Genes that encodes NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 are not virulence factors for kala-azar caused by Leishmania infantum

IntroductionKala-azar is a disease resulting from infection by Leishmania donovani and Leishmania infantum. Most patients with the disease exhibit prolonged fever, wasting, anemia and hepatosplenomegaly without complications. However, some patients develop severe disease with hemorrhagic manifestations, bacterial infections, jaundice, and edema dyspnea, among other symptoms, followed by death. Among the parasite molecules that might influence the disease severity are the macrophage migration inhibitory factor-like proteins (MIF1 and MIF2) and N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (NAGT), which act in the first step of protein N-glycosylation. This study aimed to determine whether MIF1, MIF2 and NAGT are virulence factors for severe kala-azar.MethodsTo determine the parasite genotype in kala-azar patients from Northeastern Brazil, we sequenced the NAGT genes of L. infantum from 68 patients as well as the MIF1 and MIF2 genes from 76 different subjects with diverse clinical manifestations. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the fragments were sequenced, followed by polymorphism identification.ResultsThe nucleotide sequencing of the 144 amplicons revealed the absence of genetic variability of the NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 genes between the isolates. The conservation of these genes suggests that the clinical variability of kala-azar does not depend upon these genes. Additionally, this conservation suggests that these genes may be critical for parasite survival.ConclusionsNAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 do not alter the severity of kala-azar. NAGT, MIF1 and MIF2 are highly conserved among different isolates of identical species and exhibit potential for use in phylogenetic inferences or molecular diagnosis.

Tomada de decisão em engenharia com base na teoria axiomática – caso de seleção de banco de ensaios para atuadores hidráulicos

A atividade de engenharia implica uma constante necessidade de tomadas de decisão. Na sua atividade profissional, o engenheiro está permanentemente a ter que tomar decisões cuja dificuldade pode variar desde casos simples até situações de elevada complexidade, dependendo do número de fatores envolvidos e da sua incerteza associada. A tomada de decisão durante a parte conceptual do projeto é uma destas situações, na medida em que as decisões então tomadas determinam fortemente os desenvolvimentos subsequentes. Por outro lado, a informação disponível é ainda escassa. Para além disso, quaisquer alterações posteriores contribuirão necessariamente para o encarecimento da solução final. É sobre a tomada de decisão na fase embrionária do projeto que se insere a presente dissertação. Nela se enfoca a importância da existência de ferramentas de suporte à tomada de decisão em projeto de engenharia contribuindo para a fundamentação das opções tomadas. Como exemplo, neste trabalho é feita a escolha de uma opção, de entre quatro possíveis apresentadas, para um banco de ensaios para atuadores hidráulicos usados no trem de aterragem dos aviões Dornier 228. Inicialmente são apresentadas algumas das principais teorias e métodos para apoio à tomada de decisão em engenharia, tendo sido eleita a Teoria Axiomática do Projeto como ferramenta de suporte para a seleção da melhor opção entre várias soluções alternativas. A escolha da Teoria Axiomática reside no facto de esta se caracterizar por ter uma fundamentação teórica de acordo com os padrões da ciência moderna e apresentar uma base analítica rigorosa para a condução da atividade de projeto. Depois de uma análise detalhada à legislação aeronáutica aplicável aos ensaios e do levantamento das condições físicas e humanas existentes na empresa onde decorreu o presente estudo, foram geradas quatro soluções alternativas para a instalação de um banco de ensaios para atuadores hidráulicos. A opção selecionada foi feita com base no conteúdo de informação de cada alternativa, de acordo segundo axioma da Teoria Axiomática. A dissertação termina com o desenvolvimento mais detalhado da solução eleita, após o que são retiradas conclusões e apontadas desejáveis ações futuras.

Influence of a subinhibitory concentration of vancomycin on the in vitro expression of virulence-related genes in the vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:Exposure to subinhibitory concentrations (SICs) of antimicrobials may alter the bacterial transcriptome.METHODS: Here, we evaluated the expression of nine virulence-related genes in vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) urinary tract infection isolates grown at SICs of vancomycin.RESULTS:A Subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin interferes with gene modulation, but does not affect the phenotype of a VRE strain in vitro .CONCLUSIONS:Subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin may regulate the expression of virulence factors in vivo or contribute to the selection of vancomycin-resistant strains.

