcome after extra-temporal epilepsy surgery.

BACKGROUND: The neuropsychological results of temporal lobe epilepsy surgery are well reported in the literature. The aim of this study was to analyse the neuropsychological outcome in a consecutive series of patients with extra-temporal epilepsy. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed the data of patients operated between 1996 and 2008 for extra-temporal epilepsy. Standard neuropsychological tests were applied. We assessed the neuropsychological outcome after surgery and the correlation of the neuropsychological outcome with (1) side and localisation of surgery, (2) Engel scale for seizure outcome and (3) timing of surgery. FINDINGS: Patients had a better neuropsychological outcome when undergoing non-frontal resection [χ2 (2) =6.66, p = 0.036]. Subjects who had undergone left or right resection showed no difference in outcome [χ2 (2) =0.533, p = 0.766]. The correlation between the Engel scale for seizure re-occurence and the neuropsychological scores showed only a tendency for better outcome (Spearman ρ = -0.437; p = 0.069). The global measure of change did not correlate significantly with delay of surgery (Spearman ρ = -0.163; p = 0.518). CONCLUSIONS: Resective epilepsy surgery improves neuropsychological status outcome in patients with extra-temporal epilepsy even if the patient did not become seizure free. The outcome is better for non-frontal localisation.

Ecological temporal stability of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage.

We described the colonization dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus in a group of 266 healthy carriers over a period of approximately 1 year. We used precise genotyping methods, i.e., amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), spa typing, and double-locus sequence typing (DLST), to detect changes in strain identity. Strain change took place rather rarely: out of 89 carriers who had initially been colonized, only 7 acquired a strain different from the original one. Approximately one-third of the carriers eliminated the colonization, and a similar number became newly colonized. Some of these events probably represent detection failure rather than genuine colonization loss or acquisition. Lower bacterial counts were associated with increased probability of eliminating the colonization. We have confirmed a high mutation rate in the spa locus: 6 out of 53 strains underwent mutation in the spa locus. There was no overall change in S. aureus genotype composition.