Osteoprotegerin Expression in the Dental Pulp

Objectives: The inflammatory response to pulpal injury or infection has major clinical significance. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a soluble decoy receptor for Receptor Activator of NF kappa B Ligand (RANKL), preventing ligand binding to its receptor (RANK), thus inhibiting clastic cell formation. The aim of the study is to investigate the expression of OPG in human dental pulp and the effects of inflammatory mediators. This study will specifically investigate the effects of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-β1) and Interleukin 1-Beta (IL-1β) on the expression of OPG on pulp fibroblasts in vitro. Method: Five primary pulp fibroblast populations were obtained by explant culture of healthy pulp tissue. Triplicate cultures were grown to confluence in 12-well plates and stimulated for 48 hours with IL-1β (10ng/ml) or TGF-β1 (10ng/ml). The conditioned media was collected and OPG levels detected by ELISA (R+D Systems, UK). Results: All fibroblast populations produced quantifiable levels of OPG in a time-dependant fashion. IL-1β significantly increased the expression of OPG (p<0.05) in all cultures. In contrast, TGF-β1 had no significant effect on OPG expression levels. In addition, previous work in our laboratory demonstrated both TGF-β1 and IL-1β stimulated OPG expression by periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Conclusion: These data indicate that IL-1β-regulated expression of OPG by pulpal fibroblasts may mediate hard tissue turnover in the inflamed dental pulp.

Modelling the nonlinear behaviour and fracture process of AS4/PEKK thermoplastic composite under shear loading

The accurate determination of non-linear shear behaviour and fracture toughness of continuous carbon-fibre/polymer composites remains a considerable challenge. These measurements are often necessary to generate material parameters for advanced computational damage models. In particular, there is a dearth of detailed shear fracture toughness characterisation for thermoplastic composites which are increasingly generating renewed interest within the aerospace and automotive sectors. In this work, carbon fibre (AS4)/ thermoplastic Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) composite V-notched cross-ply specimens were manufactured to investigate their non-linear response under pure shear loading. Both monotonic and cyclic loading were applied to study the shear modulus degradation and progressive failure. For the first time in the reported literature, we use the essential work of fracture approach to measure the shear fracture toughness of continuous fibre reinforced composite laminates. Excellent geometric similarity in the load-displacement curves was observed for ligament-scaled specimens. The laminate fracture toughness was determined by linear regression, of the specific work of fracture values, to zero ligament thickness, and verified with computational models. The matrix intralaminar fracture toughness (ply level fracture toughness), associated with shear loading was determined by the area method. This paper also details the numerical implementation of a new three-dimensional phenomenological model for carbon fibre thermoplastic composites using the measured values, which is able to accurately represent the full non-linear mechanical response and fracture process. The constitutive model includes a new non-linear shear profile, shear modulus degradation and load reversal. It is combined with a smeared crack model for representing ply-level damage initiation and propagation. The model is shown to accurately predict the constitutive response in terms of permanent plastic strain, degraded modulus as well as load reversal. Predictions are also shown to compare favourably with the evolution of damage leading to final fracture.

A Rare Abdomino-Pelvic Tumor: Paraganglioma

Paragangliomas are rare tumors, with a reported incidence of 2–8 per million. They are chromaffin cell tumors that develop from the neural crest cells and may be divided in tumors derived from the parasympathetic or sympathetic ganglia. We report a case a of a 32-year-old nulliparous woman, referred to our Infertility Clinic. Abdomino-pelvic ultrasound identified a large abdominopelvic tumor, without ovarian origin (both ovaries were identified and had normal morphology). Magnetic Resonance Imaging suggested a right adnexal multicystic, vascularized mass close to iliac vessels and questioning an ovarian origin. At exploratory laparotomy, a 10 cm encapsulated and vascularized mass was found beginning just below right renal artery and extending to the level of the broad ligament. This mass was totally excised and histopathology was consistent with Paraganglioma.

