Élaboration de stratégies pour l’enseignement de la pensée critique dans les cours de philosophie au collégial

Les enseignantes et les enseignants du collégial accordent beaucoup de valeur au développement intellectuel de leurs élèves. La pensée critique représente l'idéal d'une pensée accomplie et son développement est un des buts de la formation générale au cégepl. Les professeurs de philosophie savent d'expérience que leur discipline se déploie souvent selon un mode conceptuel abstrait, étrange pour plusieurs élèves, novices dans la vie intellectuelle. En philosophie, la pensée critique est reconnue pour sa capacité à développer une réflexion rationnelle en profondeur et à structurer les concepts nécessaires à l'élaboration d'une pensée autonome. Les enseignantes et les enseignants de philosophie du collégial savent bien que les élèves qui pratiquent ou qui développent la pensée critique peuvent acquérir une formation philosophique de base, intéressante et pertinente. Mais, qu'arrive-t-il à ceux et celles qui ne la possèdent pas ? Notre position est qu'avec une perspective pédagogique, l'ensemble des élèves peut parvenir à développer des habiletés de pensée critique qui leur permettent d'accéder à une réflexion de haut niveau. Afin de poser le problème de recherche, nous avons débuté par l'examen de plusieurs difficultés liées à l'enseignement de la pensée critique. Ce qui frappe d'abord, c'est l'ampleur d'un problème conceptuel; la pensée critique est un terme générique attrayant, mais inconsistant et qui se révèle ambigu à l'usage. Ensuite, il faut reconnaître la présence d'un problème pédagogique : pour enseigner la pensée critique, les professeurs de philosophie ont besoin de ressources et d'une pratique pédagogique propre à la discipline. Après l'examen de quelques manuels utilisés dans les cours de philosophie au collégial, nous avons noté que leur orientation n'est pas dirigée vers le développement de la pensée critique. On peut alors se demander ce que peuvent faire les professeurs pour développer la pensée critique des élèves lorsque celle-ci s'avère insuffisante. Un relevé sommaire de la documentation nous a permis de découvrir que l'enseignement de la pensée critique pouvait être fondé sur plusieurs modèles théoriques. Nous en avons examiné quatre qui vont soutenir le choix du cadre de référence de notre recherche : 1) une sensibilité à la métacognition, 2) un enseignement par infusion, 3) une enculturation à la pensée critique, et 4) une épistémologie développementale. Nous mentionnons ensuite les problèmes concernant l'évaluation de la pensée critique : pour certains auteurs, les instruments d'évaluation ne sont pas assez sensibles pour rendre compte de changements graduels et subtils à l'intérieur d'une session. Malgré cette difficulté, on trouve tout de même dans les écrits plusieurs stratégies d'enseignement qui pourraient avoir des effets sur le développement de la pensée critique des élèves. Un bref inventaire de ces stratégies nous conduit à choisir l'approche de Bean (2001) comme cadre de référence et comme modèle pour l'enseignement de la pensée critique. Dans son ouvrage, Engaging ideas: The professor's guide to integrating writing, critical thinking, and active learning in the classroom, Bean (2001) intègre l'enseignement de la pensée critique à l'appropriation d'un contenu disciplinaire. L'auteur distingue quatre phases de développement de la pensée critique, inspirées de Kolb : l'expérience concrète, l'observation réflexive, l'abstraction conceptuelle et l'expérimentation active. Il présente pour chacune des phases des activités d'écriture qui pourraient être transférables ou applicables au niveau collégial. Ce choix nous amène à formuler notre objectif de recherche : produire un répertoire de stratégies pédagogiques pour l'enseignement de la pensée critique dans les cours de philosophie au collégial sur le modèle proposé par Bean (2001). Ainsi, l'approche de la recherche développement nous sert bien à atteindre cet objectif. Selon cette approche, nous avons conçu un répertoire de stratégies pédagogiques à l'intention des professeurs de philosophie, en nous inspirant des activités d'écriture proposées par Bean (2001). Ce répertoire a ensuite été soumis à quatre professeurs de philosophie pour validation. Ces experts avaient la tâche d'évaluer le matériel pédagogique et de soumettre des avis pour l'améliorer. La version validée du répertoire constitue le document que nous soumettons pour supporter les professeurs qui ont à coeur de développer la pensée critique dans les cours de philosophie au collégial. Cette recherche devrait contribuer à mieux comprendre la problématique du développement de la pensée critique, à envisager des perspectives pour l'enseigner et à saisir les enjeux pour son enseignement dans les cours de philosophie. Ces avenues devraient intéresser particulièrement la communauté collégiale.

