The Early Phases of Innovation Process - Case: New Wireless E-Business Opportunities in Forest Industry

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli soveltaa innovaatioprosessiteorioita käytäntöön konteksti huomioonottaen, koska langattoman sähköisen liiketoiminnan nopeat muutokset, metsäteollisuuden erityispiirteet ja ei-kaupallisuus asettavat erityistarpeita innovoinnille. Painopiste on prosessin aikaisissa vaiheissa, koska ne ovat kriittisiä koko innovaatioprosessin menestymisen kannalta. Tähtäimenä oli löytää yrityssektorille uusia langattomia sähköisen liiketoiminnan mahdollisuuksia, jotka hyödyttävät tutkimuksessa mukanaolevaa yritystä. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin konstruktiivista tutkimusotetta ja metodeina sähköistä aivomyrskyä, tarkistuslistaa sekä GDSS- ja postikyselyä.Tutkimuksen tuloksena on esitetty innovaatioprosessin aikaiset vaiheet kirjallisuudesta, metsäteollisuuden erityispiirteet ja innovaatioprosessisovellus. Lisäksi tämä tutkimus tuotti uusia sähköisen liiketoiminnan ideoita, suoritti niille seulonnan ja kävi läpi alustavan tutkimuksen.

Quantum Hall Phases of two-component bosons

The recent production of synthetic magnetic fields acting on electroneutral particles, such as atoms or photons, has boosted interest in the quantum Hall physics of bosons. Adding pseudospin 1/2 to the bosons greatly enriches the scenario, as it allows them to form an interacting integer quantum Hall (IQH) phase with no fermionic counterpart. Here we show that, for a small two-component Bose gas on a disk, the complete strongly correlated regime, extending from the integer phase at filling factor ν = 2 to the Halperin phase at filling factor ν = 2 / 3, is well described by composite fermionization of the bosons. Moreover we study the edge excitations of the IQH state, which, in agreement with expectations from topological field theory, are found to consist of forward-moving charge excitations and backward-moving spin excitations. Finally, we demonstrate how pair-correlation functions allow one to experimentally distinguish the IQH state from competing states, such as non-Abelian spin singlet (NASS) states.

Topological phases in small quantum Hall samples

Topological order has proven a useful concept to describe quantum phase transitions which are not captured by the Ginzburg-Landau type of symmetry-breaking order. However, lacking a local order parameter, topological order is hard to detect. One way to detect it is via direct observation of anyonic properties of excitations which are usually discussed in the thermodynamic limit, but so far has not been realized in macroscopic quantum Hall samples. Here we consider a system of few interacting bosons subjected to the lowest Landau level by a gauge potential, and theoretically investigate vortex excitations in order to identify topological properties of different ground states. Our investigation demonstrates that even in surprisingly small systems anyonic properties are able to characterize the topological order. In addition, focusing on a system in the Laughlin state, we study the robustness of its anyonic behavior in the presence of tunable finite-range interactions acting as a perturbation. A clear signal of a transition to a different state is reflected by the system's anyonic properties.

Accessory phases as a tool to investigate magmatic underplating in polymetamorphic metasediments : an example from a fossil lower crust : Ivrea Verbano zne, NW Italy

