The death and resurrection of 'economics with psychology': remarks from a methodological standpoint

One of the merits of contemporary economic analysis is its capacity to offer accounts of choice behavior that dispense with details of the complex decision machinery. The starting point of this paper is the concern with the important methodological debate about whether economics might offer accurate predictions and explanations of actual behavior without any reference to psychological presuppositions. Inspired by an exercise of rational reconstruction of ideas, I aim to offer an interpretation of the process of freeing economic analysis from psychology at the end of the 19th century and the contemporary resurrection of behavioral approaches in the late 1980s.

Correlates and outcomes of severe bullying: internalizing maladjustments of adolescent bullies, victims and bully- victims

The current study examined the association between involvement in bullying and victimization and internalizing difficulties such as self-esteem, social anxiety, depression and body image. Possible gender differences were also examined. The participants, high school students from Southern Ontario (N=533), were drawn from a larger, data set as part ofa study that was completed by the Youth Lifestyle Choices: Community Research Alliance (YLCCURA). The students completed a self-report questionnaire on a number ofmeasures; including, bullying, victimization, self-esteem, social anxiety, depression and body image. The results of this study suggest that those students who self-identified as victims and bully-victims also report higher levels of anxiety and depression than controls and bullies. Severe victims and bullyvictims had a lower body image than severe bullies and controls, whereas severe bullies seem to have a higher body image score than controls. These results are relevant when considering treatments and interventions for students experiencing adjustment difficulties who may also be at risk for bullying victimization. The results also suggest that particular attention needs to be focused on those adolescents who play multi-roles in bullying situations (i.e., bully-victims), since these students may come to the attention ofthe school system for externalizing behaviours, but may also need assistance for internalizing maladjustments.

Effects of a preschool parent enrichment programme on children and their parents /

This study evaluated a preschool parent enrichment programme to assess if child and parent involvement in the programme facilitated the children's subsequent school adjustment. Also examined were the programme's effects on parent-child relationships. Participants were 56 Junior-Senior Kindergarten and Grade One students from one elementary school. Parent participants were 12 parents from the preschool parent enrichment programme, 6 parents whose children had attended other preschool programmes, and 6 parents whose children had remained at home prior to school. Five elementary teachers and both nursery school teachers from the parent enrichment programme also participated. Measures used included the Florida Key to assess children's inferred self-concept as learner and four subscales (relating, asserting, coping and investing), and interviews to assess parent and teacher perceptions. Findings indicated that there was little difference between parent and teacher perceptions about children who had attended a preschool programme. Both groups showed improved social, emotional, and behavioural skill development, together with increased self-esteem, and the ability to cope with separation from their parents. This enabled children to make the transition from preschool to primary school more successful. Children from the parent enrichment programme were not readily identifiable in terms of the profile promulgated for disadvantaged children. The Florida Key showed a main effect for the coping subscale, indicating that children from the parent enrichment programme may show more confidence in their abilities, and seek assistance from teachers than children who had no preschool experience. The parent enrichment programme appeared to have the biggest impact on the parents. Parents reported improved relationships with their children, increased confidence and self-esteem, as well as improved parenting and general life skills. The implications for short-term gains for children from this type of programme are better readiness for school, more positive self-esteem, improved social behaviour, and a higher achievement motivation. The long-term gains for children are predicted to be fewer special education placements, less grade retention, and a lower dropout rate from school. The short-term gains for parents are better social support networks," greater self-confidence, better interactions with children, and improved parenting skills. The long-term benefits may be an increased motivation to continue education, gain employment, and less family breakdown and abuse.