Une comparaison des journaux non structurés et des journaux structurés rédigés par les étudiants en hygiène dentaire

The Canadian Dental Hygienists Association (CDHA) has indicated that there is a need for research in education in the field of dental hygiene. It seems that when compared to the nursing profession, the profession of dental hygiene is only in the earliest stages of investigating ways of teaching critical thinking. The faculty of the dental hygiene program at John Abbott College has always valued the skill of self-assessment in the students, yet there are few specific learning activities provided whereby the students can learn how to perfect and work on this invaluable skill of self-reflection in order to better self-assess. Although self-assessment is required of the students upon the completion of each clinical experience in Clinic 1, 2 and 3, a modest amount of clinical time is allotted to reflect upon this most important skill. It appears that more could be done to prepare our students to assess their learning and clinical practice. Self-reflection as an essential element of practice has a valid place in professional education. The purpose of conducting this study was to find out whether unstructured or structured self-reflective journal writing is a sound pedagogical technique to encourage dental hygiene students’ self-assessment through self-reflection. The research design for the project was a single case study. The paradigm for the study was chosen with a purposeful selection of participants, involving twenty-seven, third-year dental hygiene students at John Abbott College. The students were arbitrarily enrolled in two sections, which for the purpose of this study were referred to as Group A and Group B. Three duplicated coded anonymous journal entries from each student were collected over a ten-week period during the Fall 2009 semester. To examine the students’ level of self-reflection, two methods were used. First a content analysis of reflective journals was used to ascertain the level and substance of the reflections from their clinical experiences with the intent of looking more specifically at the students’ self-assessment. The journal entries were coded and analyzed after the grades were submitted at the end of the school term. This was followed by the distribution of an anonymous questionnaire to the students in both sections. The responses of the questionnaire were tabulated and analyzed. An analysis was done on the data collected in order to determine whether age, education and or mother tongue of the students in both Groups A and B had an influence on their perceptions of journal writing, as well as the student’s opinions about the value of journal writing. This questionnaire included two open-ended questions to assist in gathering additional data on the student’s thoughts on writing journals. A content analysis of the qualitative data collected from the open-ended questions in the questionnaire was also analyzed. Results indicated there were very few differences in the level of self-reflection leading to self-assessment. However, students in Group B who were assigned structured journals showed more evidence of deeper learning. Taken as a whole, the journal entries clearly showed the students were involved in ‘reflection-on-action’ of their clinical experiences (Schon 1987, as cited in Asadoorian & Batty, 2005). The quality of the responses for the most part indicated the students took the time and effort to record their perceptions of their clinical experiences. It is important to note that the results do indicate that students did show a need to self-reflect and assess. The students did in fact validate the importance of reflection through journal writing, even though they did not particularly like it as an added assignment. The journals were found to be very helpful to the research in getting to know what the issues were that held the students’ attention. They explained how and to what extent the students developed relationships with their clients. It was obvious that clinicians have an impact and influence on student learning. The students value the help, role modeling, patience, encouraging words and or gestures, positive reinforcement, and understanding provided by their clinicians. This research provides some evidence that students do believe that self-reflection through structured journal writing helped them better prepare for future clinical sessions with their clients. Our goal as educators should be to encourage dental hygiene students to self-assess through written self-reflection as an established practice for deeper learning.

Clickers in the nursing classroom.

