Estratégias de microfabricação utilizando toner para produção de dispositivos microfluídicos

Neste trabalho são apresentados processos de microfabricação de estruturas contendo microcanais e sistemas de manipulação hidrodinâmica e eletroosmótica de fluídos. Foram desenvolvidos processos de microfabricação utilizando toner sobre poliéster, toner sobre vidro, toner como resiste, além de métodos alternativos de perfuração de lâminas e selagem de microestruturas em vidro, desenvolvimento de microestruturas para eletroforese capilar e espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletronebulização. A caracterização dos materiais e processos permitiu uma ampla visão das potencialidades e alternativas dos processos de microfabricação, tendo sido demonstrado que os dispositivos produzidos em toner-poliéster são quimicamente resistentes às substâncias tipicamente utilizadas em eletroforese capilar. Neste trabalho, um detector condutométrico sem contato foi implementado em microestruturas de toner-poliéster e a separação eletroforética de alguns metais alcalinos é demonstrada. A microestrutura foi projetada no formato padrão em cruz, tendo o canal de separação 22 mm de comprimento, 12 µm de profundidade e largura típica. A cela condutométrica foi construída sobre o canal de separação utilizando-se fita adesiva de cobre (1 mm de largura) como eletrodos. O sinal aplicado na cela foi de 530 kHz e 10 Vpp . A separação de K+, Na+ e Li+ na concentração de 100 µmol L-1 foi efetuada em torno de 0,8 min, utilizando-se 1 kV como potencial de separação. Foram desenvolvidos microchips para análise por espectrometria de massas com introdução de amostra por eletronebulização, sendo determinado cluster do íon cloreto em concentração de 1 mmol L+. Também solução com 1 mmol/L de glucosamina em água/metanol 1: 1 (v/v), sob corrente de 100 nA gerou sinal estável e livre de descarga corona. Utilizando detecção amperométrica, obteve-se eletroferogramas mostrando a separação de iodeto (10 mmol L-1) e ascorbato (40 mmol L-1) em potencial de separação de 4,0 kV (800 V cm-1 potencial de detecção de 0,9 V (vs. Ag/AgCI), injeção com 1,0 kV/1°s, tampão borato de sódio 10 mmol L+ com CTAH 0,2 mmol L-1, pH 9,2. Obteve-se eficiência de 1,6.104 pratos/m e foi possível obter limites de detecção de 500 nmol L-1 (135 amol) e 1,8 µmol L-1 (486 amol) para iodeto e ascorbato, respectivamente. O processo de fabricação utilizando toner como material estrutural para microchips em vidro foi bem estabelecido, assim como os modos de detecção fotométrico e condutométrico foram demonstrados. Foram obtidos eletroferogramas par detecção condutométrica sem contato de solução 200 µmol L-1 de K+, Na+ e U+, em tampão histidina/ácido lático 30 mmol L-1 9:1 (v/v) água:metanol, injeção eletrocinética de 2,0 kV/5,0 s, potencial de separação de 1 kV, 530 kHz de frequência e tensão de 2,0 Vpp. Também foi implementado um sistema de detecção fotométrico para microchip operando em 660 nm, tendo sido utilizado para a detecção de azul de metileno 1,0 mmol L-1 em tampão de corrida de barato de sódio 20 mmol L-1 (pH 9,2), com o detector posicionado a 40 mm do ponto de injeção e com injeção eletrocinética a 2,0 kV por 12 s com picos bem resolvidos em menos de 1 min.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi (Table 1)