EXPLORING THE DEVELOPMENT AND PSYCHOSOCIAL CORRELATES OF SPIRITUALITY /RELIGIOSITY ACROSS ADOLESCENCE

The goal of the four studies that comprised this dissertation was to examine how spirituality/religiosity (SIR), as both an institutional and personal phenomenon, developed over time, and how its institutional (i.e., religious activity involvement) and personal (i.e., sense of connection with the sacred) components were uniquely linked with psychosocial adjustment. In Study 1, the differential longitudinal correlates of religious service attendance, as compared to involvement in other clubs, were evaluated with a sample of adolescents (n=1050) who completed a survey in grades 9, 11 and 12. Religious attendance and involvement in non-religious clubs were uniquely associated with positive adjustment in terms of lower substance use and better academic marks, particularly when involvement was sustained over time. In Study 2, the direction of effects was tested for the association between religious versus non-religious activities and both substance use and academic marks. Participants (n= 3993) were surveyed in grades 9 through 12. Higher religious attendance (but not non-religious club involvement) in one grade predicted lower levels of substance use in the next grade. Higher levels of nonreligious club involvement (but not religious service attendance) in one grade predicted higher academic achievement in the next grade, and higher academic achievement in one grade predicted more frequent non-religious club involvement in the next grade. The results suggest that different assets may be fostered in religious as compared to nonreligious activities, and, specifically, religious activity involvement may be important for the avoidance of substance use. The goal of Study 3 was to assess the unique associations between the institutional versus personal dimensions of SIR and a wide range of domains of psychosocial adjustment (namely, intrapersonal well-being, substance use, risk attitudes, parental relationship quality, academic orientation, and club involvement), and to examine the direction of effects in these associations. Participants (n=756) completed a survey in grades 11 and 12. Personal and institutional dimensions of SIR were differentially associated with adjustment, but it may only be in the domain of risk-taking (Le., risk attitudes, substance use) that SIR may predict positive adjustment over time. Finally, in Study 4, the goal was to examine how institutional and personal aspects of SIR developed within individual adolescents. Configurations of mUltiple dimensions of spirituality/religiosity were identified across 2 time points with an empirical classification procedure (cluster analysis), and sample- and individual-level development in these configurations were assessed. A five cluster-solution was optimal at both grades. Clusters were identified as aspirituallirreligious, disconnected wonderers, high institutional and personal, primarily personal, and meditators. With the exception of the high institutional and personal cluster, the cluster structures were stable over time. There also was significant intraindividual stability in all clusters over time; however, a significant proportion of individuals classified as high institutional and personal in Grade 11 moved into the primarily personal cluster in Grade 12. This program of research represented an important step towards addressing some of the limitations within the body of literature; namely, the uniqueness of religious activity involvement as a structured club, the differential link between institutional versus personal SIR and psychosocial adjustment, the direction of effects in the associations between institutional versus personal SIR and adjustment, and the way in which different dimensions of SIR may be configured and develop within individual adolescents over time.

A Longitudinal Examination of Bidirectional Associations between Subjective Sleep Characteristics and Psychosocial Functioning among University Students

A number of studies have found a significant link between sleep and psychosocial functioning among university students. A critical examination of this literature, however, indicates that one important gap within the literature is the need for longitudinal studies that specifically test for bidirectional associations between these two constructs. The main purpose of my dissertation was to address this gap by conducting three studies that examined bidirectional associations between sleep and psychosocial functioning among a sample of university students. Participants were 942 (71.5% female) undergraduate students enrolled at a Canadian university, who completed survey assessments annually for three consecutive years, beginning in their first year of university. In the first study, I assessed bidirectional associations between two sleep characteristics (sleep quality and sleep duration) and three psychosocial functioning variables (academics, friendship quality, and intrapersonal adjustment). Results based on cross-lagged models indicated a significant bidirectional association between sleep quality and intrapersonal adjustment, such that more sleep problems predicted more negative intrapersonal adjustment over time, and vice versa. Unidirectional associations indicated that both higher academic achievement and more positive friendship quality were significant predictors of less sleep problems over time. In the second study, in which I examined bidirectional associations between sleep and media use, results provided support only for unidirectional associations; such that more sleep problems predicted increases in both time spent watching television and time spent engaged in online social networking. In the third study of my dissertation, in which I examined social ties at university and sleep quality, results indicated a significant bidirectional association, such that more positive social ties predicted less sleep problems over time, and vice versa. Importantly, emotion regulation was a significant mediator of this association. Findings across the three studies, highlight the importance of determining the direction of effects between different sleep characteristics and various aspects of university students’ psychosocial functioning, as such findings have important implications for both methodology and practice. A better understanding of the nature of the associations between sleep and psychosocial functioning will equip students, parents and university administrators with the tools necessary to facilitate successful adjustment across the university years.