The Ivrea and the Strona-Ceneri zones, NW italy and S Switzerland, offer the possibility to study the continental crust of the Southern Alps. Because of its high metamorphic degree and the abundant Permo- Carboniferous mafic intrusions, the Ivrea Zone is classically interpreted an exposed section trough the Permian lower crust. The present work is focused here on metasedimentary slices (septa) intercalated within Permian gabbro (mafic complex). In particular I studied the evolution of accessory phases such as rutile and zircon and the chemistry of the metasediments. The septa build an irregular and discontinuous band that cut obliquely the mafic complex from its deepest part (N) to its roof (S). The chemistry of the metasediments evolves along the band and the chemical evolution can be compared with that observed in the country-rock surrounding the mafic intrusion to the NE and overprinted by a main regional metamorphic event. This suggests that the degree of chemical depletion of the septa was mainly established during the same regional metamorphic event. Moreover it suggests that incorporation of the septa within the gabbro did not modify their original stratigraphie distribution within the crust. It implies that the mafic complex has been emplaced following a dynamic substantially different from the classic model of « gabbro glacier » (Quick et al., 1992; Quick et al., 1994). It is more likely that it has been emplaced by repeated injections of sills at different depths during a protracted period of time. Zircon trace elements and U-Pb ages suggest that regional metamorphism occurred 330-320Ma, the first sills in the deepest part of the Mafic Complex are injected at ~300Ma, the mafic magmas reached higher levels in the crust at 285Ma and the magmatic activity continued locally until 275Ma. The ages of detrital cores in zircons fix the maximal sedimentation age at ~370Ma, this age corresponds therefore with the maximal age of the incorporation of the Ivrea zone within the lower crust. I propose that the Ivrea zone has been accreted to the lower crust during the Hercynian orogeny sensu lato. The analysis of detrital ages suggests that the source terrains for the Ivrea zone and those for the Strona-Ceneri zone have a completely different Palaeozoic history. The systematic analysis of rutile in partially molten metasediments of the Ivrea zone reveals the occurrence of two generations. The two generations are characterized by a different chemistry and textural distribution. A first generation is formed during pro-grade metamorphism in the restitic counterpart. The second generation is formed in the melts during cooling at the same time that part of the first generation re-equilibrate. Re-equilibration of the first generation seems to be spatially controlled by the presence of fluids. Locally the second generation forms overgrowths on the first generation. Considered the different diffusivity of U and Pb in rutile, U heterogeneities have important implication for U-Pb dating of rutile. ID-TIMS and LA-ICPMS dating coupled with a careful textural investigation (SEM) suggest that rutile grains are characterized by multiple path along which Pb diffusion can occur: volume diffusion is an important process, but intragrain and subgrain boundaries provide additional high diffusivity pathways for Pb escape and reduce drastically the effective diffusion length. -- La zone d'Ivrea et la zone de Strona-Ceneri, en Italie nord-occidentale et Suisse méridionale, offrent la possibilité d'étudier la croûte continentale des Alpes du Sud. En raison du haut degré métamorphique et l'abondance d'intrusions mafiques d'âge Permo-Carbonifère [complexe mafique), la zone d'Ivrea est interprétée classiquement comme de la croûte inférieure permienne. Ce travail ce concentre sur des bandes metasédimentaires (septa) incorporées dans les magmas mafiques lors de l'intrusion. Les septa forment une bande irrégulière qui coupe obliquement le complexe mafique du bas (N) vers le haut (S). La chimie des septa évolue du bas vers le haut et l'évolution chimique se rapproche de l'évolution observé dans la roche encaissante l'intrusion affecté par un événement métamorphique régionale. Cette relation suggère que le degré d'appauvrissement chimique des septa a été établit principalement lors de l'événement métamorphique régional. De plus l'incorporation dans les gabbros n'a pas perturbée la distribution stratigraphique originelle des septa. Ces deux observations impliquent que le métamorphisme dans la roche encaissante précède la mise en place du gabbro et que cette dernière ne se fait pas selon le modèle classique (« gabbro glacier » de Quick et al., 1992, 1994), mais se fait plutôt par injections répétées de sills a différentes profondeurs. Les âges U-Pb et les éléments traces des zircons suggèrent que le métamorphisme régionale a eu lieu 330-320Ma, alors que les premiers sills dans la partie profonde du Mafic Complex s'injectent à ~300Ma, le magmatisme mafique atteigne des niveaux supérieurs à 285Ma et continue localement jusqu'à 270Ma. Les âges des coeurs détritiques des zircons permettent de fixer l'âge maximale de sédimentation à ~370Ma ce qui correspond donc à l'âge maximale de l'incorporation de la zone d'Ivrea dans la croûte inférieur. L'analyse systématique des rutiles, nous a permit de montrer l'existence de plusieurs générations qui ont une répartition texturale et une chimie différente. Une génération se forme lors de l'événement UHT dans les restites, une autre génération se forme dans les liquides lors du refroidissement, au même temps qu'une partie de la première génération se rééquilibre au niveau du Zr. Localement la deuxième génération peut former des surcroissances autour de la première génération. Dans ces cas, des fortes différences en uranium entre les deux générations ont des importantes implications pour la datation U-Pb sur rutile. Classiquement les ratios Pb/U dans le rutile sont interprétés comme indiquant l'âges du refroidissement du minéral sous une température à la quelle la diffusion du Pb dans le minéral n'est plus détectable et la diffusion à plus hautes températures est assumée se faire par «volume diffusion» dans le grain (Mezger et al., 1989). Par des datations ID-TIMS (sur grain entier) et LA-ICPMS (in-situ) et une analyse texturale (MEB) approfondie nous montrons que cette supposition est trop simpliste et que le rutile est repartie en sous-domaines. Chacun de ces domaines a ça propre longueur ou chemin de diffusion spécifique. Nous proposons donc une nouvelle approche plus cohérente pour l'interprétation des âges U-Pb sur rutile.