Traditional teaching methods in the classroom also limit opportunities for student engagement due to large class sizes and the desire to ensure students receive all of the material required in a particular session. It has been documented that the use of Information Technolgy (IT); in particular «clickers», can increase student participation, improve knowledge retention and assist in stimulating critical thinking in a classroom setting. However, the introduction of IT, on top of normal teaching demands, can be probelmatic as it requires changes to course planners, IT training, support staff and additional funding, all of wich have been documented in research. Wolski and Jackson (1999) have postulated that success is a function of the usefulness and the ease of use of a particular technology for faculty members. Research has shown that classroom technology is simply a tool to be used by educators as one of many. Those who tend to use it well are already innovative and technically adept (Zhao, Pugh, Sheldon & Bryers, 2002).||Résumé : Les méthodes d'enseignement traditionnelles en cour magistral ont aussi tendance à limiter l'engagement et la participation des étudiants dû à la taille souvent excessive des classes, mais aussi à cause du désire de l'enseignant de vouloir s'assurer de la transmission du contenu pédagogique complet. Il est bien documenté que l'usage des nouvelles technologies, en particulier les télévoteurs («clickers», peut accroître la participation des étudiants, améliorer la rétention de l'information mais aussi de stimuler, dans le contexte académique, la pensée critique. Malheureusement, tel que démontré par la recherche, l'introduction de ces nouvelles technologies pose problème lorsqu'additionné aux contraintes normales d'enseignement puisque qu'elle nécessite des changements à la planification des cours, requiert une formation spécifique, un support additionnel ainsi que le financement nécessaire. Wolski and Jackson (1999) ont postulé de plus que le succès de l'implantation d'une nouvelle technologie était en fonction de son utilité et de sa facilité d'utilisation par les membres de la faculté. Il a aussi été démontré que la technologie de l'enseignement en classe n'était en fait qu'un outil de plus à la disposition des enseignants, et que ceux qui avaient tendance à bien l'utiliser étaient de fait inoovateurs, possédant des capacités techniques (Zhao, Pugh, Sheldon et Bryers, 2002).

A leitura no processo ensino aprendizagem em escolas da rede particular, na 4ª série do ensino fundamental em Belém do Pará: Uma busca para além decodificação

O presente estudo está baseado na Metodologia fenomenológica, com pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo. Apresenta como objetivo geral, analisar como se desenvolve o processo de ensino e aprendizagem de leitura, assim como, os estímulos e a prática do ato de ler em alunos de tenra idade em escolas particulares de Belém do Pará, em turmas da 4a Serie, do Ensino Fundamental. Tendo como objetivos específicos averiguar o ponto principal de indagação está centrado na questão se a leitura prática é apenas o desenvolvimento dos códigos linguísticos aprendidos, ou buscar não somente o processo de decodificar, sem considerar os aspectos mais abrangentes como a interpretação do texto, direcionado para o leitor ativo e atuante na compreensão das ideias do autor. Tal questionamento a respeito do processo de aprendizagem da leitura em nível fundamental das escolas particulares de Belém do Pará foi perguntado por meio de pesquisas de campo, a professores, alunos e para a coordenação, utilizando como instrumento de coleta de dados, questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas de opinião entrevistas e grupos focais. No decorrer deste estudo, nota-se que para formar leitores mirins, serão exigidos alguns requisitos importantes, como a escolha de bons livros e atividades norteadoras de estimulação em classe e até mesmo fora dela. Afim de que principalmente o aluno em fase inicial de aprendizagem, seja e sinta-se preparado e ainda, conscientizado da importância da leitura para o seu questionamento crítico, como cidadão do futuro. Para tanto, fatores que interferem no processo de leitura, tais como: títulos variados, histórias que versem a respeito do imaginário cultural, textos direcionados ao público infantil, que despertem o interesse do alunado, além de apenas lei os códigos linguísticos na aquisição do texto, sem obtenção dos critérios interpretativos, que este possa evocar. A leitura é tida pela sociedade em geral, como um fator que pode levar o individuo a descobertas de novos patamares e horizontes sociais, mas somente indo além do mecanismo na apresentação dos textos cm sala de aula, é que o professor poderá atingir os níveis de compreensão integral do sistema escrito. Ensinando a ler, com elementos fundamentais para a iniciação de leitura interpretativa e proficiente no ensino fundamental. ABSTRACT: The present study is based upon the Phenomenological Methodology, with field and bibliographic research. It presents as a main objective the analysis on how the teaching and learning educational process develop upon the reading skills, as well as the encouragement and practice of reading in students of young ages in private schools in Belém, state of Pará (Brazil), in fourth grade groups, in elementary school. Having set specific goals, the search is centered in the practical reading ability matter, and if such ability is of linguistic code development solely learned or the search of not only the decoding process, without taking in consideration the broadening aspects, such as text comprehension, targeting the active reader especially when it comes to the author's ideas. Such discussion regarding the reading learning process in elementary levels in private schools in Belém, state of Para (Brazil) is questioned by field research, teachers, students and the coordination, using as data collecting instruments, questionnaires with open and closed questions, interviews and focal groups. Along the study, regarding the formation of young readers, it requires some aspects, such as, the choice of good titles and in-class stimulating activities or even outdoor ones, so the students - especially the ones in the initial phase of learning- are and feel prepared and even conscious of the importance of the reading for their critical thinking- as a future citizen. Therefore, the factors that may interfere in the reading process, for instance, varied titles, stories that verse towards the cultural imaginary, texts directed to the young public, that awaken the interest of the student body, beyond the linguistic codes acquired in the texts, not obtaining the interpreting criteria that it might evoke. The reading is, by the society, a fundamental factor that might lead the human being to discovering new standards and social horizons, but only going further the typical mechanisms in presenting the texts in class, is when the teacher may reach the whole levels of comprehension of the written system, teaching how to read, with fundamental elements to the initial reading in elementary school.