Industrial Adjustment: Context, Causes, Impacts and Methods for Analysis

Adjustement is an ongoing process by which factors of reallocated to equalize their returns in different uses. Adjustment occurs though market mechanisms or intrafirm reallocation of resources as a result of changes in terms of trade, government policies, resource availability, technological change, etc. These changes alter production opportunities and production, transaction and information costs, and consequently modify production functions, organizational design, etc. In this paper we define adjustment (section 2); review empirical estimates of the extent of adjustment in Canada and abroad (section 3); review selected features of the trade policy and adjustment context of relevance for policy formulation among which: slow growth, a shift to services, a shift to the Pacific Rim, the internationalization of production, investment distribution communications the growing use of NTB's, changes in foreign direct investment patterns, intrafirm and intraindustry trade, interregional trade flows, differences in micro economic adjustment processes of adjustment as between subsidiaries and Canadian companies (section 4); examine methodologies and results of studies of the impact of trade liberalization on jobs (section 5); and review the R. Harris general equilibrium model (section 6). Our conclusion emphasizes the importance of harmonizing commercial and domestic policies dealing with adjustment (section 7). We close with a bibliography of relevant publications.

The Macroeconomic Effects of Infrequent Information with Adjustment Costs

In the last decade, the potential macroeconomic effects of intermittent large adjustments in microeconomic decision variables such as prices, investment, consumption of durables or employment – a behavior which may be justified by the presence of kinked adjustment costs – have been studied in models where economic agents continuously observe the optimal level of their decision variable. In this paper, we develop a simple model which introduces infrequent information in a kinked adjustment cost model by assuming that agents do not observe continuously the frictionless optimal level of the control variable. Periodic releases of macroeconomic statistics or dividend announcements are examples of such infrequent information arrivals. We first solve for the optimal individual decision rule, that is found to be both state and time dependent. We then develop an aggregation framework to study the macroeconomic implications of such optimal individual decision rules. Our model has the distinct characteristic that a vast number of agents tend to act together, and more so when uncertainty is large. The average effect of an aggregate shock is inversely related to its size and to aggregate uncertainty. We show that these results differ substantially from the ones obtained with full information adjustment cost models.

The psychology of exclusivity

L’amitié et l’amour romantique sont, de par leur nature, des relations exclusives. Cet article suggère que l’on peut mieux comprendre la nature de l’exclusivité dont il est question en comprenant l’erreur au coeur de la vision du raisonnement pratique que je nomme « le point de vue englobant » . Selon le PVE, pour que le raisonnement pratique soit rationnel, il doit s’agir d’un processus ayant pour but de choisir la meilleure alternative possible à partir d’une perspective qui est aussi détachée et objective que possible. Quoique cette vision cherche à être neutre à l’égard des porteurs de valeurs, elle incorpore en fait un biais contre les porteurs de valeurs qui ne peuvent être appréciés qu’à partir d’une perspective qui n’est pas détachée - qui ne peuvent être appréciés, par exemple, que par les agents qui sont engagés à long terme envers les valeurs en question. Dans le contexte des relations personnelles, de tels engagements tendent à donner naissance à la sorte d’exclusivité qui caractérise l’amitié et l’amour romantique ; ils empêchent l’agent d’être impartial entre les besoins, les intérêts, etc. de la personne qui lui est chère, d’une part, et ceux des autres, d’autre part. Je suggère que dans de tels contextes les besoins et les revendications des autres personnes peuvent être réduites au silence, de la même manière que, comme le suggère John McDowell, les tentations de l’immoralité sont, pour l’agent vertueux, réduites au silence.

La thérapie conjugale en milieu naturel: Étude du lien entre attachement amoureux, satisfaction conjugale, mandat thérapeutique et résultat de la consultation

