Contabilidad y finanzas del Temple de París (1221-1295)

A principios del siglo XII se fundó la Orden del Temple cuya función original era proteger a los peregrinos y facilitar la peregrinación a los Santos Lugares en Jerusalén, garantizando la seguridad en los caminos. En el Concilio de Troyes de 1129, la Orden recibió su consagración oficial y su propia regla (Regla primitiva). Los privilegios de la Orden fueron confirmados por sucesivas bulas papales entre los años 1139 y 1145, confiriendo a la Orden de una autonomía que le permitía actuar con independencia. De esta forma la Orden tenía sobre sus rivales laicos la gran ventaja de constituir una potencia prácticamente independiente, no sometida a las autoridades locales y que gozaba de la protección de Roma, sin aceptar su tutela. A finales de los años treinta del siglo XII, el Temple ya se había convertido en una orden militar dotada de una estructura jerárquica. La Orden evolucionó hasta convertirse en una de las instituciones militares más poderosas de la Edad Media. Durante el resto del siglo XII y principios del XIII la fama y dimensiones de la Orden siguieron creciendo. Las múltiples donaciones que recibía hicieron que la Orden llegara a ser extremadamente rica. Capaz de garantizar tanto la seguridad de los transportes de fondos como la de los depósitos que los poderosos les confiaban y poseyendo una organización administrativa ciertamente más desarrollada que la de la mayoría de los estados que recurrían a sus servicios, la Orden se convirtió pronto en banquera de reyes y altos dignatarios, así como en intermediaria de sus operaciones financieras. La caída de la Orden se produce el 22 de marzo de 1313 cuando el Papa Clemente V pronunció la abolición de la Orden del Temple, poniendo fin a una Orden militar surgida dos siglos antes con el fin de combatir en Tierra Santa, que desarrolló una potente red financiera. El objetivo general de esta investigación es describir, analizar e interpretar el modelo contable de una de las órdenes religiosas y militares de mayor relevancia por sus hazañas militares y su inmenso poder político y económico. Esta investigación se realiza a través del análisis del caso histórico de la Orden del Temple durante el siglo XIII (1221-1295). Con la finalidad de contribuir con esta investigación al conocimiento de las características generales del modelo contable del Temple se ha recopilado la escasa documentación disponible hasta la fecha sobre las cuentas del tesoro del Rey en el Temple para realizar un análisis descriptivo del detalle, contenido y presentación, así como, un análisis comparativo entre dichos documentos...

Protect your body, your temple : Know the Facts About TB

These bookmarks state: In South Carolina, African-Americans account for over half of Tuberculosis cases. Tuberculosis (TB) is spread through the air from person to person when someone with the disease coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. The signs and symptoms of TB include: Cough usually lasting 2-3 weeks or longer, Coughing up blood, Unusual chest pain especially when breathing, Increased tiredness, Unplanned or sudden weight loss or loss of appetite, • Chills with fever and sudden night sweats.

Protect your body, your temple : Know the Facts About Arthritis

These bookmarks state: Arthritis is the most common chronic illness and is the leading cause of disability in the U.S. It is a term used to refer to more than 100 different joint diseases. The severity of the diseases range from relatively mild forms such as tendinitis and bursitis to crippling forms such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and other disorders that affect every part of the body. It affects an estimated 52 million (1 in 5) adults in the U.S. and is expected to affect approximately 67 million by 2030. S.C. has the 6th highest rate of arthritis in the nation. An estimated one million, or 28 percent, of South Carolinians 19 or older report having arthritis.

Protect your body, your temple : Benefits of Physical Activity

These bookmarks state: African-Americans are less likely to exercise than Caucasians. In S.C., 1 in 3 African-Americans has high blood pressure and 1 in 3 has high cholesterol. This causes an increase in death rates from heart disease and stroke. Regular physical activity can help to: prevent heart disease and prevent high blood pressure.

Protect your body, your temple : Get the Facts about Sickle Cell Disease and Sickle Cell Trait

These bookmarks state: Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder that affects red blood cells and causes organ damage, anemia, and lifelong episodes of pain. The disease most commonly affects people of African, Asian, Mediterranean, Central and South American ancestry. About 70,000 Americans are currently diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. Newborn screening for sickle cell disease and trait is required in South Carolina and most other states. One in 10 African Americans has the sickle cell trait. Knowing if you have the trait is important! Also is a list of available resources with addresses and phone numbers.

Protect your body, your temple : Heart Healthy Nutrition

These bookmarks state: poor diet can have bad effects on diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol in African-Americans. What can you do? Eat more fruits and vegetables. Choose meat with less fat. Buy foods low in fat, salt and cholesterol. Have sugar-free drinks. Eat less. Choose less fried foods.

Protect your body, your temple : Know the Facts about HIV

These bookmarks state: Blacks account for more than 11,000 people living with HIV and AIDS in the state of South Carolina. Blacks account for 27% of the state’s population and 73% of new HIV infections. Among Blacks, men account for 67% of new HIV infections and women account for 33%. The rate of HIV infection for Blacks is more than 7 times as high as the rate among Whites, and more than three times that of Hispanics.

Protect your body, your temple : Do You Know Your Kidney Count?

These bookmarks state: Your kidney count is a number that your doctor can tell you that could save your life. Your kidney count should be 90 or above. In South Carolina, 1 in 8 people has kidney disease. More than 70 percent of South Carolinians on dialysis are African-American. If you have diabetes or high blood pressure, you are at risk for kidney disease. Kidney disease can be prevented or delayed.