Here we present the first species-specific study of boron isotopes in the epibenthic foraminifer species Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi. Coretop samples from a water depth profile from 1000 to 4500 m on the northern flank of the Walvis Ridge are 4.4 per mil lower than the values expected, based on calculations of the delta 11B(borate) of ambient seawater. Similar values for this foraminifer species are presented from ODP site 668B at the Sierra Leone Rise, in the equatorial Atlantic. The consistency between data of the same species suggests the offsets are primary, rather than diagenetic. Glacial C. wuellerstorfi from ODP 668B and Walvis Ridge have boron isotope compositions only slightly different to interglacial samples, that is no larger than +0.10 pH units, or +23 µmol/kg in [CO3[2-]] above the reconstructed glacial lysocline, and -0.07 pH units, or -14 µmol/kg in [CO3[2-]] below. We use these results to suggest that glacial deep water pH in the Atlantic was similar to interglacial pH. The new data resolve the inconsistency between the previously reported high bottom water pH and the lack of significant carbonate preservation of the glacial deep ocean.

Intervertebral disc

The invention relates to the use of an aqueous gel in the repair of or prevention of damage to soft tissue, the gel comprising an aqueous gel obtainable by polymerizing one or more olefinically unsaturated monomers comprising one or more phosphate, phosphonate, borate, sulphate and/or sulphonate groups. This is preferably used for intervertebral discs or a lens of an eye. Kits and syringes containing the components are also provided.

The 4-aza-S-ribosyl-L-homocysteine derivatives and the related gamma-lactam and azahemiacetal analogs: Synthesis, inhibition and quorum sensing activity

Quorum sensing (QS) is a population-dependent signaling process bacteria use to control multiple processes including virulence, critical for establishing infection. There are two major pathways of QS systems. Type 1 is species specific or intra-species communication in which N-acylhomoserine lactones (Gram-negative bacteria) or oligopeptides (Gram-positive bacteria) are employed as signaling molecules (autoinducer one). Type 2 is inter-species communication in which S-4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione (DPD) or its borate esters are used as signaling molecules. The DPD is biosynthesized by LuxS enzyme from S-ribosylhomocysteine (SRH). Recent increase in prevalence of bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics emphasizes the need for the development of new generation of antibacterial agents. Interruption of QS by small molecules is one of the viable options as it does not affect bacterial growth but only virulence, leading to less incidence of microbial resistance. Thus, in this work, inhibitors of both N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) mediated intra-species and LuxS enzyme, involved in inter-species QS are targeted. The γ-lactam and their reduced cyclic azahemiacetal analogs, bearing the additional alkylthiomethyl substituent, were designed and synthesized targeting AHL mediated QS systems in P. aeruginosa and Vibrio harveyi. The γ-lactams with nonylthio or dodecylthio chains acted as inhibitors of las signaling in P. aeruginosa with moderate potency. The cyclic azahemiacetal with shorter propylthio or hexylthio substituent were found to strongly inhibit both las and rhl signaling in P. aeruginosa at higher concentrations. However, lactam and their azahemiacetal analogs were found to be inactive in V. harveyi QS systems. The 4-aza-S-ribosyl-L-homocysteine (4-aza-SRH) analogs and 2-deoxy-2-substituted-S-ribosyl-L-homocysteine analogs were designed and synthesized targeting Bacillus subtilis LuxS enzyme. The 4-aza-SRH analogs in which oxygen in ribose ring is replaced by nitrogen were further modified at anomeric position to produce pyrrolidine, lactam, nitrone, imine and hemiaminal analogs. Pyrrolidine and lactam analogs which lack anomeric hydroxyl, acted as competitive inhibitors of LuxS enzyme with KI value of 49 and 37 µM respectively. The 2,3-dideoxy lactam analogs were devoid of activity. Such findings attested the significance of hydroxyl groups for LuxS binding and activity. Hemiaminal analog of SRH was found to be a time-dependent inhibitor with IC50 value of 60 µM.