Antimicrobial resistance profiles and oxacillinase genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from hospitalized patients in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Carbapenems are the therapy of choice for treating severe infections caused by the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumannii complex. We aimed to assess the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of producers of distinct oxacillinases among nosocomial isolates of the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex in a 249-bed general hospital located in Joinville, Southern Brazil. METHODS: Of the 139 A. baumannii clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems between 2010 and 2013, 118 isolates from varying anatomical sites and hospital sectors were selected for genotypic analysis. Five families of genes encoding oxacillinases, namely blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24-like, blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-58-like, and blaOXA-143-like, wereinvestigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Most (87.3%) isolates simultaneously carried the blaOXA-23-likeand blaOXA-51-likegenes, whereas three (2.5%) isolates harbored only blaOXA-51-likeones. The circulation of carbapenem-resistant isolates increased during the study period: from none in 2010, to 22 in 2011, 64 in 2012, and 53 in 2013. CONCLUSIONS: Isolates carrying the blaOXA-23-likeand blaOXA-51-likegenes were widely distributed in the hospital investigated. Because of the worsening scenario, the implementation of preventive measures and effective barriers is needed.

Gold nanoprobes for assessing expression of critical genes in the infection pathway of MRSA

Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause a wide variety of diseases from mild to life-threatening conditions. S. aureus can colonize many parts of the human body but the anterior nares are the primary ecological niche. Its clinical importance is due to its ability to resist almost all classes of antibiotics available together with its large number of virulence factores. MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus) strains are particularly important in the hospital settings, being the major cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. MRSA resistance to β-lactam antibiotics involves the acquisition of the exogenous mecA gene, part of the SCCmec cassette. Fast and reliable diagnostic techniques are needed to reduce the mortality and morbidity associated with MRSA infections, through the early identification of MRSA strains. The current identification techniques are time-consuming as they usually involves culturing steps, taking up to five days to determine the antibiotic resistance profile. Several amplification-based techniques have been developed to accelerate the diagnosis. The aim of this project was to develop an even faster methodology that bypasses the DNA amplification step. Gold-nanoprobes were developed and used to detect the presence of mecA gene in S. aureus genome, associated with resistance traits, for colorimetric assays based on non-crosslinking method. Our results showed that the mecA and mecA_V2 gold-nanoprobes were sensitive enough to discriminate the presence of mecA gene in PCR products and genomic DNA (gDNA) samples for target concentrations of 10 ng/μL and 20 ng/μL, respectively. As our main objective was to avoid the amplification step, we concluded that the best strategy for the early identification of MRSA infection relies on colorimetric assays based on non-crosslinking method with gDNA samples that can be extracted directly from blood samples.

Banco Invest understanding the drivers of growth

Field lab: Business project

Banco BPI SA financial institutions

Equity research report

Banco Invest understanding how to grow in the Portuguese individual clients segment the client analysis

Field lab: Business project

The price of honour: The corporate governance of Banco Espirito Santo

The Price of Honour is a case study, supported with teaching notes, which describes the events and circumstances surrounding the implosion of one of Portugal’s most systemically important banks - Banco Espírito Santo (BES). The case focuses on BES’s corporate governance and how the Espírito Santo family’s tight control of the bank led to its exploitation. Although the situation caught the attention of the bank’s supervisors, their untimely actions could not prevent BES’s financial health from crumbling only two months after a rights issue. With little leeway, the supervisors put forward a resolution which dramatically ended the bank’s centennial legacy.

Banco de Sabell, S.A.

Equity research report

Conservação de recursos genéticos de plantas medicinais em banco ativo de germoplasma

Em agosto de 1983, o Centro Nacional de Recursos Genéticos (GENARGEN) iniciou um projeto de estabelecimento de um Banco Ativo de Germoplasma de Plantas Medicinais. Sua finalidade é a conservação permanente de importantes espécies de plantas bem como o estudo de aspectos biológicos relacionados ao melhoramento genético. Uma coleção ativa de plantas no campo, já ocupa uma área de 6.000m2, contendo mais de duzentos acessos. As espécies sendo conservadas são aquelas usadas pela população do Distrito Federal, mas serão também conservadas as 10-20 espécies mato importantes de cada região do país, além de 20 espécies introduzidas. A coleção ativa está sendo estudada para se obter suficientes informações e material a ser distribuído aos centros de pesquisas farmacológicos, agronômicos e outros relacionados. As informações sendo obtidas incluem biologia reprodutiva e tecnologia de sementes. Rotinas de manipulação de germoplasma tal como documentação, registro, fitossanidade, quarentena e empacotamento de sementes estão sendo empregadas. Espera-se que esse banco ativo de germoplasma seja um protótipo para outros que deverão ser criados ροr todo o país, para evitar o desaparecimento de espécies importantes de plantas produtoras de drogas.

Banco invest: Understanding how to grow in teh portuguese individual clients segment competitors analysis

Field lab: Business project

Banco invest: Understanding how to grow in the portuguese individual clients segment benchnarking

Field lab: Business project

Banco Invest understanding the drivers of growth

Field lab: Business project

Banco invest: Understanding how to grow in the portuguese individual clients segment

Field lab: Business project