Microvascularização arterial da cóclea

RESUMO: Na descrição deste estudo foi utilizada a terminologia anatómica da Sociedade Brasileira de Anatomia adaptada ao português por J. A. Esperança-Pina de acordo com o tratado Anatomia Humana da Relação. Os actuais estudos sobre hipoacusia sensorioneural implicam um grupo crescente de situações, em que a lesão se situa ao nível da microvascularização coclear, daí que o conhecimento exacto da angiomorfologia normal se torne essencial na fase actual do conhecimento. A autora tem vindo a estudar, desde 1986, a angiomorfologia do ouvido Interno no modelo experimental, o Cobaio, utilizando várias técnicas microvasculares. sendo dado enfâse particular neste estudo à técnica de microscopia electrónica de varrimento em moldes vasculares. Os animais usados no presente estudo pertencem à espécie cavia porcellus, cobaio, por serem considerados na comunidade cientifica internacional como o melhor modelo experimental para estudo do ouvido interno, pelo facto de a morfologia coclear ser muito semelhante à do Homem e por isso ser um modelo fiável para cirurgia experimental e microdissecção. Este estudo foi realizado em 100 cobaios, cavia porcellus, de ambos os sexos com peso médio de 450g. A vascularização do ouvido interno, no cobaio como no homem, faz-se através dos ramos de divisão da artéria auditiva interna ou labiríntica. A artéria labiríntica origina-se como ramo colateral da artéria cerebelosa ântero-inferior a qual tem origem na artéria basilar ou na artéria vertebral. Embora no homem a artéria auditiva interna possa também destacar-se da artéria basilar e até da artéria vertebral, no cobaio em todos os casos estudados a sua origem verificou-se sempre na artéria cerebelosa ântero-inferior. A artéria labiríntica, ao passar abaixo do meato auditivo interno, divide-se na artéria vestibular anterior e na artéria coclear comum.A artéria vestibular anterior dirige-se para o nervo vestibular, emite vasa nervorum para este nervo e vasculariza o utrículo e os canais semicirculares. A artéria coclear comum origina dois ramos principais, a artéria vestíbulo‑coclear ou vestibular posterior no cobaio, a qual se destaca junto à espira basal da cóclea e a artéria coclear, como ramo terminal, que passa a denominar-se de artéria modiolar ou espiralada, após entrar no modíolo. A artéria modiolar ascende no modíolo promovendo através dos seus ramos colaterais e dos seus ramos terminais a microvascularização coclear, numa vascularização de órgão de tipo terminal. Ao longo do seu trajecto verificou‑se de modo constante uma redução gradual de calibre em cada uma das espiras, por emissão de ramos colaterais, sendo que o calibre da artéria na base da cóclea apresenta um valor que diminui gradualmente até ao ápice. A artéria modiolar origina em todo o seu trajecto ramos colaterais, cujo número diminui em valor absoluto da base para o ápice: Arteríolas radiárias internas, arteríolas de trajecto flexuoso que caminham junto às estruturas sensorioneurais da parede interna da cóclea, junto ao lábio timpânico da lâmina espiral óssea e na parede do próprio modíolo, que se relacionam intimamente com este. As arteríolas radiárias internas originam‑se no flanco da artéria modiolar espiralada. Contam‑se dez a doze em cada espira, extraordinariamente flexuosas desde a sua origem. As arteríolas radiárias internas originam como ramos colaterais, vários grupos de arteríolas de menor calibre, que vascularizam distintas regiões da parede interna da cóclea, as arteríolas do gânglio espiral, a rede espiral interna, as arteríolas de origem dos glomérulos de Schwalbe e a arteríola da lâmina basilar. As arteríolas radiárias externas importantes ramos colaterais da artéria modiolar espiralada promovem a vascularização de importantes estruturas da parede externa. Ao atingir o limite externo do ligamento espiral, as arteríolas radiárias externas dividem‑se em vários ramos arteriolares de menor calibre, ao longo da convexidade do limite externo do ligamento espiral, originando a rede capilar pós-estriada que ocupa a porção lateral do ligamento espiral e a rede capilar ad‑ -estriada, na sua porção mais medial em íntima relação com a estria vascular. A espira basal da cóclea apresenta grande riqueza de vascularização, com características particulares apenas a esta espira, a qual é metabolicamente a mais exigente. A arteríola da janela da cóclea