Imputabilidad, eximentes, atenuantes y agravantes en los delitos sexuales de clérigos con menores

Vamos a detenernos en los siguientes temas: imputabilidad, atenuantes, eximentes y agravantes, y en su aplicación a los delitos sexuales de clérigos contra menores. Queremos ver en qué medida los clérigos acusados de abuso de menores son imputables en el Derecho Canónico, para lo cual estudiaremos la figura misma de la imputabilidad y su posible relación con las enfermedades mentales, y con los trastornos de la personalidad. Para una mejor comprensión, haremos algunas consideraciones sobre cómo es tratado el tema de los abusos de menores en la legislación secular, en relación a la imputabilidad de los mismos, y bajo qué sistema se suelen regir para declarar inimputable o no a un delincuente que padece trastornos mentales o psicológicos. El concepto de imputabilidad es especialmente controvertido, pudiendo contemplarse desde toda una variedad de perspectivas y desde una multiplicidad de posicionamientos dogmáticos, penales, médicos, psicológicos y psiquiátricos...

Los teólogos de la revolución : clero popular y clero ilustrado

El autor señala el papel singular y de primera magnitud que asumió el clero en los tres primeros decenios de la configuración política y organización de Argentina. El artículo presenta el cuadro cultural del Virreinato en los tiempos de la Revolución, los centros de estudio de la filosofía y de la teología en el Virreinato a los que recurrían el clero secular y religioso y el lugar que les cupo a las órdenes religiosas en esa tarea. Se hace referencia al rol que asumió el clero ilustrado, tanto religioso como secular, en la justificación doctrinaria tanto teológica como política y la fundamentación de la Revolución, y la influencia del clero popular en la realización de dicho proyecto, a la cabeza de los movimientos; ambos integrados predominantemente por criollos. Se han elegido ocho teólogos, nativos todos, cinco con grado de doctor en teología y los restantes tres con estudios superiores en filosofía, la mayoría jóvenes.

Teoría y praxis de la penitencia en la Segovia bajomedieval

Resumen: El presente estudio se ocupa del sacramento de la penitencia en la diócesis de Segovia durante la Baja Edad Media. El mismo considera sus aspectos doctrinales, la instrucción del sacerdocio para su correcta administración y su práctica concreta en las distintas parroquias que componían el territorio diocesano. Si las altas jerarquías eclesiásticas pusieron un gran empeño en promover la confesión anual obligatoria, siguiendo las constituciones del Concilio de Letrán IV, el devenir cotidiano de la vida parroquial dio cuenta de un objetivo que permaneció inconcluso hasta los tiempos posteriores a la Reforma. Dicha falencia, no residió en la escasa devoción popular, sino en la inexistencia de un control efectivo sobre las jerarquías inferiores del clero secular.

Eli, Eli, Lama Shabaqtani” la condición cristiana en el Medio Oriente

Resumen: El artículo enfoca la situación de los cristianos del Medio Oriente y trata de formular su destino colectivo en términos de “la condición cristiana”. El argumento central sostiene que la tragedia de la condición cristiana en el Medio Oriente se explica por la crisis del Estado secular provocada tanto por el factor del Islam, así como las intervenciones de potencias europeas desde las cruzadas hasta el período colonial e intervención militar de Estados Unidos en Irak en 2003. En este sentido, la actualidad no es la repetición de la historia, sino la continuidad del mismo padrón de inequidad en distintos períodos históricos dentro de las sociedades musulmanas y el intervencionismo externo/occidental que, tanto en el pasado como en la actualidad, muy pocas veces se ha preocupado por el destino de la cristiandad del Medio Oriente.

论长期稳定性和动力稳定性

<正> 根据Lejeune-Dirichlet定理,力学系统处于静平衡情形的稳定的充要条件是系统的势能在平衡位置具有极小值。对于旋转的力学系统(机械系统或液体系统)就不象这样简单了。早在100年前Thomson和Tait就指出了旋转力学系统具有长期稳定性(secular stability)和动力稳定性(dynamiC stability)的重要差别。对于旋转液体星准稳演化过程到底按哪一种稳定性判断,是一个争论近百年的问题。在本世纪50年代以前,Thomson,Tait,Poincare,Liapounoff,Darwin,Teans和Lamb等,主张“长期稳定是真实的稳定”,“是天体演化学唯一感兴趣的稳定”。基于这种观点建立的Jeans-Darwin双星分裂理论曾