Aplicação de géis de goma guar no processo de clarificação de salmouras e águas produzidas

Produced water is considered the main effluent of the oil industry, due to their increased volume in mature fields and its varied composition. The oil and grease content (TOG) is the main parameter for the final disposal of produced water. In this context, it is of great significance to develop an alternative method based on guar gum gel for the treatment of synthetic produced water, and using as the differential a polymer having high hydrophilicity for clarifying waters contaminated with oil. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the efficiency of guar gum gels in the remotion of oil from produced water. Guar gum is a natural polymer that, under specific conditions, forms three-dimensional structures, with important physical and chemical properties. By crosslinking the polymer chains by borate ions in the presence of salts, the effect salting out occurs, reducing the solubility of the polymer gel in water. As a result, there is phase separation with the oil trapped in the collapsed gel. The TOG was quantified from the spectroscopy in the ultraviolet and visible region. The system was proven to be highly efficient in the removal of dispersed oil from water produced synthetically, reaching removal percentages above 90%.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and biological processed during experiments with corals Porites sp. & Stylophora pistillata, 2010

Uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans is altering seawater chemistry with potentially serious consequences for coral reef ecosystems due to the reduction of seawater pH and aragonite saturation state (omega arag). The objectives of this long-term study were to investigate the viability of two ecologically important reef-building coral species, massive Porites sp. and Stylophora pistilata, exposed to high pCO2(or low pH) conditions and to observe possible changes in physiologically related parameters as well as skeletal isotopic composition. Fragments of Porites sp. and S. pistilata were kept for 6-14 months under controlled aquarium conditions characterized by normal and elevated pCO2 conditions, corresponding to pHTvalues of 8.09, 7.49, and 7.19, respectively. In contrast with shorter, and therefore more transient experiments, the long experimental timescale achieved in this study ensures complete equilibration and steady state with the experimental environment and guarantees that the data provide insights into viable and stably growing corals. During the experiments, all coral fragments survived and added new skeleton, even at seawater omega arag <1, implying that the coral skeleton is formed by mechanisms under strong biological control. Measurements of boron (B), carbon (C) and oxygen (O) isotopic composition of skeleton, C isotopic composition of coral tissue and symbiont zooxanthellae, along with physiological data (such as skeletal growth, tissue biomass, zooxanthellae cell density and chlorophyll concentration) allow for a direct comparison with corals living under normal conditions and sampled simultaneously. Skeletal growth and zooxanthellae density were found to decrease, whereas coral tissue biomass (measured as protein concentration) and zooxanthellae chlorophyll concentrations increased under high pCO2 (low pH) conditions. Both species showed similar trends of delta11B depletion and delta18O enrichment under reduced pH, whereas the delta13C results imply species-specific metabolic response to high pCO2 conditions. The skeletal delta11B values plot above seawater delta11B vs. pH borate fractionation curves calculated using either the theoretically derived deltaB value of 1.0194 (Kakihana et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 50(1977), 158) or the empirical deltaB value of 1.0272 (Klochko et al., EPSL 248 (2006), 261). However, the effective deltaB must be greater than 1.0200 in order to yield calculated coral skeletal delta11B values for pH conditions where omega arag >1. The delta11B vs. pH offset from the literature seawater delta11B vs. pH fractionation curves suggests a change in the ratio of skeletal material laid down during dark and light calcification and/or an internal pH regulation, presumably controlled by ion-transport enzymes. Finally, seawater pH significantly influences skeletal delta13C and delta18O. This must be taken into consideration when reconstructing paleo-environmental conditions from coral skeleton

Boron isotope composition and seawater characteristics of cold water scleratinian corals

