English Language Education at University: Trends and Challenges in Teaching and Learning Academic Discourse in the UK

This chapter discusses English Language Education at university and highlights a number of trends and their associated challenges in teaching and learning academic discourse. Academic discourse refers to the ways in which language is used by participants in academia. It encompasses written discourse, from article and book publishing, PhD theses to course assignments; spoken discourse, from study groups, tutorials, conference presentations to inaugural lectures; and more recently, computer-mediated discourse, from asynchronous text-based conferencing to academic blogs. The role of English language educators in preparing students and academics for successful participation in these academic events, or the academy, in English is not to be underestimated. Academic communication is not only vital to an individual’s success at university, but to the maintenance and creation of academic communities and to scientific progress itself (Hyland, 2009). This chapter presents an overview of academic discourse and discusses recent issues which have an impact on teaching and learning English at university and discusses their associated challenges: first, the increasing internationalisation of universities. Second, the emergence of a mobile academe in its broadest sense, in which students and academics move across traditional geopolitical, institutional and disciplinary boundaries, is discussed. Third, the growth of UK transnational higher education is examined as a trend which sees academics and students vicariously or otherwise involved in English language teaching and learning. Fourth, the chapter delves into the rapid and ongoing development in technology assisted and online learning. While responding to trends can be difficult, they can also inspire ingenuity. Furthermore, such trends and challenges will not emerge in the same manner in different contexts. The discussion in this chapter is illustrated with examples from a UK context but the implications of the trends and challenges are such that they reach beyond borders.

Academic selection and Northern Ireland

An overview of research and public policy debate on academic selection in Northern Ireland. The chapter examines the outcomes of the major investigation of the effects of the selective system of secondary education published in 2000, including a consideration of comparative evidence collected in Scotland. The paper outlines the debate which followed the publication of the Burns Report and presents the current state of play in policy and practice.

Academic and Practitioners perspectives on Organisation Development – a UK study

This paper reports on a research study to identify the nature of the profession of Organisation Development (OD) in the UK and how it has evolved over four decades. The study is designed to compare academic perspectives on OD with what is happening in the professional practice world. Three forms of data were collected for this study, content analysis of job advertisements from a four decade period, a bibliometric search and interviews with subject experts. The findings were analysed through the theory lens of institutional theory, the dissemination of ideas and fads and fashions in management. Emerging insights are that there is a difference between academic and practitioners development of the OD profession in the UK. The reasons for the difference have been explored in the discussion.

The Effect of Seat Location in Lecture Theatres on Academic Performance

The purpose of this research study was to investigate and identify possible patterns relating to academic performance on the effects of university students self-selecting where to sit in a lecture theatre.
The key research questions are:
1. Does seating position affect student performance?
2. Do the most academically able and engaged students regularly sit at the front of lecture theatres?
Academic achievement
Preliminary results suggest significant assessment score differences between those that sit at the front and those that sit further the back. Of those that received a grade of 75%+ (Grade A) 6.67% regularly sat at the back. With the same group 46.67% regularly sat at the front. Of the group that scored less than 50% (Grade D) 0% of students regularly sat at the front. 12.50% regularly sat in the middle zones with 37.50% sitting at the back. It was also observed that the remaining numbers did not consistently sit in the same zone.

Temporal movement
There is little evidence of movement between seating zones of the Grade A group throughout the 24 week period. However there was considerable movement with the Grade D group. Although still under analysis there appears be a pattern of students in this group graduating towards the back seating positions over the course of the programme.

Engagement
The frequency of completed entries on PinPoint was also used as an indicator of engagement. With the Grade A group 75% of them regularly completed an entry whereas in the Grade D group this drops to less than 50%.
Further analysis on the attitudinal factors in relational to seating position and performance are ongoing, but preliminary results suggest that those students that scored highly in attitude tended to sit at the front and middle sections.
It would indeed appear that the more highly engaged and academically capable students voluntarily sit at the front for most lectures. Interestingly as the course progresses those who had lesser engagement and below average midterm results tend to began to sit progressively toward the back. If this is a repeatable pattern then a linear regression analysis of the seating positions and midterm results could help predict students in danger of failing.