La enfermedad tuberculosa en Bilbao al inicio del siglo XXI (1993-2002)

La Tuberculosis es una enfermedad cuya presencia ha sido constante en la historia de la humanidad. Como toda enfermedad infectocontagiosa no respeta fronteras, ni edades, ni sexos, ni razas, ni tampoco clases sociales. La tuberculosis que actualmente padecemos no es nueva; representa el final de una onda epidémica secular que alcanzó su máxima incidencia en Europa entre 1780 y 1880. Cien años marcados por el desplazamiento masivo de campesinos a las ciudades en busca de trabajo en las fábricas. Históricamente la epidemiología de la tuberculosis ha demostrado la existencia de un declive natural. Dicho declive se inició ya, incluso antes del descubrimiento de su agente causal, debido a la mejoría de las condiciones socio-económicas de la población. La aparición de la quimioterapia específica aceleró su ritmo de descenso anual. Hasta la aparición del SIDA, ningún otro factor ha modificado substancialmente su natural declinar. Tan importante son las condiciones socioeconómicas y sociopolíticas de la población en la expresión epidemiológica de ésta y otras muchas enfermedades, que en 1910, cuando no existían remedios para la tuberculosis, Holanda alcanzó el llamado punto de ruptura. Dicho punto es aquel en que se considera que la tuberculosis camina hacia su erradicación espontánea. Corresponde al momento en que cada enfermo bacilífero no puede infectar al número suficiente de personas para que se origine otro nuevo enfermo bacilífero. Evidentemente el SIDA ha supuesto una inyección de gasolina en la llama de la enfermedad tuberculosa que ha desbaratado los programas de prevención y control puestos en marcha en 1982 en nuestra Comunidad Autónoma. Como decía Napoleón Bonaparte, las batallas se ganan con organización y dinero. La batalla del SIDA aún continúa y con más ahínco en nuestro País Vasco donde esta enfermedad es especialmente prevalente. Afortunadamente los nuevos tratamientos han convertido una enfermedad mortal de necesidad en una enfermedad crónica con una mejora substancial en las expectativas de vida. Sin embargo, la gran secuela de la coinfección SIDA/Tuberculosis ha sido la aparición de multirresistencias a los fármacos por tratamientos incorrectos o falta de adherencia del paciente a los mismos. Parece que el devenir de la tuberculosis, al margen de los factores políticos, culturales y económicos, ligados a la globalización y al desarrollo sostenible dentro de un modelo neoliberal; de los movimientos de masas: inmigrantes y refugiados; del racismo; de las desigualdades de género; de la diferente accesibilidad, cobertura y eficacia en los Sistemas Públicos de Salud, etc., al margen de todo esto, la tuberculosis va a quedar condicionada a cuatro factores de índole biomédica: a) A la evolución de las multirresistencias. b) A la subordinación con la coinfección VIH. c) Al establecimiento de los denominados "nichos ecológicos", en donde la enfermedad alcanzará su máxima progresión (mayores de 65 años, sobre todo los de bajo nivel económico; inmigrantes procedentes de zonas de endemia elevada; personal sanitario y trabajadores expuestos; colectivos con adicción a drogas por vía parenteral (ADVP); alcohólicos; personas con padecimientos crónicos; pacientes en tratamientos prolongados con corticoides e inmunosupresores). En estos nichos ecológicos es donde hay que mantener un elevado índice de sospecha y establecer las estrategias adecuadas para la detección precoz de la enfermedad. d) Al éxito que se obtenga con la nueva vacuna terapéutica contra la TB creada por Joan Pere Cardona. La epidemiología de la tuberculosis estará próximamente ligada a la biología molecular y a la