Indoor environment and the impact on the health of pre-exisiting asthmatics at work: the development of a risk management framework

This thesis examines the spatial and temporal variation in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels in Guernsey and the impacts on pre-existing asthmatics. Whilst air quality in Guernsey is generally good, the levels of NO2 exceed UK standards in several locations. The evidence indicates that people suffering from asthma have exacerbation of their symptoms if exposed to elevated levels of air pollutants including NO2, although this research has never been carried out in Guernsey before. In addition, exposure assessment of individuals is rarely carried out and research in this area is limited due to the complexity of undertaking such a study, which will include a combination of exposures in the home, the workplace and ambient exposures, which vary depending on the individual daily experience. For the first time in Guernsey, this research has examined NO2 levels in correlation with asthma patient admissions to hospital, assessment of NO2 exposures in typical homes and typical workplaces in Guernsey. The data showed a temporal correlation between NO2 levels and the number of hospital admissions and the trend from 2008-2012 was upwards. Statistical analysis of the data did not show a significant linear correlation due to the small size of the data sets. Exposure assessment of individuals showed a spatial variation in exposures in Guernsey and assessment in indoor environments showed that real-time analysis of NO2 levels needs to be undertaken if indoor micro environments for NO2 are the be assessed adequately. There was temporal and spatial variation in NO2 concentrations measured using diffusion tubes, which provide a monthly mean value, and analysers measuring NO2 concentrations in real time. The research shows that building layout and design are important factors for good air flow and ventilation and the dispersion of NO2 indoors. Environmental Health Officers have statutory responsibilities for ambient air quality, hygiene of buildings and workplace environments and this role needs to be co-ordinated with healthcare professionals to improve health outcomes for asthmatics. The outcome of the thesis was the development of a risk management framework for pre-existing asthmatics at work for use by regulators of workplaces and an information leaflet to assist in improving health outcomes for asthmatics in Guernsey.

Avaliação de sensores de baixo custo e de métodos de referência para a monitorização da qualidade do ar

A crescente urbanização global tem como consequência o aumento dos níveis de poluentes na atmosfera e a respetiva deterioração da qualidade do ar. O controlo da poluição atmosférica e monitorização da qualidade do ar são passos fundamentais para implementar estratégias de redução e estimular a consciência ambiental dos cidadãos. Com este intuito, existem várias técnicas e tecnologias que podem ser usadas para monitorizar a qualidade do ar. A utilização de microsensores surge como uma ferramenta inovadora para a monitorização da qualidade do ar. E, apesar dos desempenhos dos microsensores permitirem uma nova estratégia, resultando em respostas rápidas, baixos custos operacionais e eficiências elevadas, que não podem ser alcançados apenas com abordagens convencionais, ainda é necessário aprofundar o conhecimento a fim de integrar estas novas tecnologias, particularmente quanto à verificação do desempenho dos sensores comparativamente aos métodos de referência em campanhas experimentais. Esta dissertação, desenvolvida no Instituto do Ambidente e Desenvolvimento em forma de estágio, teve como objetivo a avaliação do desempenho de sensores de baixo custo comparativamente com os métodos de referência, tendo como base uma campanha de monitorização da qualidade do ar realizada no centro de Aveiro durante 2 semanas de outubro de 2014. De forma mais específica pretende-se perceber até que ponto se podem utilizar sensores de baixo custo que cumpram os requisitos especificados na legislação e as especificidades das normas, estabelecendo assim um protocolo de avaliação de microsensores. O trabalho realizado passou ainda pela caracterização da qualidade do ar no centro de Aveiro para o período da campanha de monitorização. A aplicação de microsensores eletroquímicos, MOS e OPC em paralelo com equipamento de referência neste estudo de campo permitiu avaliar a fiabilidade e a incerteza destas novas tecnologias de monitorização. Com este trabalho verificou-se que os microsensores eletroquímicos são mais precisos comparativamente aos microsensores baseados em óxidos metálicos, apresentando correlações fortes com os métodos de referência para diversos poluentes. Por sua vez, os resultados obtidos pelos contadores óticos de partículas foram satisfatórios, contudo poderiam ser melhorados quer pelo modo de amostragem, quer pelo método de tratamento de dados aplicado. Idealmente, os microsensores deveriam apresentar fortes correlações com o método de referência e elevada eficiência de recolha de dados. No entanto, foram identificados alguns problemas na eficiência de recolha de dados dos sensores que podem estar relacionados com a humidade relativa e temperaturas elevadas durante a campanha, falhas de comunicação intermitentes e, também, a instabilidade e reatividade causada por gases interferentes. Quando as limitações das tecnologias de sensores forem superadas e os procedimentos adequados de garantia e controlo de qualidade possam ser cumpridos, os sensores de baixo custo têm um grande potencial para permitir a monitorização da qualidade do ar com uma elevada cobertura espacial, sendo principalmente benéfico em áreas urbanas.