Avaliação de competências relacionadas com a literacia de informação: um estudo no contexto de pós-graduações em educação

A literatura da especialidade indica que os estudantes do Ensino Superior (ES) demonstram falta de competências de pesquisa, seleção e tratamento de informação científica com recurso às Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC), nomeadamente as ferramentas da Web 2.0. A maioria dos estudos sobre esta temática envolve estudantes de 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Superior, sendo poucos os que se baseiam em referenciais de avaliação destas competências. Visando obter subsídios práticos e teóricos sobre a avaliação dessas competências, ter conhecimento das competências nesta área que os estudantes do ES, em nível de pós-graduação, possuem, e das suas necessidades de formação neste domínio, desenvolveu-se um estudo que foi desenvolvido em três fases. Na primeira fase após a identificação do problema a ser estudado, a falta de competências relacionadas com a Literacia de Informação (LI) de estudantes de pós-graduação, foi realizada a revisão da literatura para a determinação dos conceitos basilares e a sustentação teórica das fases subsequentes, que prendem-se com as competências relacionadas com a LI e como estas têm sido avaliadas. A segunda fase ocupou-se da avaliação de estudantes dos 2.º e 3.º Ciclos do Departamento de Educação da Universidade de Aveiro (UA). Com base na revisão da literatura e em colaboração com os bibliotecários da UA foi definido o referencial de avaliação das competências que definem as dimensões de pesquisa, seleção e tratamento de informação científica, com recurso às TIC. A confiabilidade deste referencial (primeira questão de investigação) foi estabelecida a partir dos contributos de docentes/bibliotecários de Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), de Portugal e do Brasil. Optou-se pela técnica de estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo para o estudo das informações destes profissionais. Deste modo, esta investigação permitiu a construção de um referencial de avaliação das competências relacionadas com a LI, com recurso às TIC. O referencial é um fundamento para a construção de instrumentos de avaliação em razão de evidenciar as competências que os estudantes do ES devem possuir de pesquisa, seleção e tratamento de informação científica, com recurso às TIC. Assim, foi permitido, com base no referencial de avaliação e no instrumento de recolha de dados utilizado com os profissionais de IES, desenvolver um questionário que foi aplicado aos estudantes de pós-graduação do Departamento de Educação da UA. Pelas respostas, obteve-se o conhecimento da perceção que possuem a respeito das suas competências de pesquisa, seleção e tratamento de informação científica, com recurso às TIC, e das suas necessidades de formação neste domínio (segunda e terceira questões de avaliação). Para esta análise optou-se pela técnica de estatística descritiva. A terceira fase ocupou-se da escrita da tese, que foi desenvolvida ao longo de toda a investigação, sendo mais intensa nos últimos seis meses. Os resultados da avaliação indicam não só que a maior parte dos estudantes aponta saber utilizar ferramentas digitais mas também têm a perceção de possuir competências relacionadas com a LI, com recurso às TIC, a nível elevado e muito elevado. As repostas da avaliação foram confrontadas com a literatura consultada. De modo igual, indicam que os estudantes do ES superestimam suas competências nesta área, embora não apresentem ações eficazes que demonstrem dominar as competências que supõem ter, sendo um indicativo da necessidade de formação destes estudantes. Recomenda-se que a academia leve em conta o confronto diário com estas tecnologias, que permeiam o modo de aprendizagem de estudantes. Os intervenientes do ambiente académico devem trabalhar em colaboração contínua, para que a partir de ações bem planejadas se possam colmatar as lacunas apresentadas. Devem-se atender as necessidades de formação de estudantes de pós-graduação identificadas por meio de avaliações, com base num referencial. É decursiva, para trabalhos futuros, a necessidade de analisar a confiabilidade do questionário que foi aplicado aos estudantes dos 2.º e 3.º Ciclos do Departamento de Educação da UA e os resultados da sua aplicação, fazendo-o evoluir de acordo com o feedback da sua utilização e a evolução das TIC.

Marketingstrategies for academic libraries

This assignment is about the development of a general strategic marketing plan for academic libraries in Germany and can be used as a guideline for libraries that want to develop concrete marketing strategies for several products and services. Two examples of marketing projects are at its end presented for linking theoretical approaches to practice. Finally the development of an own marketing strategy for “information literacy” builds the last part of the assignment.

