Invisible work, unseen hazards: the health of women immigrant household service workers in Spain

BACKGROUND: Household service work has been largely absent from occupational health studies. We examine the occupational hazards and health effects identified by immigrant women household service workers. METHODS: Exploratory, descriptive study of 46 documented and undocumented immigrant women in household services in Spain, using a phenomenological approach. Data were collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews. Data were separated for analysis by documentation status and sorted using a mixed-generation process. In a second phase of analysis, data on psychosocial hazards were organized using the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire as a guide. RESULTS: Informants reported a number of environmental, ergonomic and psychosocial hazards and corresponding health effects. Psychosocial hazards were especially strongly present in data. Data on reported hazards were similar by documentation status and varied by several emerging categories: whether participants were primarily cleaners or carers and whether they lived in or outside of the homes of their employers. Documentation status was relevant in terms of empowerment and bargaining, but did not appear to influence work tasks or exposure to hazards directly. CONCLUSIONS: Female immigrant household service workers are exposed to a variety of health hazards that could be acted upon by improved legislation, enforcement, and preventive workplace measures, which are discussed.

The invisible hand... of the Kremlin. Capitalism 'a la russe'. OSW Point of View, February 2007

This study describes the two main economic processes observed in Russia during President Vladimir Putin's second term; renationalisation, and the concentration of economic assets. As a result of these processes, the share of state-owned property has increased and the position of the state in the economy has strengthened. According to the authorities, the wide-range renationalisation of the assets and the construction of superholdings based on the state enterprises are intended to boost Russia's potential and stimulate the development of the whole economy. However, in practice the current ruling elite are using these superholdings to strengthen Russia's position on the international arena and to promote their vested interests.

Concepto positivo del delito,

Mode of access: Internet.

La plaque photographique. Propriétés - Le visible - L'invisible.

Mode of access: Internet.

The invisible encounter.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Ku Klux Klan : or Invisible empire /

Mode of access: Internet.

The invisible man.

Mode of access: Internet.

The court of Queen Mab: containing a select collection of only the best, most instructive, and entertaining tales of the fairies: viz. 1. Graciosa and Percinet. 2. The fair one with golden locks. 3. The blue bird. 4. The invisible prince. 5. The princess Vereneta. 6. The princess Rosetta. 7. The golden bough. 8. The orange tree and the bee. 9. The little good mouse.

Mode of access: Internet.

Anatomia de todo lo visible e invisible : compendio universal de ambos mundos : viaje fantastico... : noticia de los movimientos, y naturaleza de los cuerpos terrestres, y celestiales, y ciencia de los influxos de los eclipses de sol, y luna, hasta el fin del mundo... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Discurso sobre la naturaleza del delito moral y del delito legal : leido en la Universidad Literaria de esta Corte en el acto solemne de recibir la investidura de Doctor en la misma Facultad /

Tesis, Univ. Literaria de Madrid, 1852.

Discurso sobre la esposición razonada de la naturaleza del delito moral y legal : Discurso leído en la Universidad Central /

Tesis de la Universidad Central (Madrid), Facultad de Derecho, leída el 28-05-1855.

Tratado de procedimientos militares por delito de deserción /

Mode of access: Internet.

The light invisible /

Mode of access: Internet.