genética. En efecto, ya no bastará con identificar al bacilo de Koch en un paciente. Será imprescindible saber qué cepas están actuando en una determinada colectividad, así como su grado de sensibilidad frente a los tuberculostáticos. Acabó el siglo XX, hemos iniciado la segunda década del siglo XXI y la pelota aún sigue en el tejado. Estamos ante un problema de primera magnitud que hace mucho tiempo que dejó de seducir a los románticos. Como señala Bignall, comparando a la tuberculosis con lo que en su día supuso la viruela como problema de Salud Pública: La viruela se erradicó porque no sólo se disponía de una vacuna eficaz, sino además porque no requería habilidad en las relaciones humanas. Sin embargo, en la tuberculosis, la lucha ya no es contra el bacilo sino contra la mentalidad y las miserias humanas; por ello será larga, muy larga. Por todo esto y visto lo previamente descrito concluimos: 1. En la década 1993 a 2002 se diagnosticaron 847 casos de tuberculosis, 548 varones y 299 mujeres; 364 con SIDA y 483 sin demostración de VIH. 2. Si agrupamos las características medias de todos los casos recogidos, definiríamos al paciente tipo como a un varón con serología VIH negativa, una edad de 46,6 años y una afección tuberculosa de localización extrapulmonar, atendida en el Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital. 3. Si el paciente tuberculoso que escogiéramos tuviera 31 años, la edad con más casos acumulados de la serie, al igual que los de 30 y 32 años, lo más frecuente que observaríamos, sería un paciente varón con SIDA y adicción a drogas por vía parenteral. 4. Aunque el sexo predominante es el varón entre los enfermos de tuberculosis, este predominio se atenúa al prescindir de los pacientes que asociaron SIDA. 5. El principal factor de riesgo para contraer el VIH en los tísicos con SIDA fue la ADVP. 6. El número de casos totales anuales viene descendiendo desde 1991, fundamentalmente a expensas del declive entre los casos que asociaron SIDA. 7. Es necesario disminuir el tiempo de demora 2 consistente en el número de días que transcurren desde que el paciente manifiesta sus primeros síntomas hasta que éste recibe el tratamiento. Puesto que el tiempo de demora 1 (que va desde que el paciente es visto en el hospital hasta que se instaura el tratamiento) cumple con los objetivos marcados en el Programa de control y prevención del Gobierno Vasco, deducimos que la Atención Primaria tiene la máxima importancia en acelerar este acortamiento del tiempo de demora disminuyendo así el periodo de riesgo de transmisión de la enfermedad. 8. La tuberculosis es una enfermedad que tiende a su natural declinar pero haciéndolo muy lentamente. Actualmente, la encontramos en zonas periféricas de la ciudad donde el VIH hace estragos en pacientes jóvenes con estilos de vida nada saludables. A estas zonas deprimidas se las denominan "nichos ecológicos". 9. La lucha contra esta enfermedad deberá ser enfocada hacia estos "nichos ecológicos". La condición necesaria para que consigamos acelerar la eliminación de la enfermedad consistirá en que diagnostiquemos y tratemos los casos afectados junto a la búsqueda de sus contactos. Pero en la tuberculosis, esto no es suficiente. Estamos luchando frente a un bacilo que se aprovecha de los más débiles, los inmunodeprimidos, edades extremas de la vida, drogodependientes, alcohólicos, zonas deprimidas económica y socialmente, que podemos delimitar en un plano y concentrar en él las medidas de control pertinentes. No olvidemos que estamos frente a un bacilo que se enclaustra en una caverna, que infecta a la tercera parte de la humanidad y espera. La tuberculosis desaparecerá en la medida en que la sociedad prospere.