Quality Management

The purpose of this chapter is to enable registered health and social care prac - titioners to assume a clinical and/or a professional leadership role in quality management in the health and social care sectors. The contents in this chap - ter will strengthen the management competences of practitioners working in these sectors, including critical thinking, critical reflection, problem solving and decision -making, thus improving the quality in health and social care services.

Counseling and Diversity: Valuable Education for All

In a rapidly changing and complex society full of challenges in all areas, it is vital to introduce new educational paradigms to meet the needs of diverse populations. This paper analyzes the necessity to face this challenge with responsibility, on an ethical framework and through critical thinking on the social realities, bringing attention to Counseling, as a discipline.  It discusses the capacity to create inclusive opportunities for all, where inclusive education is seen as an emerging paradigm within a culture of diversity that can applied in our everyday activities.

La formazione degli stati regionali italiani (secc. XIII-XV). Acquisizioni scientifiche e ricadute sui manuali di storia, tra formazione degli insegnanti e approcci metodologici

La ricerca intende indagare i rapporti tra le acquisizioni della ricerca scientifica nel campo della storia, con particolare riferimento al tema della formazione degli stati regionali italiani, e il suo insegnamento nella scuola secondaria di secondo grado. Nella parte dedicata al quadro teorico si sottolinea la sempre più stringente necessità di un insegnamento e apprendimento della storia di qualità nella società attuale, basati sul senso della partecipazione democratica attiva e allo sviluppo del pensiero critico, nonostante i documenti ufficiali ministeriali non sempre dedichino al tema la giusta importanza e i recenti risultati ottenuti grazie a un questionario somministrato a studenti universitari sembrino confermare una didattica ancora legata alla pratica tradizionale. A questo proposito, quindi, occorre rifondare e ricentrare l’importanza della storia grazie all’approfondimento del lessico specifico e delle premesse epistemologiche basilari della disciplina. A partire da queste premesse, nell’inquadramento empirico si analizza lo stato di avanzamento della ricerca scientifico-accademica recente nei confronti della formazione degli stati regionali italiani bassomedievali, si confronta il tema nei principali manuali scolatici adottati nell’area metropolitana di Bologna; e sono infine analizzate le concezioni circa la storia, la storia medievale e l’utilizzo del libro di testo degli insegnanti di storia di scuola secondaria di secondo grado grazie alle risposte derivate dalla somministrazione di un questionario sulla pratica docente. I risultati ottenuti permetteranno di cogliere eventuali scollature tra la ricerca accademica e l’insegnamento nella scuola secondaria della storia, della storia medievale e della formazione degli stati regionali, sottolineando, talvolta, la necessità sempre più urgente di una integrata formazione continua degli insegnanti.

