George Gruenthal as a child Portraits Children

Son of Max and Lola Gruenthal

Samuel and Eva Baeck nee Placzek with unidentified woman holding child in background Portraits; Family

Digital Image

Portrait of Peter Molling and one unidentified child, playing in the sand; Germany.

left unknown child; right Peter Molling

George Gruenthal as a child Portraits Children

Son of Max and Lola Gruenthal

Group of two women, one man and one child, sit on chairs outdoors Portraits Groups

Digital Image

Group of two women, one man and one child, sit on chairs outdoors Portraits Groups

Digital Image

Studio portraits of Charlotte (Lotte) Engel as a young child Portraits Children

Digital Image

Studio portraits of Paula Wagner (later Rieser) as a small child; Vienna Portraits Children

Digital Image

Portrait of Professor Baruch Sperber wearing a Jewish star arm band, with his wife and child in front of a harmonium Portraits Men

Last known photograph of Sperber family before they were killed in the Holocaust

Ella Hochherr with unidentified woman and child Portraits; Groups

Handwritten information on back of photo(s).

Lieselotte Hochherr with unidentified child Portraits; Groups; Children

Handwritten information on back of photo(s).

Exercise and vascular function in child obesity: A meta-analysis

CONTEXT: Conduit artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a noninvasive index of preclinical atherosclerosis in humans. Exercise interventions can improve FMD in both healthy and clinical populations. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effect of exercise training on FMD in overweight and obese children and adolescents as well as investigate the role of cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption [Vo2peak]) on effects observed. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cinahl databases were searched from the earliest available date to February 2015. STUDY SELECTION: Studies of children and/or adolescents who were overweight or obese were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Standardized data extraction forms were used for patient and intervention characteristics, control/comparator groups, and key outcomes. Procedural quality of the studies was assessed using a modified version of the Physiotherapy Evidence Base Database scale. RESULTS: A meta-analysis involving 219 participants compared the mean difference of pre- versus postintervention vascular function (FMD) and Vo2peak between an exercise training intervention and a control condition. There was a significantly greater improvement in FMD (mean difference 1.54%, P < .05) and Vo2peak (mean difference 3.64 mL/kg/min, P < .05) after exercise training compared with controls. LIMITATIONS: Given the diversity of exercise prescriptions, participant characteristics, and FMD measurement protocols, varying FMD effect size was noted between trials. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise training improves vascular function in overweight and obese children, as indicated by enhanced FMD. Further research is required to establish the optimum exercise program for maintenance of healthy vascular function in this at-risk pediatric population.

Mother and Child Coin

Obverse: 50 Lirot silver coin, emblem of the State of Israel. Reverse: Stylized designs of mother and two children.