Avaliação de sensores de baixo custo e de métodos de referência para a monitorização da qualidade do ar

A crescente urbanização global tem como consequência o aumento dos níveis de poluentes na atmosfera e a respetiva deterioração da qualidade do ar. O controlo da poluição atmosférica e monitorização da qualidade do ar são passos fundamentais para implementar estratégias de redução e estimular a consciência ambiental dos cidadãos. Com este intuito, existem várias técnicas e tecnologias que podem ser usadas para monitorizar a qualidade do ar. A utilização de microsensores surge como uma ferramenta inovadora para a monitorização da qualidade do ar. E, apesar dos desempenhos dos microsensores permitirem uma nova estratégia, resultando em respostas rápidas, baixos custos operacionais e eficiências elevadas, que não podem ser alcançados apenas com abordagens convencionais, ainda é necessário aprofundar o conhecimento a fim de integrar estas novas tecnologias, particularmente quanto à verificação do desempenho dos sensores comparativamente aos métodos de referência em campanhas experimentais. Esta dissertação, desenvolvida no Instituto do Ambidente e Desenvolvimento em forma de estágio, teve como objetivo a avaliação do desempenho de sensores de baixo custo comparativamente com os métodos de referência, tendo como base uma campanha de monitorização da qualidade do ar realizada no centro de Aveiro durante 2 semanas de outubro de 2014. De forma mais específica pretende-se perceber até que ponto se podem utilizar sensores de baixo custo que cumpram os requisitos especificados na legislação e as especificidades das normas, estabelecendo assim um protocolo de avaliação de microsensores. O trabalho realizado passou ainda pela caracterização da qualidade do ar no centro de Aveiro para o período da campanha de monitorização. A aplicação de microsensores eletroquímicos, MOS e OPC em paralelo com equipamento de referência neste estudo de campo permitiu avaliar a fiabilidade e a incerteza destas novas tecnologias de monitorização. Com este trabalho verificou-se que os microsensores eletroquímicos são mais precisos comparativamente aos microsensores baseados em óxidos metálicos, apresentando correlações fortes com os métodos de referência para diversos poluentes. Por sua vez, os resultados obtidos pelos contadores óticos de partículas foram satisfatórios, contudo poderiam ser melhorados quer pelo modo de amostragem, quer pelo método de tratamento de dados aplicado. Idealmente, os microsensores deveriam apresentar fortes correlações com o método de referência e elevada eficiência de recolha de dados. No entanto, foram identificados alguns problemas na eficiência de recolha de dados dos sensores que podem estar relacionados com a humidade relativa e temperaturas elevadas durante a campanha, falhas de comunicação intermitentes e, também, a instabilidade e reatividade causada por gases interferentes. Quando as limitações das tecnologias de sensores forem superadas e os procedimentos adequados de garantia e controlo de qualidade possam ser cumpridos, os sensores de baixo custo têm um grande potencial para permitir a monitorização da qualidade do ar com uma elevada cobertura espacial, sendo principalmente benéfico em áreas urbanas.

Chronic respiratory diseases and quality of life in elderly nursing home residents

Few studies have assessed the quality of life (QOL) related to chronic respiratory diseases in the elderly. In the framework of the geriatric study on the health effects of air quality in elderly care centers (GERIA) study, a questionnaire was completed by elderly subjects from 53 selected nursing homes. It included various sections in order to assess respiratory complaints, QOL (World Health Organization QOL (WHOQOL)-BREF), and the cognitive and depression status. The outcome variables were the presence of a score lower than 50 (<50) in each of the WHOQOL-BREF domains (physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environmental health). Chronic bronchitis, frequent cough, current wheezing, asthma, and allergic rhinitis were considered as potential risk factors. The surveyed sample was (n = 887) 79% female, with a mean age of 84 years (SD: 7 years). In the multivariable analysis, a score of <50 in the physical domain was associated with wheezing in the previous 12 months (odds ratio (OR): 2.03, confidence interval (CI): 1.25-3.31) and asthma (OR: 1.95, CI: 1.12-3.38). The psychological domain was related with a frequent cough (OR: 1.43, CI: 0.95-2.91). A score of <50 in the environmental domain was associated with chronic bronchitis (OR: 2.89, CI: 1.34-6.23) and emphysema (OR: 3.89, CI: 1.27-11.88). In view of these findings, the presence of respiratory diseases seems to be an important risk factor for a low QOL among elderly nursing home residents.