Weak reasoning argumentative theory. A dialogical approach for the discovery of philosophy in high schools

In the literature on philosophical practices, despite the crucial role that argumentation plays in these activities, no specific argumentative theories have ever been proposed to assist the figure of the facilitator in conducting philosophical dialogue and to enhance student’s critical thinking skills. The dissertation starts from a cognitive perspective that challenges the classic Cartesian notion of rationality by focusing on limits and biases of human reasoning. An argumentative model (WRAT – Weak Reasoning Argumentative Theory) is then outlined in order to respond to the needs of philosophical dialogue. After justifying the claim that this learning activity, among other inductive methodologies, is the most suitable for critical thinking education, I inquired into the specific goal of ‘arguing’ within this context by means of the tools provided by Speech Act Theory: the speaker’s intention is to construct new knowledge by questioning her own and other’s beliefs. The model proposed has been theorized on this assumption, starting from which the goals, and, in turn, the related norms, have been pinpointed. In order to include all the epistemic attitudes required to accomplish the complex task of arguing in philosophical dialogue, I needed to integrate two opposed cognitive accounts, Dual Process Theory and Evolutionary Approach, that, although they provide incompatible descriptions of reasoning, can be integrated to provide a normative account of argumentation. The model, apart from offering a theoretical contribution to argumentation studies, is designed to be applied to the Italian educational system, in particular to classes in technical and professional high schools belonging to the newly created network Inventio. This initiative is one of the outcomes of the research project by the same name, which also includes an original Syllabus, research seminars, a monitoring action and publications focused on introducing philosophy, in the form of workshop activities, into technical and professional schools.

Empowering development: capabilities and Latin American critical traditions

This thesis theoretically and critically examines the move towards people-centred approaches to development. It offers a critical examination of the work of Amartya Sen using theoretical resources emerging from Latin American traditions. Amartya Sen’s calls to understand Development as Freedom (1999) have significantly influenced mainstream development thinking and practice, constituting the clearest example of people-centred approaches to development today. Overcoming the limitations of previous state-centred notions of development articulated around ideas of economic growth, in Sen’s Capability Approach (CA) development is seen as a process of expanding the real freedoms that people enjoy. In this understanding, the agency of development shifts from the state to individuals and the analytic focus moves from economic growth to individual capabilities. In this manner, this framework is structured towards the central goal of empowerment, wherein the expansion of capabilities is seen both as the means and end of development. Since its inception, the widespread support for the CA has allowed for the expansion of ethical considerations within mainstream development thinking. Even while the remarkable advances offered by Sen’s work should be praised, this thesis argues that these have come with new limitations. These limitations stem from, what is termed here, a “Paradox of Empowerment” that effectively encloses Sen’s approach within Western notions of development. While Sen’s approach is poised to provide a theoretical framework that is built on the expansion of freedom and individual agency, there is little agency here to move beyond the ideas of development fundamentally linked to liberal democracies and market economies. This thesis engages with several critical traditions from Latin America, recovering their often undervalued insights for development thinking. Crucially, this engagement provides the critical framework to illustrate the aforementioned paradox and explore multiple dimensions of empowerment central for contemporary development thinking and practice. In this, the thesis engages Sen’s work with the Liberation Theology of Gustavo Gutierrez, with Paulo Freire’s Critical Pedagogy and with the contemporary discussions of ‘Buen Vivir’ associated with Indigenous philosophies of the Andean region. Throughout its chapters,it uncovers the conceptual baggage within the Paradox of Empowerment in Sen’s work and examines the ethical challenges and boundaries of this approach in relation to the collective dimension of development processes, the possibilities for structural transformation and concerns for sustainability. Progressively engaging the different dimensions of this paradox, this thesis advances the recovery of the transformative potential of the ideas of empowerment for development.