Istoria delle guerre del Regno del Brasile : accadute tra la corona di Portogallo e la Republica di Olanda, composta, ed offerta alla sagra reale maesda di Pietro Secondo, Re di Portogallo & C. dal P. F. Gio. Gioseppe di S. Teresa Carmelitano Scalzo : Parte prima e Parte seconda

As negociações entre Portugal e Holanda a respeito da devolução dos territórios portugueses ocupados se desenvolveram ao longo de um decênio. As propostas iniciais de Portugal referiam-se aos territórios ocupados pelos holandeses na África e no Maranhão. Estão no raríssimo folheto.

Annaes historicos do Estado do Maranhão, em que se dá noticia do seu descobrimento, e tudo o mais que nelle tem succedido desde o anno em que foy descuberto até o de 1718offerecidos ao Augustissimo Monarca D. João V, Nosso Senhorescritos por Bernardo Pereira de Berredo

Os reis, tanto portugueses como espanhóis, variaram muito na determinação de impedir o cativeiro dos índios, até que, em 1741, o Papa Benedito XIV expediu uma bula proibindo terminantemente que qualquer pessoa, secular ou eclesiástica, possuísse como escravos os índio, sob pena de excomunhão latae sentiae.

Nonlinear oscillations in discrete and continuous systems

The first thesis topic is a perturbation method for resonantly coupled nonlinear oscillators. By successive near-identity transformations of the original equations, one obtains new equations with simple structure that describe the long time evolution of the motion. This technique is related to two-timing in that secular terms are suppressed in the transformation equations. The method has some important advantages. Appropriate time scalings are generated naturally by the method, and don't need to be guessed as in two-timing. Furthermore, by continuing the procedure to higher order, one extends (formally) the time scale of valid approximation. Examples illustrate these claims. Using this method, we investigate resonance in conservative, non-conservative and time dependent problems. Each example is chosen to highlight a certain aspect of the method.

The second thesis topic concerns the coupling of nonlinear chemical oscillators. The first problem is the propagation of chemical waves of an oscillating reaction in a diffusive medium. Using two-timing, we derive a nonlinear equation that determines how spatial variations in the phase of the oscillations evolves in time. This result is the key to understanding the propagation of chemical waves. In particular, we use it to account for certain experimental observations on the Belusov-Zhabotinskii reaction.

Next, we analyse the interaction between a pair of coupled chemical oscillators. This time, we derive an equation for the phase shift, which measures how much the oscillators are out of phase. This result is the key to understanding M. Marek's and I. Stuchl's results on coupled reactor systems. In particular, our model accounts for synchronization and its bifurcation into rhythm splitting.

Finally, we analyse large systems of coupled chemical oscillators. Using a continuum approximation, we demonstrate mechanisms that cause auto-synchronization in such systems.

Earthquakes of the Nepal Himalaya : towards a physical model of the seismic cycle

Home to hundreds of millions of souls and land of excessiveness, the Himalaya is also the locus of a unique seismicity whose scope and peculiarities still remain to this day somewhat mysterious. Having claimed the lives of kings, or turned ancient timeworn cities into heaps of rubbles and ruins, earthquakes eerily inhabit Nepalese folk tales with the fatalistic message that nothing lasts forever. From a scientific point of view as much as from a human perspective, solving the mysteries of Himalayan seismicity thus represents a challenge of prime importance. Documenting geodetic strain across the Nepal Himalaya with various GPS and leveling data, we show that unlike other subduction zones that exhibit a heterogeneous and patchy coupling pattern along strike, the last hundred kilometers of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault, or MHT, appear to be uniformly locked, devoid of any of the “creeping barriers” that traditionally ward off the propagation of large events. The approximately 20 mm/yr of reckoned convergence across the Himalaya matching previously established estimates of the secular deformation at the front of the arc, the slip accumulated at depth has to somehow elastically propagate all the way to the surface at some point. And yet, neither large events from the past nor currently recorded microseismicity nearly compensate for the massive moment deficit that quietly builds up under the giant mountains. Along with this large unbalanced moment deficit, the uncommonly homogeneous coupling pattern on the MHT raises the question of whether or not the locked portion of the MHT can rupture all at once in a giant earthquake. Univocally answering this question appears contingent on the still elusive estimate of the magnitude of the largest possible earthquake in the Himalaya, and requires tight constraints on local fault properties. What makes the Himalaya enigmatic also makes it the potential source of an incredible wealth of information, and we exploit some of the oddities of Himalayan seismicity in an effort to improve the understanding of earthquake physics and cipher out the properties of the MHT. Thanks to the Himalaya, the Indo-Gangetic plain is deluged each year under a tremendous amount of water during the annual summer monsoon that collects and bears down on the Indian plate enough to pull it away from the Eurasian plate slightly, temporarily relieving a small portion of the stress mounting on the MHT. As the rainwater evaporates in the dry winter season, the plate rebounds and tension is increased back on the fault. Interestingly, the mild waggle of stress induced by the monsoon rains is about the same size as that from solid-Earth tides which gently tug at the planets solid layers, but whereas changes in earthquake frequency correspond with the annually occurring monsoon, there is no such correlation with Earth tides, which oscillate back-and-forth twice a day. We therefore investigate the general response of the creeping and seismogenic parts of MHT to periodic stresses in order to link these observations to physical parameters. First, the response of the creeping part of the MHT is analyzed with a simple spring-and-slider system bearing rate-strengthening rheology, and we show that at the transition with the locked zone, where the friction becomes near velocity neutral, the response of the slip rate may be amplified at some periods, which values are analytically related to the physical parameters of the problem. Such predictions therefore hold the potential of constraining fault properties on the MHT, but still await observational counterparts to be applied, as nothing indicates that the variations of seismicity rate on the locked part of the MHT are the direct expressions of variations of the slip rate on its creeping part, and no variations of the slip rate have been singled out from the GPS measurements to this day. When shifting to the locked seismogenic part of the MHT, spring-and-slider models with rate-weakening rheology are insufficient to explain the contrasted responses of the seismicity to the periodic loads that tides and monsoon both place on the MHT. Instead, we resort to numerical simulations using the Boundary Integral CYCLes of Earthquakes algorithm and examine the response of a 2D finite fault embedded with a rate-weakening patch to harmonic stress perturbations of various periods. We show that such simulations are able to reproduce results consistent with a gradual amplification of sensitivity as the perturbing period get larger, up to a critical period corresponding to the characteristic time of evolution of the seismicity in response to a step-like perturbation of stress. This increase of sensitivity was not reproduced by simple 1D-spring-slider systems, probably because of the complexity of the nucleation process, reproduced only by 2D-fault models. When the nucleation zone is close to its critical unstable size, its growth becomes highly sensitive to any external perturbations and the timings of produced events may therefore find themselves highly affected. A fully analytical framework has yet to be developed and further work is needed to fully describe the behavior of the fault in terms of physical parameters, which will likely provide the keys to deduce constitutive properties of the MHT from seismological observations.