aborda a janela da cóclea pela sua convexidade e divide-se numa rica rede vascular da qual emergem arteríolas pré-capilares que se ramificam em capilares, os quais se dirigem em profundidade penetrando a rampa timpânica da cóclea ao nível da espira basal. Importou neste estudo verificar quais as semelhanças em termos de calibre de estruturas análogas, na parede interna e na parede externa da cóclea, com particular incidência na rede capilar. Do estudo estatístico realizado com testes paramétricos de Tamahane e não paramétricos de Mann-Whitney, verifica-se que comparando todas as estruturas consideradas estas têm calibres diferentes, com excepção dos capilares da estria vascular e do ligamento espiral, pertencentes à parede externa da cóclea que têm calibres iguais aos capilares da rede espiral interna e aos capilares da parede interna da cóclea, dependentes das arteríolas da rede espiral interna. As redes capilares dependentes das arteríolas radiárias internas que vascularizam as estruturas sensorioneurais junto á parede interna do modiolo são em tudo semelhantes em termos de calibre às redes capilares da parede externa da cóclea, incluindo os capilares da estria vascular. Esta particularidade traduz num órgão com vascularização de tipo terminal,um mecanismo de controlo do fluxo sanguíneo coclear tão importante na parede interna como na parede externa da cóclea. ------------ ABSTRACT:Current studies on sensorineural hearing loss, imply a growing group of situations in which the lesion is located at the level of the cochlear microvasculature, hence the exact knowledge of normal angiomorfology becomes essential in current state of knowledge. The author has been studying since 1986, the angiomorfology of inner on the experimental model, the guinea pig, using various microvascular techniques being given particular emphasis in this study to the results of the technique of scanning electron microscopy on corrosion casts. The animals used in this study belong to the species cavia porcellus, guinea pig, to be considered in the international scientific community as the best experimental model for the study of the inner ear, the cochlear morphology is very similar to human and therefore a reliable model for experimental surgery and microdissection. This study was performed in 100 guinea pigs of both sexes with average weight of 450g. There shall be a brief description of embryology, anatomy and cochlear physiology in the light of developmental biology, regarding also the spatial location of the cochlea and the determinism of morphogenetic fields in their development and function. The cochlear transduction mechanism converts the sound wave in stimuli sound and so afferent auditory nerve fibres and deafness are closely related to the cochlear microvasculature. Cochlear ischemia is accompanied by immediate hearing loss. The different type of cochlear injury that leads to sensorineural deafness is well studied in presbycusis where an objective link with the audiometric pattern as been established. The sensory type of deafness, is closely related to the degeneracy of the organ of Corti and damage to the outer hair cells at the basal turn of the cochlea. Keeping in mind cochlear tonotopy with location of high frequency sounds at the level of the base of the cochlea, it explains the audiometric pattern with loss in high frequencies. The neural type of deafness, is characterized by neuronal loss with loss of descendant important neuronal afferents, with audiometric translation on a gradually curve with important loss of auditory discrimination. The metabolic type of deafness results in atrophy of the vascular stria, with consequent change in the potential of the endolymph by decreasing the vascular stria cells and changes in K + recycling mechanism. There is also a change in the morphology of the spiral ligament and the audiometric patern as a flattened curve with loss at all frequencies. Bearing in mind cochlear tonotopy and being characterized all types of sensorineural deafness, we may inquire to what extent the cochlear microvasculature, considering not only the cochlea as a whole but different regions of the inner wall and the outer wall of the cochlea, contributes to deafness. We analysed the entire cochlear morphology on scanning electron microscopy with particular emphasis on bone and membranous cochlea. The inner wall of the cochlea and