Spectroscopic characterization of phases formed by high-dose carbon ion implantation in silicon

High-dose carbon-ion-implanted Si samples have been analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, Raman scattering, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) correlated with transmission electron microscopy. Samples were implanted at room temperature and 500°C with doses between 1017 and 1018 C+/cm2. Some of the samples were implanted at room temperature with the surface covered by a capping oxide layer. Implanting at room temperature leads to the formation of a surface carbon-rich amorphous layer, in addition to the buried implanted layer. The dependence of this layer on the capping oxide suggests this layer to be determined by carbon migration toward the surface, rather than surface contamination. Implanting at 500°C, no carbon-rich surface layer is observed and the SiC buried layer is formed by crystalline ßSiC precipitates aligned with the Si matrix. The concentration of SiC in this region as measured by XPS is higher than for the room-temperature implantation.

Estado da arte da cromatografia gasosa de alta resolução e alta temperatura

The developments in stationary phase synthesis and capillary column technology, have opened new perspectives in analysis of high molecular mass compounds (³600 daltons) and thermolabile organic compounds by High Temperature High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HT-HRGC). HT-HRGC is a new analytical borderline and its application to the analysis of high molecular mass compounds is still in its infancy. The apolar and medium polar gum phases can now be operated at temperatures up to 400-480ºC, being used for the analysis of n-alcanes up to C-100, lipids, oligosaccharides, industrial resins, polyglycerols, cyclodextrins, porphyrins, etc. This technique should play a leading role as a powerful tool, for many different analysis types, in multidisciplinary fields of Science.

Enantioselective synthesis of aziridines using asymmetric transfer hydrogenation as a precursor for chiral derivatives used as bonding agent for rocket solid propellants

A rapid, expedient and enantioselective method for the synthesis of beta-hydroxy amines and monosubstituted aziridines in up to 99% e.e., via asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of a-amino ketones and cyclisation through treatment with tosyl chloride and base, is described. (1R,2R)-N-(para-toluenesulfonyl)-1,2-ethylenediamine with formic acid has been utilised as a ligand for the Ruthenium (II) catalysed enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of the ketones.The chiral 2-methyl aziridine, which is a potentially more efficient bonding agent for Rocket Solid Propellant has been successfully achieved.

Is the influence of quality of life on urban growth non-stationary in space? A case study of Barcelona

There are several determinants that influence household location decisions. More concretely, recent economic literature assigns an increasingly important role to the variables governing quality of life. Nevertheless, the spatial stationarity of the parameters is implicitly assumed in most studies. Here we analyse the role of quality of life in urban economics and test for the spatial stationarity of the relationship between city growth and quality of life.

Another Look at the Null of Stationary Real Exchange Rates: Panel Data with Structural Breaks and Cross-section Dependence

This paper re-examines the null of stationary of real exchange rate for a panel of seventeen OECD developed countries during the post-Bretton Woods era. Our analysis simultaneously considers both the presence of cross-section dependence and multiple structural breaks that have not received much attention in previous panel methods of long-run PPP. Empirical results indicate that there is little evidence in favor of PPP hypothesis when the analysis does not account for structural breaks. This conclusion is reversed when structural breaks are considered in computation of the panel statistics. We also compute point estimates of half-life separately for idiosyncratic and common factor components and find that it is always below one year.

Control and femtosecond time-resolved imaging of torsion in a chiral molecule

We study how the combination of long and short laser pulses can be used to induce torsion in an axially chiral biphenyl derivative (3,5-difluoro-3 ,5 -dibromo-4 -cyanobiphenyl). A long, with respect to the molecular rotational periods, elliptically polarized laser pulse produces 3D alignment of the molecules, and a linearly polarized short pulse initiates torsion about the stereogenic axis. The torsional motion is monitored in real-time by measuring the dihedral angle using femtosecond time-resolved Coulomb explosion imaging. Within the first 4 picoseconds (ps), torsion occurs with a period of 1.25 ps and an amplitude of 3◦ in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations. At larger times, the quantum states of the molecules describing the torsional motion dephase and an almost isotropic distribution of the dihedral angle is measured.We demonstrate an original application of covariance analysis of two-dimensional ion images to reveal strong correlations between specific ejected ionic fragments from Coulomb explosion. This technique strengthens our interpretation of the experimental data

The Management of Intellectual Capital in the Early Phases of Project Marketing

This study aims at enhancing understanding and deriving new constructs about the management of intellectual capital in the early phases of project marketing. The research methodology employed is deductive; conceptual reasoning is based on existing literature. The study's knowledge base is drawn from the bodies of literature dealing with project, relationship, and industrial marketing, as well as from the literature dealing with mechanical engineering, network approach, systems selling, R&D, project portfolio, strategic, financial, and knowledge management. As a result, three processes, 32 summaries and 19 conclusions give to the management of intellectual capital meaning in the context of project marketing. These conclusions and synthesis are proposed to improve the existing concepts and models in project marketing.