The boron isotope systematics has been determined for azooxanthellate scleractinian corals from a wide range of both deep-sea and shallow-water environments. The aragonitic coral species, Caryophyllia smithii, Desmophyllum dianthus, Enallopsammia rostrata, Lophelia pertusa, and Madrepora oculata, are all found to have relatively high d11B compositions ranging from 23.2 per mil to 28.7 per mil. These values lie substantially above the pH-dependent inorganic seawater borate equilibrium curve, indicative of strong up-regulation of pH of the internal calcifying fluid (pH(cf)), being elevated by ~0.6-0.8 units (Delta pH) relative to ambient seawater. In contrast, the deep-sea calcitic coral Corallium sp. has a significantly lower d11B composition of 15.5 per mil, with a corresponding lower Delta pH value of ~0.3 units, reflecting the importance of mineralogical control on biological pH up-regulation. The solitary coral D. dianthus was sampled over a wide range of seawater pH(T) and shows an approximate linear correlation with Delta pH(Desmo) = 6.43 - 0.71 pH(T) (r**2 = 0.79). An improved correlation is however found with the closely related parameter of seawater aragonite saturation state, where Delta pH(Desmo) = 1.09 - 0.14 Omega(arag) (r**2 = 0.95), indicating the important control that carbonate saturation state has on calcification. The ability to up-regulate internal pH(cf), and consequently Omega(cf), of the calcifying fluid is therefore a process present in both azooxanthellate and zooxanthellate aragonitic corals, and is attributed to the action of Ca2+ -ATPase in modulating the proton gradient between seawater and the site of calcification. These findings also show that the boron isotopic compositions (d11Bcarb) of aragonitic corals are highly systematic and consistent with direct uptake of the borate species within the biologically controlled extracellular calcifying medium.

Coordination of phosphido-boratabenzene ligands to transition metals

Environ 90% des composés produits industriellement sont fabriqués à l’aide de catalyseurs. C’est pourquoi la conception de catalyseurs toujours plus performants pour améliorer les procédés industriels actuels est toujours d’intérêt. De la grande variété de complexes avec des métaux de transition rapportés jusqu’à présent, les complexes zwitterioniques attirent notre attention par leurs activités catalytiques souvent supérieures aux complexes cationiques normaux. Un complexe métallique zwitterionique est un fragment métal-ligand neutre où la charge positive est située sur le centre métallique et où la charge négative est délocalisée sur un des ligands liés au métal. Nous proposons la synthèse de ligands anioniques phosphine comportant des groupements borates et boratabenzènes. Cette dernière espèce est un cycle à 6 membres où l’un des atomes de carbone est remplacé par un atome de bore et qui est négativement chargé. La capacité de ces phosphines anioniques à se lier à un centre métallique à l’aide de la paire libre du phosphore est due à la nature du lien P-B qui défavorise l’interaction entre la paire libre du phosphore et l’orbitale p vide du bore. Les propriétés de di-tert-butylphosphido-boratabenzène (DTBB) comme ligand phosphine anionique hautement donneur et encombré ainsi que la découverte de ses modes de coordination inhabituels pour stabiliser les métaux de transition insaturés ont été étudiés au cours de ce travail. De nouvelles perspectives sur les modes de coordination de phosphido-boratabenzène et la force de l’interaction du lien P-B seront discutées ainsi que les applications catalytiques. Nous avons d’abord étudié la coordination η1 avec des complexes de fer, ce qui nous a fourni des données quantitatives précieuses sur la capacité du DTBB d’agir comme ligand très donneur par rapport aux autres ligands donneurs bien connus. La capacité du DTBB à changer de mode de coordination pour soutenir les besoins électroniques du métal a été démontrée par la découverte d’une nouvelle espèce ferrocenyl phosphido-boratabenzène et sa nucléophilie a été étudiée. Au meilleur de notre connaissance, aucun exemple d’un ligand boratabenzène coordonné aux métaux du groupe 11 n’existe dans la littérature. Voilà pourquoi nous avons décidé d’explorer les modes de coordination du ligand DTBB avec Cu(I), Ag(I) et Au(I). A notre grande surprise, le ligand DTBB est capable de stabiliser les métaux du groupe 11 aux états d’oxydation faibles par une liaison MP qui est une coordination du type η1, un mode de coordination guère observé pour les ligands boratabenzène. Pendant nos travaux, notre attention s’est tournée vers la synthèse d’un complexe de rhodium(I) afin de tester son utilité en catalyse. A notre grande satisfaction, le complexe Rh-DTBB agit comme un précatalyseur pour l’hydrogénation des alcènes et alcynes à la température ambiante et à pression atmosphérique et son activité est comparable à celle du catalyseur de Wilkinson. Dans un désir d’élargir les applications de notre recherche, notre attention se tourna vers l’utilisation des composés du bore autres que le boratabenzène. Nous avons décidé de synthétiser une nouvelle espèce phosphido-borate encombrée. Lorsqu’elle réagit avec des métaux, l’espèce phosphido-borate subit un clivage de la liaison P-B. Toutefois, cette observation met en évidence la singularité et les avantages de la stabilité de la liaison P-B lors de l’utilisation du fragment boratabenzène. Ces observations enrichissent notre compréhension des conditions dans lesquelles la liaison P-B du ligand DTBB peut être clivée. Ces travaux ont mené à la découverte d’un nouveau ligand ansa-boratabenzène avec une chimie de coordination prometteuse.