Constraints on the carbon cycle and climate during the early evolution of animals

One of the greatest challenges in science lies in disentangling causality in complex, coupled systems. This is illustrated no better than in the dynamic interplay between the Earth and life. The early evolution and diversification of animals occurred within a backdrop of global change, yet reconstructing the potential role of the environment in this evolutionary transition is challenging. In the 200 million years from the end-Cryogenian to the Ordovician, enigmatic Ediacaran fauna explored body plans, animals diversified and began to biomineralize, forever changing the ocean's chemical cycles, and the biological community in shallow marine ecosystems transitioned from a microbial one to an animal one.

In the following dissertation, a multi-faceted approach combining macro- and micro-scale analyses is presented that draws on the sedimentology, geochemistry and paleontology of the rocks that span this transition to better constrain the potential environmental changes during this interval.

In Chapter 1, the potential of clumped isotope thermometry in deep time is explored by assessing the importance of burial and diagenesis on the thermometer. Eocene- to Precambrian-aged carbonates from the Sultanate of Oman were analyzed from current burial depths of 350-5850 meters. Two end-member styles of diagenesis independent of burial depth were observed.

Chapters 2, 3 and 4 explore the fallibility of the Ediacaran carbon isotope record and aspects of the sedimentology and geochemistry of the rocks preserving the largest negative carbon isotope excursion on record---the Shuram Excursion. Chapter 2 documents the importance of temperature, fluid composition and mineralogy on the delta 18-O min record and interrogates the bulk trace metal signal. Chapter 3 explores the spatial variability in delta 13-C recorded in the transgressive Johnnie Oolite and finds a north-to-south trend recording the onset of the excursion. Chapter 4 investigates the nature of seafloor precipitation during this excursion and more broadly. We document the potential importance of microbial respiratory reactions on the carbonate chemistry of the sediment-water interface through time.

Chapter 5 investigates the latest Precambrian sedimentary record in carbonates from the Sultanate of Oman, including how delta 13-C and delta 34-S CAS vary across depositional and depth gradients. A new model for the correlation of the Buah and Ara formations across Oman is presented. Isotopic results indicate delta 13-C varies with relative eustatic change and delta 34-S CAS may vary in absolute magnitude across Oman.

Chapter 6 investigates the secular rise in delta 18-Omin in the early Paleozoic by using clumped isotope geochemistry on calcitic and phosphatic fossils from the Cambrian and Ordovician. Results do not indicate extreme delta 18-O seawater depletion and instead suggest warmer equatorial temperatures across the early Paleozoic.

Dating and characterizing late holocene earthquakes using paleomagnetics

In this thesis I apply paleomagnetic techniques to paleoseismological problems. I investigate the use of secular-variation magnetostratigraphy to date prehistoric earthquakes; I identify liquefaction remanent magnetization (LRM), and I quantify coseismic deformation within a fault zone by measuring the rotation of paleomagnetic vectors.