intramodiolar structures such as the spiral ganglion, the morphology of its cell bodies and their axons are analyzed. The morphology of Corti’s organ is described in detail, with description and large detail of the inner and outer hair cells. Is then presented the study of the microvasculature itself. The spiral modiolar artery is observed with the diaphanization technique and the technique of scanning electron microscopy on corrosion vascular casts. After emergence of collateral branches of the greatest importance, the radiating internal and external arterioles, the modiolar artery gives rise to its terminal branches, the arterioles of the cochear apex. Arterial vasa vasorum and vasa nervorum are displayed with a great detail, which was not yet described in such detail in previous microvascular studies. The arterial radiating arterioles originate in the flank of the spiral modiolar artery in number of ten to twelve in each loop, and they vascularize through their branches the inner wall cochlear sensorineural structures located in the modiolus as the spiral ganglion and structures near the organ of Corti. Their caliber is above 20 μm on the basal turn and in the second loop it decreases to values between 12 and 20 μm, decreasing progressively to the apex of the cochlea.They arise near the modiolus or on their way in the spiral lamina forming vascular loops, and divide without presenting vascular constrictions in their divisions, originating new vascular loops of lower caliber. Internal ratiating arterioles originate as collateral branches several groups of smaller caliber arterioles, which vascularize distinct regions of the inner wall of the cochlea namely, the arterioles of the spiral ganglion, the internal spiral network, the arterioles of origin of the glomeruli of Schwalbe and the arterioles of the basilar membrane. The glomeruli of Schwalbe play an important functional role as relay-stations, in hemodynamic terms, to control the cochlear microvasculature. External radiating arterioles have their origin in the spiral modiolar artery, they are directed towards the outer wall of the cochlea and run through the roof of the scala vestibuli. Above the insertion of Reissner’s membrane on the external wall the external radiating arterioles originate the spiral ligament arterioles, which vascularize the spiral ligament, they divide into several arteriolar branches of smaller caliber, along the convexity of the outer edge of the spiral ligament. The connective tissue of the spiral ligament forms a mesh with supporting function of the highly specialized epithelium, where pericytes were identifiable. Next to its base there is the microvascular network of stria vascularis. The adstriated vascular network which is divided into a capillary network, the capillary network of stria vascularis. The stria vascularis, the only vascularized epithelium of the human body, plays an important role, forming an haemato-labyrintine barrier to assure labyrinthine endocochlear potential and transport of ions, essential for the mechanism of transduction of external hair cells. The cochlear basal turn has a special feature on its external wall, the region of the windows, the round windows giving access to scala tympani and the oval window thatleads into scala vestibuli, and so it is metabolic demanding. For their role in cochlear tonotopy the sensorineural structures and those of the external wall of the cochlea, are particularly vulnerable to hypoxia. Although the complementarity of all the techniques was important for three- -dimensional reconstruction of the microvasculature of the cochlea, the scanning electron microscopy technique, especially when we used the system Semafore was fundamental to perform precise morphometric mesures regarding all vascular structures.Regarding the capillaries of the inner and outer wall of the cochlea networks this technique allowed their characterization in morphometric terms. To conclude the capillaries of the inner wall and of the external wall of the cochlea have similar size. So although located at different cochlear regions, with a different functional role, in cochlear physiology these networks consist of capillaries of similar caliber. It seems to translate a cochlear blood flow control mechanism that is so important in the inner wall as in and the external wall of the cochlea to provide for in inner ear homeosthasia.