L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’examiner le lien entre l’attachement amoureux des conjoints, la satisfaction conjugale, le mandat thérapeutique et le résultat de la thérapie conjugale telle que conduite en milieu naturel. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, des couples se présentant en thérapie conjugale ont d’abord complété une batterie de questionnaires comprenant l’Échelle d’ajustement dyadique (Spanier, 1976) et le Questionnaire sur les expériences d’attachement amoureux (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). Les thérapeutes ont par la suite indiqué le mandat thérapeutique poursuivi avec chaque couple (réconciliation ou résolution de l’ambivalence), suivant la classification de Poitras-Wright et St-Père (2004). À la fin de la consultation, le jugement du thérapeute a été utilisé pour classer chacun des cas comme ayant abandonné ou complété le traitement. Les couples ayant complété la thérapie ont rempli l’Échelle d’ajustement dyadique au post-traitement. Dans le premier des articles composant cette thèse, le lien entre l’attachement amoureux et la satisfaction conjugale a été examiné auprès d’un échantillon de 172 couples en détresse débutant une thérapie conjugale, de même qu’auprès de 56 couples non en détresse débutant également une thérapie conjugale, pour fins de comparaison. Les résultats ont démontré que l’évitement de la proximité semble être une caractéristique distinctive des couples en détresse et que cette dimension de l’attachement est fortement liée à l’insatisfaction conjugale de ce même groupe. Dans le deuxième article, le mandat thérapeutique, l’attachement amoureux et la satisfaction conjugale ont été examinés en tant que prédicteurs de l’abandon de la thérapie conjugale, auprès de 141 couples. Les résultats ont notamment démontré qu’un mandat de résolution de l’ambivalence augmente les probabilités d’abandon de la thérapie conjugale. De plus, les prédicteurs du résultat de la thérapie ont également été examinés dans ce second article. Les résultats obtenus au moyen d’analyses acteur-partenaire ont démontré que la satisfaction conjugale pré-traitement apparaît comme le meilleur prédicteur de la satisfaction conjugale post-traitement, et ce, malgré l’inclusion de l’attachement amoureux parmi les variables investiguées. Considérés dans leur ensemble, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que l’insécurité d’attachement serait fortement associée à l’insatisfaction des couples en détresse, mais ne nuirait pas pour autant à l’obtention d’un résultat positif en thérapie conjugale. En somme, cette thèse contribue à l’avancement des connaissances en se penchant sur l’utilité de la théorie de l’attachement en thérapie conjugale et en soulignant la nécessité de tenir compte des mandats thérapeutiques dans les futures études en thérapie conjugale. Les implications cliniques des résultats et des recommandations pour la recherche clinique sont présentées dans la conclusion de l’ouvrage.

Effet de l'histoire lumineuse sur la sensibilité rétinienne et circadienne à la lumière

L’objectif de ce projet de recherche était de vérifier la présence de changements de sensibilité de la rétine et du système circadien suite à deux semaines d'exposition à un milieu faiblement ou fortement éclairé, dans des conditions contrôlées en laboratoire. De plus, comme un changement de sensibilité peut modifier l'ajustement du système circadien au cycle jour-nuit extérieur, nous voulions également vérifier si la phase circadienne serait modifiée par le traitement et si la vigilance et l’humeur seraient affectées. Dix sujets ont été exposés à de la lumière tamisée (70 lux [LT]) et 10 ont été exposés à de la lumière vive (3000 lux [LV]) pendant 12 jours consécutifs en laboratoire de 8h45 à 19h00 tous les jours. L’exposition à la lumière a été mesurée 5 jours avant l’entrée au laboratoire dans l’habitat naturel du sujet et pendant la période en laboratoire à l’aide de l’Actiwatch-L®. La sensibilité rétinienne a été mesurée avant et après le traitement lumineux, par un électrorétinogramme (ERG) et la sensibilité circadienne, par le test de suppression de mélatonine salivaire. Tout au long du protocole, la vigilance, la somnolence et l'humeur ont été évaluées à plusieurs moments de la journée à intervalles prédéterminés. Après 12 jours d’exposition en lumière contrôlée, l’amplitude de l’onde-a au Vmax à l’ERG photopique a diminué en LV alors qu’elle a augmenté en LT. À l’ERG scotopique, une différence de sensibilité rétinienne (log K) entre les groupes avant le traitement expérimental s’est amenuisée à la fin du traitement (p=.053). La suppression de mélatonine après 90 minutes d’exposition au test de suppression a diminué en LV alors qu’il n’y a pas eu de modification en LT, cependant cette interaction n’était pas significative (p=.16). La phase circadienne des sujets exposés à LV a été devancée de 58 minutes (p=.04) alors qu’elle a été retardée de 26 minutes en LT (p=.32). Les mesures de vigilance subjective (EVA) ont indiqué que les sujets LV se considéraient plus éveillés que les sujets LT après le traitement (p=.02). Par contre, aucune différence n’est apparue quant aux mesures de performance psychomotrice ni de l’humeur. L’histoire lumineuse n’a pas modifié la sensibilité rétinienne dans le sens prévu par les hypothèses alors qu’il y a eu une tendance vers une augmentation de la sensibilité circadienne en condition de lumière tamisée. L’amélioration de la vigilance subjective après l’exposition en LV n’a pas été soutenue par les résultats de la performance psychomotrice. L’histoire lumineuse n’a eu aucun effet sur l’humeur des sujets. Cette étude souligne l’importance d’utiliser des mesures permettant de départager les effets immédiats d’un traitement lumineux des effets à long terme autant sur le plan rétinien que circadien. Il reste également complexe d’étudier en laboratoire des changements adaptatifs qui se produisent dans le milieu naturel en raison du confinement et des modifications physiologiques et psychologiques pouvant y être associées.