Experimental study on the impact of using a fan coil in the evaluation of contaminant removal effectiveness of common air diffusion strategies

Indoor Air 2016 - The 14th International Conference Indoor Air Quality and Climate

Environmental quality of life index incorporationg MCA & GIS : case study Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal

The study of Quality of Life (Qol) has been conducted on various scales throughout the years with focus on assessing overall quality of living amongst citizens. The main focus in these studies have been on economic factors, with the purpose of creating a Quality of Life Index (QLI).When it comes down to narrowing the focus to the environment and factors like Urban Green Spaces (UGS) and air quality the topic gets more focused on pointing out how each alternative meets this certain criteria. With the benefits of UGS and a healthy environment in focus a new Environmental Quality of Life Index (EQLI) will be proposed by incorporating Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Working with MCA on complex environmental problems and incorporating it with GIS is a challenging but rewarding task, and has proven to be an efficient approach among environmental scientists. Background information on three MCA methods will be shown: Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Regime Analysis and PROMETHEE. A survey based on a previous study conducted on the status of UGS within European cities was sent to 18 municipalities in the study area. The survey consists of evaluating the current status of UGS as well as planning and management of UGS with in municipalities for the purpose of getting criteria material for the selected MCA method. The current situation of UGS is assessed with use of GIS software and change detection is done on a 10 year period using NDVI index for comparison purposes to one of the criteria in the MCA. To add to the criteria, interpolation of nitrogen dioxide levels was performed with ordinary kriging and the results transformed into indicator values. The final outcome is an EQLI map with indicators of environmentally attractive municipalities with ranking based on predefinedMCA criteria using PROMETHEE I pairwise comparison and PROMETHEE II complete ranking of alternatives. The proposed methodology is applied to Lisbon’s Metropolitan Area, Portugal.

Design of a new laboratory for quality control of mussel produced in Sagres

Dissertação de mestrado, Qualidade em Análises, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Simplifying the air permitting process

DHEC’s Bureau of Air Quality issues construction and operating permits. Here’s a brief overview of the air permitting public notice process, including timeframes for public notice comment periods and information on which permits are required by law to include public notices.

Simplifying the air permitting process : exemptions

The intent of this booklet is to provide a basic overview of the process to determine if equipment is eligible for a construction permit exemption. This guide will help you determine if a permit is needed or if your equipment is exempt.

Quality improvement of traditional dry fermented sausages based on innovative technological strategies

Dry fermented sausages are highly appreciated food specialties, mainly in Portugal and other southern European countries. Therefore, all research efforts aiming at improving the food quality and safety of traditional dry sausages are of interest, since they are likely to result in products with higher added value and quality standards most suited to the requirements and concerns of the modern consumers. Among those efforts, it may be highlighted the studies involving innovative processing parameters and technologies to overcome practical problems gathered in the meat industry, which are mostly associated with food quality and safety. Additionally, characterization of traditional dry sausages and rationalization of their processing are essential for further achievement of any official certification. Thus, this article attempts to point out some research lines of highest interest in meat science (and particularly to the broad variety of regional dry fermented sausages), towards to the valorisation of technological, nutritional and commercial features. In addition, it is here emphasized the importance for the continuous improvement of the quality and safety of meat products as a way to respond to the current concerns regarding its consumption and the general advices in reducing its daily intake.