In Chapter 2 I construct a secular-variation reference curve for southern California. For this curve I measure three new well-constrained paleomagnetic directions: two from the Pallett Creek paleoseismological site at A.D. 1397-1480 and A.D. 1465-1495, and one from Panum Crater at A.D. 1325-1365. To these three directions I add the best nine data points from the Sternberg secular-variation curve, five data points from Champion, and one point from the A.D. 1480 eruption of Mt. St. Helens. I derive the error due to the non-dipole field that is added to these data by the geographical correction to southern California. Combining these yields a secular variation curve for southern California covering the period A.D. 670 to 1910, with the best coverage in the range A.D. 1064 to 1505.

In Chapter 3 I apply this curve to a problem in southern California. Two paleoseismological sites in the Salton trough of southern California have sediments deposited by prehistoric Lake Cahuilla. At the Salt Creek site I sampled sediments from three different lakes, and at the Indio site I sampled sediments from four different lakes. Based upon the coinciding paleomagnetic directions I correlate the oldest lake sampled at Salt Creek with the oldest lake sampled at Indio. Furthermore, the penultimate lake at Indio does not appear to be present at Salt Creek. Using the secular variation curve I can assign the lakes at Salt Creek to broad age ranges of A.D. 800 to 1100, A.D. 1100 to 1300, and A.D. 1300 to 1500. This example demonstrates the large uncertainties in the secular variation curve and the need to construct curves from a limited geographical area.

Chapter 4 demonstrates that seismically induced liquefaction can cause resetting of detrital remanent magnetization and acquisition of a liquefaction remanent magnetization (LRM). I sampled three different liquefaction features, a sandbody formed in the Elsinore fault zone, diapirs from sediments of Mono Lake, and a sandblow in these same sediments. In every case the liquefaction features showed stable magnetization despite substantial physical disruption. In addition, in the case of the sandblow and the sandbody, the intensity of the natural remanent magnetization increased by up to an order of magnitude.

In Chapter 5 I apply paleomagnetics to measuring the tectonic rotations in a 52 meter long transect across the San Andreas fault zone at the Pallett Creek paleoseismological site. This site has presented a significant problem because the brittle long-term average slip-rate across the fault is significantly less than the slip-rate from other nearby sites. I find sections adjacent to the fault with tectonic rotations of up to 30°. If interpreted as block rotations, the non-brittle offset was 14.0+2.8, -2.1 meters in the last three earthquakes and 8.5+1.0, -0.9 meters in the last two. Combined with the brittle offset in these events, the last three events all had about 6 meters of total fault offset, even though the intervals between them were markedly different.

In Appendix 1 I present a detailed description of my standard sampling and demagnetization procedure.

In Appendix 2 I present a detailed discussion of the study at Panum Crater that yielded the well-constrained paleomagnetic direction for use in developing secular variation curve in Chapter 2. In addition, from sampling two distinctly different clast types in a block-and-ash flow deposit from Panum Crater, I find that this flow had a complex emplacement and cooling history. Angular, glassy "lithic" blocks were emplaced at temperatures above 600° C. Some of these had cooled nearly completely, whereas others had cooled only to 450° C, when settling in the flow rotated the blocks slightly. The partially cooled blocks then finished cooling without further settling. Highly vesicular, breadcrusted pumiceous clasts had not yet cooled to 600° C at the time of these rotations, because they show a stable, well clustered, unidirectional magnetic vector.

Etnogeografia do underground cristão brasileiro: concentração e dispersão das Tribos em nome do Senhor

A presente pesquisa visa investigar as identidades e formas espaciais cambiantes produzidas pelo movimento emergente underground cristão. Situados dentro de um campo mais vasto ao qual estão ligados os evangélicos e jovens de outras redes de afinidade estética , o movimento agrega diferentes grupamentos e manifestações religiosas, identitário-culturais que, a despeito de suas distinções visuais, musicais, rituais e bíblico-doutrinárias, estão unidos por uma causa, na verdade um Ideal: levar Cristo a todas as culturas juvenis urbanas que, historicamente, são alvos de preconceito e negligência por parte das igrejas tradicionais católicas ou protestantes. Assim, configuram heterotopias do sagrado que revelam as novas tendências de identificação, filiação e ritualização religiosas, assim como as novas práticas de compromisso assumidas por estes jovens subversivos que, pela ideia de militância comunitária, lutam simbolicamente contra o institucionalismo, o marketing selvagem e a impessoalidade que dominam o cenário cristão atual, bem como buscam respostas, pela via da cultura, para as inquietações, radicalismos e outros distúrbios de uma Nova Era pós-secular, onde a geografia do sagrado faz-se imanente nos indivíduos, e onde a territorialidade não se restringe mais aos templos e ao controle de autoridades eclesiásticas. Um panorama desse tipo permite compreender como os cristãos emergentes configuram lugares religiosos e itinerários simbólicos para, simultaneamente, reabastecer a fé e alcançar os cativos do Mundo.