Teaching clinical anatomy of the female pelvic floor to undergraduate students: A critical review of nevralgic points

Pelvic floor anatomy is complex and its three-dimensional organization is often difficult to understand for both undergrad- uate and postgraduate students. Here, we focused on several critical points that need to be considered when teaching the perineum. We have to deal with a mixed population of students and with a variety of interest. Yet, a perfect knowledge of the pelvic floor is the basis for any gynecologist and for any surgical intervention. Our objectives are several-fold; i) to estab- lish the objectives and the best way of teaching, ii) to identify and localize areas in the female pelvic floor that are suscepti- ble to generate problems in understanding the three-dimensional organization, iii) to create novel approaches by respecting the anatomical surroundings, and iv) prospectively, to identify elements that may create problems during surgery i.e. to have a closer look at nerve trajectories and on compression sites that may cause neuralgia or postoperative pain. A feedback from students concludes that they have difficulties to assimilate this much information, especially the different imaging tech- niques. Eventually, this will lead to a severe selection of what has to be taught and included in lectures or practicals. Another consequence is that more time to study prosected pelves needs to be given.

Dérivation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites autologues à partir du clonage somatique équin

Le recours aux cellules souches pour améliorer la réparation et guérison des blessures et maladies musculosquelettiques chez le cheval est de plus en plus fréquent. Les développements récents dans la reprogrammation cellulaire ont permis le développement de nouvelles sources de cellules souches pour ces thérapies régénératives. Des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) autologues peuvent être dérivées de cellules adultes par la reprogrammation directe à travers l'expression induite des gènes de pluripotence. Le clonage par transfert nucléaire (SCNT) suivi de la dérivation de cellules souches embryonnaires (ES) permet la reprogrammation indirecte des cellules adultes. Cependant, l’efficacité de ces deux méthodes pour la dérivation de cellules pluripotentes génétiquement stables est faible. Nous avons donc combiné les techniques SCNT et iPS dans le but de développer un protocole efficace de dérivation de cellules iPS autologues à partir de fibroblastes de la peau équine. Quatre facteurs de reprogrammation ont été introduits dans les cellules fibroblastes de fœtus clonés (ntFF) ainsi que les cellules ES provenant d’embryons clonés (ntES) pour induire leur reprogrammation en cellules iPS autologues. Les cellules ntFF-iPS et ntES-iPS ont des capacités prolifératives avancées et expriment des marqueurs de pluripotence importants. Par contre, les cellules ntES ont une efficacité de reprogrammation significativement supérieure aux cellules nt-FF et forment des colonies trois fois plus rapidement. Contrairement aux cellules ntES, les cellules ntES-iPS démontrent une augmentation de l’expression des marqueurs de pluripotence et survivent à la culture cellulaire prolongée. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire attestent que l’utilisation de la reprogrammation secondaire de cellules FF et ES clonées permet la production de cellules souches pluripotentes autologues stables chez le cheval.

Subluxation de la tête radiale suite au malalignement du cubitus proximal : une étude biomécanique

Le cubitus proximal détient une courbe sagittale unique pour chaque individu, nommée « Proximal Ulna Dorsal Angulation (PUDA) ». Une reconstruction non-anatomique du cubitus proximal, suite à une fracture complexe peut engendrer une malunion, de l’arthrose et de l’instabilité. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer la magnitude de malalignement au niveau de l’angulation proximale dorsale du cubitus qui causerait un malalignement radio-capitellaire, avec et sans un ligament annulaire intact. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une étude biomécanique fut conduite sur six spécimens frais congelés avec un simulateur de mouvement du coude. Des fractures simulées au niveau du PUDA, furent stabilisées avec une fixation interne dans cinq configurations différentes. Des images fluoroscopiques furent prises dans différentes positions du coude et de l’avant-bras, avec le ligament annulaire intact, puis relâché. Le déplacement de la tête radiale fut quantifié avec le ratio radio-capitellaire. Une interaction significative fut découverte entre les positions du coude, les angles de malalignement et l’intégrité du ligament annulaire. La subluxation de la tête radiale fut accentuée lors de la déchirure du ligament annulaire. Une augmentation de la subluxation antérieure de la tête radiale fut observée lorsque le malalignement était fixé en extension et lors de mouvements de flexion progressive du coude. D’autre part, un malalignement en flexion et une extension graduelle du coude occasionnait une subluxation postérieure. En conclusion, les résultats ont démontré l’importance d’une reconstruction anatomique du cubitus proximal, car un malalignement de 5 degrés engendre une subluxation de la tête radiale, surtout lors d’une déchirure du ligament annulaire.