Utilization of coal combustion residues in glass manufacturing process

The focus of paper is to asses and evaluate new utilisation method of coals combustion resides in glass manufacturing process. Mathematical model of glass manufacturing material balance was used to find favourable proportion of normally used batch materials and coal ash. It was found that possible to substitute up to 20 % of batch with coal ash. On the world glass production scale there is a potential to save 8,4 million tons of silica sand, 6 million tons of dolomite, 3 million tons of clay and 0,2 million tons of lime borate. Furthermore, potential to utilize 2 % of coal combustion products with suggested method.

Electrolytes for ceramic oxide fuel cells

The main objective of this dissertation is the development and processing of novel ionic conducting ceramic materials for use as electrolytes in proton or oxide-ion conducting solid oxide fuel cells. The research aims to develop new processing routes and/or materials offering superior electrochemical behavior, based on nanometric ceramic oxide powders prepared by mechanochemical processes. Protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) require electrolyte materials with high proton conductivity at intermediate temperatures, 500-700ºC, such as reported for perovskite zirconate oxides containing alkaline earth metal cations. In the current work, BaZrO3 containing 15 mol% of Y (BZY) was chosen as the base material for further study. Despite offering high bulk proton conductivity the widespread application of this material is limited by its poor sinterability and grain growth. Thus, minor additions of oxides of zinc, phosphorous and boron were studied as possible sintering additives. The introduction of ZnO can produce substantially enhanced densification, compared to the un-doped material, lowering the sintering temperature from 1600ºC to 1300ºC. Thus, the current work discusses the best solid solution mechanism to accommodate this sintering additive. Maximum proton conductivity was shown to be obtained in materials where the Zn additive is intentionally adopted into the base perovskite composition. P2O5 additions were shown to be less effective as a sintering additive. The presence of P2O5 was shown to impair grain growth, despite improving densification of BZY for intermediate concentrations in the range 4 – 8 mol%. Interreaction of BZY with P was also shown to have a highly detrimental effect on its electrical transport properties, decreasing both bulk and grain boundary conductivities. The densification behavior of H3BO3 added BaZrO3 (BZO) shows boron to be a very effective sintering aid. Nonetheless, in the yttrium containing analogue, BaZr0.85Y0.15O3- (BZY) the densification behavior with boron additives was shown to be less successful, yielding impaired levels of densification compared to the plain BZY. This phenomenon was shown to be related to the undesirable formation of barium borate compositions of high melting temperatures. In the last section of the work, the emerging oxide-ion conducting materials, (Ba,Sr)GeO3 doped with K, were studied. Work assessed if these materials could be formed by mechanochemical process and the role of the ionic radius of the alkaline earth metal cation on the crystallographic structure, compositional homogeneity and ionic transport. An abrupt jump in oxide-ion conductivity was shown on increasing operation temperature in both the Sr and Ba analogues.