Violence in the Medieval Church before the First Crusade

The attitude of the medieval church towards violence before the First Crusade in 1095 underwent a significant institutional evolution, from the peaceful tradition of the New Testament and the Roman persecution, through the prelate-led military campaigns of the Carolingian period and the Peace of God era. It would be superficially easy to characterize this transformation as the pragmatic and entirely secular response of a growing power to the changing world. However, such a simplification does not fully do justice to the underlying theology. While church leaders from the 5th Century to the 11th had vastly different motivations and circumstances under which to develop their responses to a variety of violent activities, the teachings of Augustine of Hippo provided a unifying theme. Augustine’s just war theology, in establishing which conflicts are acceptable in the eyes of God, focused on determining whether a proper causa belli or basis for war exists, and then whether a legitimate authority declares and leads the war. Augustine masterfully integrated aspects of the Old and New Testaments to create a lasting and compelling case for his definition of justified violence. Although at different times and places his theology has been used to support a variety of different attitudes, the profound influence of his work on the medieval church’s evolving position on violence is clear.

Família homoafetiva: efeitos patrimonais

Constituição de 1988. Novo ordenamento jurídico tem início, novo arcabouço, com novos valores e princípios, especialmente o da dignidade da pessoa humana. Este novo sistema jurídico precisa ser aplicado, os valores e princípios que passam a reger o ordenamento devem impregnar todos os ramos do direito, orientar sua interpretação e aplicação. Nestes se inclui o direito civil, que tem suas raízes fincadas no sujeito de direito, no credor e proprietário, digno de proteção. Um novo direito civil começa a surgir, na esteira de valores outros, absolutamente distintos dos anteriormente encontrados. Essa necessidade de mudança se faz notar mormente no direito de família, que tem arraigada na sua cultura secular a família patriarcal, hierarquizada na pessoa do pai, destinada a assegurar o patrimônio deste grupo, destinada a assegurar uma moral que se diz aceita socialmente, e cujos valores pretende preservar. Essa família entre em choque com os valores trazidos pela nova Constituição; não será por meio de sua simples promulgação que tais valores superarão a moral socialmente aceita para passarem a tutelar a pessoa em primeiro lugar, para buscar a proteção do indivíduo, da sua dignidade, em detrimento da propriedade outrora dominante. O trabalho do intérprete do direito é, pois, fazer do direito instrumento não só de manutenção do status quo, mas de transformação da sociedade, para que a Constituição não seja mera folha de papel, e sim norma que obriga e modifica a sociedade para a qual foi elaborada. A família atual é multifacetada, plural, capaz de se estruturar dos mais variados modos, desde que o seja da maneira mais apta a desenvolver a personalidade de cada um de seus integrantes, a proporcionar a vida digna e a convivência harmônica destes integrantes. Moral socialmente aceita não é aquela preestabelecida por algum grupo como única possível, mas qualquer uma capaz de, respeitando cada individualidade, proporcionar à pessoa o desenvolvimento de sua personalidade segundo suas concepções de vida digna. Não há uma moral, mais várias sem preconceitos e pré-julgamentos, tendo por base os princípios e valores constitucionais de liberdade, igualdade, dignidade, de vedação à discriminação de qualquer tipo. O presente trabalho pretende trazer algum auxílio no difícil labor de transformar a realidade, de transformar o direito civil do século XVIII, hierarquizado e apto a tutelar adequadamente apenas o patrimônio, no direito civil da Constituição de 1988, que busca o desenvolvimento da pessoa, a concretização de seus anseios e a promoção da sua dignidade na procura de uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária. Busca-se oferecer alternativas para que os princípios constitucionais possam suplantar a moral patrimonialista de outrora, que não mais se justifica no ordenamento posto.