Effects of Unionization on Graduate Student Employees: Faculty-Student Relations, Academic Freedom, and Pay

In cases involving unionization of graduate student research and teaching assistants at private U.S. universities, the National Labor Relations Board has, at times, denied collective bargaining rights on the presumption that unionization would harm faculty-student relations and academic freedom. Using survey data collected from PhD students in five academic disciplines across eight public U.S. universities, the authors compare represented and non-represented graduate student employees in terms of faculty-student relations, academic freedom, and pay. Unionization does not have the presumed negative effect on student outcomes, and in some cases has a positive effect. Union-represented graduate student employees report higher levels of personal and professional support, unionized graduate student employees fare better on pay, and unionized and nonunionized students report similar perceptions of academic freedom. These findings suggest that potential harm to faculty-student relationships and academic freedom should not continue to serve as bases for the denial of collective bargaining rights to graduate student employees.

Between Library and Research Centre: Metadata and Criticism

Abstract: In order to promote the transfer of information and the development of knowledge, university librarians should proactively work with the academic community in well-organized transdisciplinary teams—involving teachers, researchers, students, and experts in various subjects. The concept of this very innovative practice has been developed and tested by the Faculty of Humanities Library, Lisbon University, and the University of Lisbon Centre for English Studies, focusing on the role played by libraries in canon-formation. We will now proceed to build an interactive website to publish our theoretical perspectives along with bibliographic records (UNIMARC format), including metadata related to marks of use. Furthermore, Richard Garnett’s “The International Library of Famous Literature” (London 1899), bio/bibliographical essays on Garnett as a scholar and librarian, and critical essays on the anthology will be published there. A link to the English edition is the next follow-up. Finally, two volumes of the Portuguese anthology (ca. 1910), based on the English one will also be made available on the website.

Student’s Engagement in School: Conceptualization and relations with Personal Variables and Academic Performance

This article reviews the literature regarding Student’s Engagement in School (SES), its relationship with personal variables, as well as with academic performance. Although SES’ conceptualization may vary across studies, there is general agreement concerning the multidimensional nature of this construct, encompassing three dimensions – cognitive, affective and behavioural. It is seen as an antecedent of several required outcomes, at academic level, but also as a valorous construct itself, both as mediator and product. More particularly, this concept has been the focus of debate concerning academic success and school dropout. There can also be found a significant number of studies which suggest that personal (self-efficacy, self-concept), as well as contextual (peers, school, family) factors are related with school engagement; additionally, the lack of engagement is linked with low academic performance, behavioural problems and school dropout. Thus, Student’s Engagement in School is perceived as a potentially effective response to the problems affecting schools and their students, and an aspect to be considered in preventing problematic patterns related to scholary contexts.

The Contribution of Academic Scholarship to Management Development.

Purpose: This paper explores the impact of academic scholarship on the development and practice of experienced managers. Design / Methodology: Semi-structured interviews with experienced managers, modelled on the critical incident technique. ‘Intertextuality’ and framework analysis technique are used to examine whether the use of academic scholarship is a sub-conscious phenomenon. Findings: Experienced managers make little direct use of academic scholarship, using it only occasionally to provide retrospective confirmation of decisions or a technique they can apply. However, academic scholarship informs their practice in an indirect way, their understanding of the ‘gist’ of scholarship comprising one of many sources which they synthesise and evaluate as part of their development process. Practical implications: Managers and management development practitioners should focus upon developing skills of synthesising the ‘gist’ of academic scholarship with other sources of data, rather than upon the detailed remembering, understanding and application of specific scholarship, and upon finding / providing the time and space for that ‘gisting’ and synthesis to take place. Originality / Value: The paper addresses contemporary concerns about the appropriateness of the material delivered on management education programmes for management development. It is original in doing this from the perspective of experienced managers, and in using intertextual analysis to reveal not only the direct but also the indirect uses of they make of such scholarship. The finding of the importance of understanding the ‘gist’ rather than the detail of academic theory represents a key conceptual innovation.

Practicing convict criminology: lessons learned from British academic activism

Joanne Belknap’s recent ASC presidential address included a critique of Convict Criminology’s activism. A number of concerns were provided, although of particular importance here are, first, Belknap’s concerns regarding the absence of ‘marginalized voices’ in the Convict Criminology network. Second, the issue of defining how non-con academics function as Convict Criminology group members. This paper responds to these criticisms. Specifically, we discuss the question of ‘representation’ in BCC and our attempts to remedy this issue. We also draw attention to the academic activism that British Convict Criminology is conducting in Europe. This includes a detailed discussion of the collaborative research-activist activities that involve non-con as well as ex-con academic network members. We demonstrate how these collaborations explain the vital group membership role that non-con academics assume in the activism of Convict Criminology.