Une étude cadavérique pour réduire les risques des approches chirurgicales et percutanées de l’artère fémorale

En chirurgie vasculaire, l’accès à l’artère fémorale, qu’il soit par une incision chirurgicale ou par une approche percutanée, est très fréquemment utilisé pour une multitude d’interventions vasculaires ou endovasculaires; pour des pontages divers, le traitement d’occlusions artérielles, la réparation d’anévrismes et la pose d’endoprothèses. L’objectif général de ce projet de recherche est de faciliter et réduire les risques des approches de l’artère fémorale par une meilleure compréhension anatomique du triangle fémoral. La méthodologie a été réalisée grâce à l’utilisation de cadavres spécialement embaumés par la méthode développée par Walter Thiel. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire ont permis de proposer des solutions en réponse à des problèmes cliniques en chirurgie vasculaire. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la vascularisation cutanée du triangle fémoral a mené à proposer de nouvelles incisions chirurgicales afin de limiter la dévascularisation cutanée des plaies et ainsi réduire les problèmes de cicatrisation observés. Ensuite, nous avons validé l’identification radiographique et échographique de l’artère fémorale à son croisement avec le ligament inguinal afin de faciliter l’identification d’un site de ponction artérielle adéquat. Enfin, nous avons développé une méthode échographique simple qui facilite l’approche percutanée de l’artère fémorale, même chez les patients obèses. Les retombées de ce projet de recherche sont multiples pour les cliniciens, l’étude fournit une meilleure compréhension anatomique tridimensionnelle du triangle fémoral et les techniques proposées dans ce mémoire pourront apporter une amélioration de la pratique chirurgicale et faciliter le travail des médecins. Toutefois, ces propositions devront maintenant être validées en clinique.

Ganglión oculto: comparación de dos técnicas quirúrgicas

Identificar y evaluar la existencia de posibles diferencias entre los resultados de dos técnicas quirúrgicas para resección de ganglión oculto usadas en el Institut Kaplan en Barcelona. Material y método: Se diseñó un estudio de casos y controles. Se intervinieron ochenta y dos muñecas que se dividieron en dos grupos. En el grupo I, se incluyeron por cincuenta y una muñecas en las que se les realizó la resección del ganglión oculto junto con todo el grosor del ligamento escafo-semilunar dorsal. En el grupo II se incluyeron treinta y una muñecas en las que se les resecó el ganglión sin resecar el ligamento escafo-semilunar. Se tomó la información de registros consignados entre 1994 hasta octubre de 2010 y se realizó un seguimiento clínico y telefónico en ambos grupos para valorar el estado actual. Dentro de los resultados postoperatorios se evaluó la reaparición del dolor, la presencia de inestabilidad postoperatoria y la fuerza con respecto al preoperatorio y la disminución de la movilidad articular. Resultados: No encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los resultados postoperatorios de ambos grupos y ninguno de los pacientes presentó recidiva del ganglión. Conclusión: Consideramos que se requiere un estudio con mayor tamaño de muestra que pueda evidenciar las diferencias posiblemente existentes que no fueron detectadas en este estudio. Con la integridad de los otros elementos estabilizadores, la sección del ligamento escafosemilunar no hace aparecer signos clínicos de inestabilidad escafolunar.

Evolution of clinical and functional results after arthroscopic treatment of Discoid Meniscus. A case series study of 31 cases.