Stereoselective syntheses of (+)- isoretronecanol and (+)-5-epi-tashiromine via addition of chiral titanium (iv) enolates to cyclic n-acyliminium ions

The stereoselective addition of the titanium (IV) enolates derived from (S)-4-isopropyl-N-4-chlorobutyryl-1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione (8) and from (S)-4-isopropyl-N-4-chloropentanoyl-1,3-thiazolidine-2-thione (9) to N-Boc-2-methoxypyrrolidine (5b) afforded the addition products (+)-10 and (+)-11 in 84% yield in both cases, as 8.6:1 and 10:1 diastereoisomeric mixtures, respectively. A three-step sequence allowed to convert these adducts to (+)-isoretronecanol (1) and (+)-5-epi-tashiromine (2) in 43% and 49% overall yield, respectively.

CHARACTERIZING THE MECHANISM OF QUETIAPINE DISTRIBUTION IN LIPID-CORE NANOCAPSULES PSEUDO-PHASES USING A VALIDATED LC/UV METHOD

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia. However, despite great interest for its chronic therapeutic use, quetiapine has some important side effects such as weight gain induction. The development of a quetiapine nanocarrier can potentially target the drug into central nervous system, resulting in a reduction of systemic side effects and improved patient treatment. In the present work, a simple liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detection (LC/UV) analytical method was developed and validated for quantification of total quetiapine content in lipid core nanocapsules as well as for determination of incorporation efficiency. An algorithm proposed by Oliveira et al. (2012) was applied to characterize the distribution of quetiapine in the pseudo-phases of the nanocarrier, leading to a better understanding of the quetiapine nanoparticles produced. The analytical methodology developed was specific, linear in the range of 0.5 to 100 µg mL−1 (r2 > 0,99), and accurate and precise (R.S.D < ±5%). The absolute recovery of quetiapine from the nanoparticles was approximately 98% with an incorporation efficiency of approximately 96%. The results indicated that quetiapine was present in a type III distribution according to the algorithm, and was mainly located in the core of the nanoparticle because of its logD in the formulation pH (6.86 ± 0.4).

Chiral separations of mandelic acid by HPLC using molecularly imprinted polymers

Styrene is used in a variety of chemical industries. Environmental and occupational exposures to styrene occur predominantly through inhalation. The major metabolite of styrene is present in two enantiomeric forms, chiral R- and S- hydroxy-1-phenyl-acetic acid (R-and S-mandelic acid, MA). Thus, the concentration of MA, particularly of its enantiomers, has been used in urine tests to determine whether workers have been exposed to styrene. This study describes a method of analyzing mandelic acid using molecular imprinting techniques and HPLC detection to perform the separation of diastereoisomers of mandelic acid. The molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared by non-covalent molecular imprinting using (+) MA, (-) MA or (+) phenylalanine, (-) phenylalanine as templates. Methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) were copolymerized in the presence of the template molecules. The bulk polymerization was carried out at 4ºC under UV radiation. The resulting MIP was grounded into 25~44¼m particles, which were slurry packed into analytical columns. After the template molecules were removed, the MIP-packed columns were found to be effective for the chromatographic resolution of (±)-mandelic acid. This method is simpler and more convenient than other chromatographic methods.

Integrating user experience into early phases of software development

The value and benefits of user experience (UX) are widely recognized in the modern world and UX is seen as an integral part of many fields. This dissertation integrates UX and understanding end users with the early phases of software development. The concept of UX is still unclear, as witnessed by more than twenty-five definitions and ongoing argument about its different aspects and attributes. This missing consensus forms a problem in creating a link between UX and software development: How to take the UX of end users into account when it is unclear for software developers what UX stands for the end users. Furthermore, currently known methods to estimate, evaluate and analyse UX during software development are biased in favor of the phases where something concrete and tangible already exists. It would be beneficial to further elaborate on UX in the beginning phases of software development. Theoretical knowledge from the fields of UX and software development is presented and linked with surveyed and analysed UX attribute information from end users and UX professionals. Composing the surveys around the identified 21 UX attributes is described and the results are analysed in conjunction with end user demographics. Finally the utilization of the gained results is explained with a proof of concept utility, the Wizard of UX, which demonstrates how UX can be integrated into early phases of software development. The process of designing, prototyping and testing this utility is an integral part of this dissertation. The analyses show statistically significant dependencies between appreciation towards UX attributes and surveyed end user demographics. In addition, tests conducted by software developers and industrial UX designer both indicate the benefits and necessity of the prototyped Wizard of UX utility. According to the conducted tests, this utility meets the requirements set for it: It provides a way for software developers to raise their know-how of UX and a possibility to consider the UX of end users with statistical user profiles during the early phases of software development. This dissertation produces new and relevant information for the UX and software development communities by demonstrating that it is possible to integrate UX as a part of the early phases of software development.