Re-thinking Teaching About Atrocity: Human Rights Comparative History and Critical Pedagogy

This paper will explore re-framing historic atrocity and its relationship to Holocaust and Genocide education. The origins of genocide studies and its links to Holocaust studies will be traced to discuss the impact of new scholarship and framings on genocide education in the classroom.

Do untrustworthy faces facilitate the recognition of antonyms? A critical analysis of thinking the opposite under distrust

Distrust should automatically activate a "thinking the opposite". Thus, according to Schul, Mayo and Burnstein (2004), subjects detect antonyms of adjectives faster when confronted with untrustworthy rather than trustworthy faces. We conducted four experiments within their paradigm to test whether the response latency of detecting antonyms remains stable. We introduced the following changes: the paradigm was applied with and without an induction phase, faces were culturally adapted, the stimuli were presented according more to priming rules, and the canonicity of antonyms was controlled. Results show that the response latency of detecting antonyms is difficult to predict. Even if faces are culturally adapted and priming rules are applied more strictly, response latency depends on whether the induction phase is applied and on the canonicity of antonyms rather than on the trustworthiness of faces. In general, this paradigm seems not to be appropriate to test thinking the opposite under distrust.

Assessment of CTF boiling transition and critical heat flux modeling capabilities using the OECD/NRC BFBT and PSBT benchmark databases

The need to refine models for best-estimate calculations, based on good-quality experimental data, has been expressed in many recent meetings in the field of nuclear applications. The modeling needs arising in this respect should not be limited to the currently available macroscopic methods but should be extended to next-generation analysis techniques that focus on more microscopic processes. One of the most valuable databases identified for the thermalhydraulics modeling was developed by the Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation (NUPEC), Japan. From 1987 to 1995, NUPEC performed steady-state and transient critical power and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) test series based on the equivalent full-size mock-ups. Considering the reliability not only of the measured data, but also other relevant parameters such as the system pressure, inlet sub-cooling and rod surface temperature, these test series supplied the first substantial database for the development of truly mechanistic and consistent models for boiling transition and critical heat flux. Over the last few years the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) under the sponsorship of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has prepared, organized, conducted and summarized the OECD/NRC Full-size Fine-mesh Bundle Tests (BFBT) Benchmark. The international benchmark activities have been conducted in cooperation with the Nuclear Energy Agency/Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (NEA/OECD) and Japan Nuclear Energy Safety (JNES) organization, Japan. Consequently, the JNES has made available the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) NUPEC database for the purposes of the benchmark. Based on the success of the OECD/NRC BFBT benchmark the JNES has decided to release also the data based on the NUPEC Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) subchannel and bundle tests for another follow-up international benchmark entitled OECD/NRC PWR Subchannel and Bundle Tests (PSBT) benchmark. This paper presents an application of the joint Penn State University/Technical University of Madrid (UPM) version of the well-known subchannel code COBRA-TF, namely CTF, to the critical power and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) exercises of the OECD/NRC BFBT and PSBT benchmarks

Assessment of CTF boiling transition and critical heat flux modeling capabilities using the OECD/NRC BFBT and PSBT benchmark databases

Over the last few years, the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) under the sponsorship of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has prepared, organized, conducted, and summarized two international benchmarks based on the NUPEC data—the OECD/NRC Full-Size Fine-Mesh Bundle Test (BFBT) Benchmark and the OECD/NRC PWR Sub-Channel and Bundle Test (PSBT) Benchmark. The benchmarks’ activities have been conducted in cooperation with the Nuclear Energy Agency/Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (NEA/OECD) and the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety (JNES) Organization. This paper presents an application of the joint Penn State University/Technical University of Madrid (UPM) version of the well-known sub-channel code COBRA-TF (Coolant Boiling in Rod Array-Two Fluid), namely, CTF, to the steady state critical power and departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) exercises of the OECD/NRC BFBT and PSBT benchmarks. The goal is two-fold: firstly, to assess these models and to examine their strengths and weaknesses; and secondly, to identify the areas for improvement.