Purpose: To evaluate the evolution of clinical and functional outcomes of symptomatic discoid lateral meniscus treated arthroscopically over time and to investigate the relationship between associated intra-articular findings and outcomes. Methods: Of all patients treated arthroscopically between 1995 and 2010, patients treated for symptomatic discoid meniscus were identified in the hospital charts. Baseline data (demographics, previous trauma of ipsilateral knee, and associated intra-articular findings) and medium term outcome data from clinical follow-up examinations (pain, locking, snapping and instability of the operated knee) were extracted from clinical records. Telephone interviews were conducted at long term in 28 patients (31 knees). Interviews comprised clinical outcomes as well as functional outcomes as assessed by the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form (IKDC). Results: All patients underwent arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. The mean follow-up time for data extracted from clinical records was 11 months (SD ± 12). A significant improvement was found for pain in 77% (p<0.001), locking in 13%, (p=0.045) and snapping in 39 % (p<0.005). The mean follow-up time of the telephone interview was 60 months (SD ± 43). Improvement from baseline was generally less after five years than after one year and functional outcomes of the IKDC indicated an abnormal function after surgery (IKDC mean= 84.5, SD ± 20). In some patients, 5 year-outcomes were even worse than their preoperative condition. Nonetheless, 74% of patients perceived their knee function as improved. Furthermore, better results were seen in patients without any associated intra-articular findings. Conclusions: Arthroscopical partial meniscectomy is an effective intervention to relieve symptoms in patients with discoid meniscus in the medium-term; however, results trend to deteriorate over time. A trend towards better outcome for patients with no associated intra-articular findings was observed.

Desmite dos Ligamentos Colaterais da Articulação Interfalângica Distal em Equinos

Os objectivos deste estudo basearam-se na análise dos aspectos clínicos de cavalos de desporto, aos quais foi diagnosticado através de ecografia, desmite dos Ligamentos Colaterais (LCs) da articulação Interfalângica Distal (IFD). Os cavalos incluídos na amostra foram examinados entre Setembro de 2011 e Junho de 2012 tendo sido selecionados aqueles que apresentaram os critérios de inclusão requeridos, nomeadamente o diagnóstico de desmite em pelo menos um dos LCs da articulação IFD. Foram incluídos 8 animais no estudo, sendo que o diagnóstico foi feito através de um cuidadoso exame ortopédico e de ecografia, tendo-se verificado as lesões nos membros anteriores. O LC Lateral foi o mais afectado (5 cavalos) seguido do Medial (2 cavalos). Apenas em 1 dos casos as lesões eram bilaterais. A maioria dos animais apresentavam distensão da articulação IFD confirmada ecograficamente. A claudicação foi invariavelmente exacerbada em círculo no piso duro, sendo que 7 dos 8 (87.5%) animais aumentaram o grau de claudicação quando o membro afectado estava no interior do círculo. Após o bloqueio digital palmar a claudicação foi atenuada em 7 dos 8 animais (87.5%) sendo totalmente abolida em 3 (37.5%) deles. O bloqueio da articulação IFD foi positivo em todos os animais, e o bloqueio da bursa podotroclear negativa em 7 dos 8 cavalos. Metade dos animais (50%) apresentaram alterações radiográficas como osteoartrite da articulação IFD, remodelação óssea da origem/inserção do LC afectado e um deles apresentava ossificação de uma cartilagem ungular. Todos os animais apresentaram sinais evidentes de lesão na ecografia, sendo que alguns demostraram sinais de desmite crónica e outros aguda. Os tratamentos instituídos variaram de acordo com a história, sinais clínicos, sinais radiográficos e severidade das lesões ecográficas. A desmite dos LC da articulação IFD deve ser considerada como uma causa de claudicação que afecta a performance dos cavalos de desporto. Mais estudos são necessários, de modo a caraterizar melhor estas lesões e avaliar as melhorias após a terapia por forma a determinar os factores que mais influenciam o prognóstico. Palavras-Chave: Equinos, Ligamentos colaterais, Desmite, articulação Interfalângica distal

