937 resultados para Ancelmo Góis
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Os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) são construídos, especificamente, para armazenar, analisar e manipular dados geográficos, ou seja, dados que representam objetos e fenômenos do mundo real, cuja localização em relação à superfície da Terra seja considerada. A interoperabilidade desses sistemas, que constitui-se na capacidade de compartilhar e trocar informações e processos entre ambientes computacionais heterogêneos, se faz necessária, pois, devido ao elevado custo de aquisição dos dados geográficos, as comunidades de informação precisam compartilhar dados de fontes existentes, sem a necessidade de fazer conversões. Porém, pela complexidade e incompatibilidades de representação, de estrutura e de semântica das informações geográficas, a maioria dos softwares de SIG, hoje, não são interoperáveis. Existe também, além do problema da não interoperabilidade, uma crescente preocupação com relação à qualidade e à integridade espacial dos dados geográficos. Contudo, alguns modelos conceituais de dados geográficos e os softwares de SIG não oferecem, ainda, os meios adequados para representar e garantir a integridade espacial das informações. As restrições de integridade definidas durante a fase de projeto conceitual, normalmente, são implementadas durante o projeto físico, seja de forma implícita ou explícita, podendo ser incorporadas diretamente no modelo de implementação do SIG, de forma que o usuário da aplicação apenas mencione a regra e o sistema a implemente e a garanta automaticamente.Este trabalho de pesquisa propõe uma extensão ao Modelo Abstrato OpenGIS, modelo este que deve ser um padrão de interoperabilidade de software para SIG. A extensão proposta incorpora ao mesmo um subconjunto de tipos de restrição espacial, buscando com isso oferecer melhor suporte às regras da realidade geográfica expressáveis na modelagem conceitual do sistema.
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Oil spills cause great damage to coastal habitats, especially when rapid and suitable response measures are not taken. Establishing high priority areas is fundamental for the operation of response teams. Under this context and considering the need for keeping all geographical information up-to-date for emergencial use, the present study proposes employing a decision tree coupled with a knowledge-based approach using GIS to assign oil sensitivity indices to Brazilian coastal habitats. The modelled system works based on rules set by the official standards of Brazilian Federal Environment Organ. We tested it on one of the littoral regions of Brazil where transportation of petroleum is most intense: the coast of the municipalities of Sao Sebastiao and Caraguatatuba in the northern littoral of São Paulo state, Brazil. The system automatically ranked the littoral sensitivity index of the study area habitats according to geographical conditions during summer and winter; since index ranks of some habitats varied between these seasons because of sediment alterations. The obtained results illustrate the great potential of the proposed system in generating ESI maps and in aiding response teams during emergency operations. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The purpose of this work was to study fragmentation of forest formations (mesophytic forest, riparian woodland and savannah vegetation (cerrado)) in a 15,774-ha study area located in the Municipal District of Botucatu in Southeastern Brazil (São Paulo State). A land use and land cover map was made from a color composition of a Landsat-5 thematic mapper (TM) image. The edge effect caused by habitat fragmentation was assessed by overlaying, on a geographic information system (GIS), the land use and land cover data with the spectral ratio. The degree of habitat fragmentation was analyzed by deriving: 1. mean patch area and perimeter; 2. patch number and density; 3. perimeter-area ratio, fractal dimension (D), and shape diversity index (SI); and 4. distance between patches and dispersion index (R). In addition, the following relationships were modeled: 1. distribution of natural vegetation patch sizes; 2. perimeter-area relationship and the number and area of natural vegetation patches; 3. edge effect caused by habitat fragmentation, the values of R indicated that savannah patches (R = 0.86) were aggregated while patches of natural vegetation as a whole (R = 1.02) were randomly dispersed in the landscape. There was a high frequency of small patches in the landscape whereas large patches were rare. In the perimeter-area relationship, there was no sign of scale distinction in the patch shapes, In the patch number-landscape area relationship, D, though apparently scale-dependent, tends to be constant as area increases. This phenomenon was correlated with the tendency to reach a constant density as the working scale was increased, on the edge effect analysis, the edge-center distance was properly estimated by a model in which the edge-center distance was considered a function of the to;al patch area and the SI. (C) 1997 Elsevier B.V. B.V.
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A methodology for analyzing the solar access and its influence on both air temperature and thermal comfort of the urban environment was here developed by applying the potentiality of GIS tools. Urban canyons in a specific area of a Brazilian medium sized city were studied. First, a computational algorithm was applied in order to allow the determination of sky view factors (SVF) and sun-paths in urban canyons. Then, air temperatures in 40 measurement points were collected within the study area. Solar radiation values of these canyons were determined and subsequently stored in a GIS database. The creation of thermal maps for the whole neighbourhood was possible due to a statistical treatment of the data, by promoting the interpolation of values. All data could then be spatially cross-examined. In addition, thermal comfort maps for summer and winter periods were generated. The methodology allowed the identification of thermal tendencies within the neighbourhood, what can be useful in the conception of guidelines for urban planning purposes.
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Includes bibliography
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Incluye Bibliografía
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - FCFAR
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)