Retrieval of atmospheric trace gases from DOAS/MAX-DOAS ground-based spectra

The study of the atmospheric chemical composition is crucial to understand the climate changes that we are experiencing in the last decades and to monitor the air quality over industrialized areas. The Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) ground-based instruments are particularly suitable to derive the concentration of some trace gases that absorb the Visible (VIS) and Ultra-Violet (UV) solar radiation. The zenith-sky spectra acquired by the Gas Analyzer Spectrometer Correlating Optical Differences / New Generation 4 (GASCOD/NG4) instrument are exploited to retrieve the NO2 and O3 total Vertical Column Densities (VCDs) over Lecce. The results show that the NO2 total VCDs are significantly affected by the tropospheric content, consequence of the anthropogenic activity. Indeed, they present systematically lower values during Sunday, when less traffic is generally present around the measurement site, and during windy days, especially when the wind direction measured at 2 m height is not from the city of Lecce. Another MAX-DOAS instrument (SkySpec-2D) is exploited to create the first Italian MAX-DOAS site compliant to the Fiducial Reference Measurements for DOAS (FRM4DOAS) standards, in San Pietro Capofiume (SPC), located in the middle of the Po Valley. After the assessment of the SkySpec-2D’s performances through two measurement campaigns taken place in Bologna and in Rome, SkySpec-2D is installed in SPC on the 1st October 2021. Its MAX-DOAS spectra are used to retrieve the NO2 and O3 total VCDs, and aerosol extinction and NO2 tropospheric vertical profiles over the Po Valley exploiting the Bremen Optimal estimation REtrieval for Aerosol and trace gaseS (BOREAS) algorithm. Promising results are found, with high correlations against both in-situ and satellite data. In the future, these data will play an important role for air quality studies over the Po Valley and for satellite validation purposes.

Ambiência aérea em alojamento de frangos de corte: poeira e gases

Air quality in animal production environment has been refereed as an interesting point for studies in environmental control systems with the focus both to the animal health which live in total confinement, as to the workers. The objective of this research was to determine the variation on the aerial environmental quality in two types of broiler housing: conventional (Gc) and tunnel type (Gt). The total dust values in both houses offered adequate rearing conditions to the birds; however, regarding the inhale dust in the air was above the limits recommended for humans. Carbon monoxide concentration in the heating phase during the evaluated period was above the 10 ppm maximum recommended, and it was higher during the cold season in Gt house (30 ppm) when compared to the Gc house (18 ppm). Ammonia concentration peaks in the air were above the 20 ppm recommended from the 20th day of production in both houses and in daily average, for a period higher in Gt (4h30) when compared to Gt (2h45). Only traces of nitrate oxide and methane were found while carbonic dioxide gas concentration evaluated during daytime met the limits allowed for both birds and labor.

Qualidade da classificação do tomate de mesa em unidades de beneficiamento

Quality evaluation of classification was done in two fresh market tomatoes packing house, using electronically and mechanical equipments in two harvest periods, summer and winter seasons. The main goal of this work was to evaluate size and color grading conformity with the standards proposed by the Brazilian Program for Horticulture Modernization and size grading obtainded with the one established by the packer. The cultivar studied was Carmen. The results showed that there was no grade conformity with the fresh tomato quality standards proposed by the Brazilian Program for Horticulture Modernization. The grade conformity obtained when compared with the one programmed by the packer, was only for large sizes, in both equipments. The electronically equipment has presented better performance, over the mechanical, considering grading quality and fruits post-harvest quality. However, the electronically equipment must be constantly monitored to achieve efficiency and investment return. On the other side, for mechanical equipment it will be necessary to review the actual system of size grading, in order to follow the fresh tomato quality standards.

Estimativa de bem-estar de frango de corte em função da concentração de amônia e grau de luminosidade no galpão de produção

Brazil is an important poultry meat export country, and large parts of its destination are countries with specific rearing restrictions related to broiler s welfare. One of the aerial pollutants mostly found in high concentrations in closed poultry housing environment is ammonia. There are evidences that broilers welfare may be compromised by the continuous exposition to this pollutant in rearing housing. This research aimed to estimate broilers welfare reared under specific thermal environmental attributes and bird s density, as function of the ammonia concentration and light intensity inside the housing environment using the Fuzzy Theory. Results showed that the best welfare value (0.89 in the scale: 0-1) approximately 90% of the ideal was found in the conditions that associated the ideal thermal environment, with bird s density between 13-15 birds m-2, with values of the ammonia concentration in the environment below 5 ppm, and light intensity near 1 lx. Using the predictive method it was possible to estimate broilers welfare with relation to the ammonia concentration and light intensity in the housing.

Determinação de substitutos da manteiga de cacau em coberturas de chocolate através da análise de triacilgliceróis

Brazilian regulations prohibit the addition of cocoa butter replacements to chocolate, in total or partial substitution. The objective of the present work was to check the quality standards of four of coating bitter Brasilian chocolate bars and five of coating milk chocolate bars, commercialized in Campinas. In order to check the possible addition of substitutes, the triacylglycerol composition was determined, and the results were analysed by Padley & Timms mathematical method. The triacylglycerol composition of each sample was determined by high temperature gas chromatography (HTGC). The presence of cocoa butter replacements was not detected in the brands of coating chocolate.