Protect your body, your temple : Dangers of Smoking

These bookmarks state: African-Americans smoke less, but have more smoking-related diseases than Caucasians. Smoking causes cancer, heart disease and a higher chance of stroke. The Good News If smoking is stopped, the health risks caused by smoking are reduced.

Protect your body, your temple : Stroke Warning Signs, Symptoms, and Lowering Risk

These bookmarks state: African-Americans face higher risks of stroke. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chances of having a stroke. The best way to prevent a stroke is to reduce your risk factors. Common Risk Factors for Stroke: smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity/overweight, diabetes. It also lists the warning signs of stroke.

(FAB12_1_002) 'Would you know the new, you must search the old': William Lethaby's 'Architecture, Mysticism and Myth' (1891) and the 'Hypnerotomachia Poliphili' (1499)

Published in the final months of 1891, Architecture, Mysticism and Myth was the first architectural treatise written by the late nineteenth-century English architect and theorist William Richard Lethaby (1857-1931).' Documenting the characteristic attributes of the architectural myth of the "temple idea", and its presence amongst architectures of multiple ancient cultures, the text was endowed with a distinctly historical tone. In examining the motives behind myth, which Lethaby defined as the interaction and reaction between the natural universe and the built environment, Lethaby also injected a series of theoretical considerations into the text. It is clear that Lethaby's interest in the temple idea was not limited to its curious, prolific presence in past architectures, hut also embraced a consideration of what lessons the temple idea may contribute to the struggle of the late nineteenth-century English architect to define an "art of the future".

(FAB12_2_019) National identity at Arakawa & Gins’ Site of Reversible Destiny—Yoro, Japan

This paper examines the manipulation of forms of the traditional Japanese stroll garden at Site of Reversible Destiny, a tourist park designed by the New Yorkbased collaborators Shusaku Arakawa and Madeline Gins. Landscape and its representations are central to the construction of national identity in Japan since the cultural distinctiveness of the Japanese people has been argued to rest on their unique relationship to nature and the country’s idiosyncratic geography. The stroll garden of the larger estates and palaces of the Edo period (1615–1867) developed out of earlier temple gardens and most public parks in contemporary Japan are in the grounds of these historic sites or reproduce their forms.

Factors influencing paternity success in Antechinus agilis: last-male sperm precedence, timing of mating and genetic compatibility

We describe the patterns of paternity success from laboratory mating experiments conducted in Antechinus agilis, a small size dimorphic carnivorous marsupial (males are larger than females). A previous study found last-male sperm precedence in this species, but they were unable to sample complete Utters, and did not take male size and relatedness into account. We tested whether last-male sperm precedence regardless of male size still holds for complete litters. We explored the relationship between male mating order, male size, timing of mating and relatedness on paternity success. Females were mated with two males of different size with either the large or the small male first, with 1 day rest between the matings. Matings continued for 6 h. in these controlled conditions male size did not have a strong effect on paternity success, but mating order did. Males mating second sired 69.5% of the offspring. Within first mated males, males that mated closer to ovulation sired more offspring, To a lesser degree, variation appeared also to be caused by differences in genetic compatibility of the female and the male, where high levels of allele-sharing resulted in lower paternity success.

Update on intrapartum fetal pulse oximetry

This article examines the current status of fetal pulse oximetry (FPO) as a means of intrapartum assessment of fetal wellbeing. FPO has been developed to a stage where it is a safe and accurate indicator of intrapartum fetal oxygenation. In general, sliding the FPO sensor along the examiner's fingers and through the cervix, to lie alongside the fetal cheek or temple is easy The recent publication of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of FPO versus conventional intrapartum monitoring has validated its use to reduce caesarean section rates for nonreassuring fetal status. An Australian multicentre RCT is currently underway. Maternal satisfaction rates with FPO are high. FPO may be used during labour when the electronic fetal heart rate trace is nonreassuring or when conventional monitoring is unreliable, such as with fetal arrhythmias. If the fetal oxygen saturation (FSpO(2)) values are < 30%, prompt obstetric intervention is indicated, such as fetal scalp blood sampling or delivery FSpO(2) monitoring should not form the sole basis of intrapartum fetal welfare assessment. Rather, the whole clinical picture should be considered.

Religious beliefs and practice, and alcohol use in Thai men

Buddhism, the Thai state religion, teaches that use of intoxicants should be avoided. Nonetheless, many Thai people drink alcohol, and a proportion are alcohol-dependent or hazardous or harmful drinkers. This study examines the relationship between Buddhist upbringing and beliefs and alcohol use disorders in Thai men. Three groups, comprising 144 non/infrequent/light drinkers, 77 hazardous/harmful drinkers and 91 alcohol dependents were inter-viewed regarding their early religious life and current religious practices and beliefs. No protective association was shown between early religious life and later alcohol use disorders, indeed, having lived as a buy in a temple for a period was commoner in those with adult alcohol problems. Few subjects reported frequent involvement in current religious activities (9, 8 and 6% in the non/infrequent/light drinkers, hazardous/harmful drinkers, and alcohol dependents respectively). Hazardous/harmful drinkers [odds ratio (OR) = 0.4, 95% confidence interval (0) = 0.2-0.9] and alcohol dependents (OR = 0.5, 95% Cl = 0.2-0.9) were less likely to report being moderately to strongly religious, than were non/infrequent/light drinkers, Understanding the association between religious beliefs and drinking behaviour can potentially assist in the development of prevention and treatment programmes.