Endocranial lesions: their distribution and aetiology

Reactive new bone on the endocranial surface of the skull in non-adults has recently received a lot of attention in the palaeopathological literature. These features appear as layers of new bone on the original cortical surface, expanding around meningeal vessels, as isolated plaques, 'hair-on-end' extensions of the diploe or, as 'capillary' impressions extending into the inner lamina of the cranium. These lesions are commonly found on the occipital bone, outlining the cruciate eminence, but have also been recorded on the parietal and frontal bones, and appear to follow the areas of venous drainage. Although recognized as resulting from haemorrhage or inflammation, their precise aetiology is still a matter of controversy. This paper outlines their possible causes and examines their nature and distribution in a group of non-adults from four archaeological sites in England. It is recommended that, when recording these lesions in the future, additional skeletal pathologies, the age of the child, and nature and distribution of the lesions also be taken into account. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Measuring toughness and the cohesive stress-displacement relationship by the essential work of fracture concept

The complete fracture behaviour of ductile double edge notched tension (DENT) specimen is analysed with an approximate model, which is then used to discuss the essential work of fracture (EWF) concept. The model results are compared with the experimental results for an aluminium alloy 6082-O. The restrictions on the ligament size for valid application of the EWF method are discussed with the aid of the model. The model is used to suggest an improved method of obtaining the cohesive stress-displacement relationship for the fracture process zone (FPZ).

Translational research and therapeutic applications of neural crest-derived stem cells in regenerative periodontology

Regeneration of periodontal tissues aims to utilize tissue engineering techniques to restore lost periodontal tissues including the cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Regenerative dentistry and its special field regenerative periodontology represent relatively new and emerging branches of translational stem cell biology and regenerative medicine focusing on replacing and regenerating dental tissues to restore or re-establish their normal function lost during degenerative diseases or acute lesions. The regeneration itself can be achieved through transplantation of autologous or allogenic stem cells, or by improving the tissue self-repair mechanisms (e.g. by application of growth factors). In addition, a combination of stem cells or stem cell-containing tissue with bone implants can be used to improve tissue integration and the clinical outcome. As the oral cavity represents a complex system consisting of teeth, bone, soft tissues and sensory nerves, regenerative periodontology relies on the use of stem cells with relatively high developmental potential. Notably, the potential use of pluripotent stem cell types such as human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells is still aggravated by ethical and practical problems. Thus, other cellular sources such as those readily available in the postnatal craniofacial area and particularly in oral structures offer a much better and realistic alternative as cellular regenerative sources. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the oral neural crest-derived stem cell populations (oNCSCs) and discuss their potential in regenerative periodontology.

The Bone Formation Capabilities of the Anorganic Bone Matrix-Synthetic Cell-Binding Peptide 15 Grafts in an Animal Periodontal Model: A Histologic and Histomorphometric Study in Dogs

Background: The aim of this study is to verify the regenerative potential of particulate anorganic bone matrix synthetic peptide-15 (ABM-P-15) in class III furcation defects associated or not with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membranes. Methods: Class III furcation defects were produced in the mandibular premolars (P2, P3, and P4) of six dogs and filled with impression material. The membranes and the bone grafts were inserted into P3 and P4, which were randomized to form the test and control groups, respectively; P2 was the negative control group. The animals were sacrificed 3 months post-treatment. Results: Histologically, the complete closure of class III furcation defects was not observed in any of the groups. Partial periodontal regeneration with similar morphologic characteristics among the groups was observed, however, through the formation of new cementum, periodontal ligament, and bone above the notch. Histologic analysis showed granules from the bone graft surrounded by immature bone matrix and encircled by newly formed tissue in the test group. The new bone formation area found in the negative control group was 2.28 +/- 2.49 mm(2) and in the test group it was 6.52 +/- 5.69 mm(2), which showed statistically significant differences for these groups considering this parameter (Friedman test P <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference among the negative control, control, and test groups for the other parameters. Conclusions: The regenerative potential of ABM-P-15 was demonstrated through new bone formation circumscribing and above the graft particles. The new bone also was accompanied by the formation of new cementum and periodontal ligament fibers. J Periodontol 2010;81:594-603.