Identifiability of diffusion and sorption parameters from in situ diffusion experiments by using simultaneously tracer dilution and claystone data

In situ diffusion experiments are performed in geological formations at underground research laboratories to overcome the limitations of laboratory diffusion experiments and investigate scale effects. Tracer concentrations are monitored at the injection interval during the experiment (dilution data) and measured from host rock samples around the injection interval at the end of the experiment (overcoring data). Diffusion and sorption parameters are derived from the inverse numerical modeling of the measured tracer data. The identifiability and the uncertainties of tritium and Na-22(+) diffusion and sorption parameters are studied here by synthetic experiments having the same characteristics as the in situ diffusion and retention (DR) experiment performed on Opalinus Clay. Contrary to previous identifiability analyses of in situ diffusion experiments, which used either dilution or overcoring data at approximate locations, our analysis of the parameter identifiability relies simultaneously on dilution and overcoring data, accounts for the actual position of the overcoring samples in the claystone, uses realistic values of the standard deviation of the measurement errors, relies on model identification criteria to select the most appropriate hypothesis about the existence of a borehole disturbed zone and addresses the effect of errors in the location of the sampling profiles. The simultaneous use of dilution and overcoring data provides accurate parameter estimates in the presence of measurement errors, allows the identification of the right hypothesis about the borehole disturbed zone and diminishes other model uncertainties such as those caused by errors in the volume of the circulation system and the effective diffusion coefficient of the filter. The proper interpretation of the experiment requires the right hypothesis about the borehole disturbed zone. A wrong assumption leads to large estimation errors. The use of model identification criteria helps in the selection of the best model. Small errors in the depth of the overcoring samples lead to large parameter estimation errors. Therefore, attention should be paid to minimize the errors in positioning the depth of the samples. The results of the identifiability analysis do not depend on the particular realization of random numbers. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

L’autoportrait dans L’Acacia

Conférence donnée à l’invitation de la Société des lecteurs de Claude Simon, Université Paris 7-Diderot, 1er février 2014.

Compound specific stable isotopes, BIT, pollen and spores of Miocene to Pliocene sediments of ODP Hole 175-1085A

Pollen and stable carbon (d13C) and hydrogen (dD) isotope ratios of terrestrial plant wax from the South Atlantic sediment core, ODP Site 1085, is used to reconstruct Miocene to Pliocene changes of vegetation and rainfall regime of western southern Africa. Our results reveal changes in the relative amount of precipitation and indicate a shift of the main moisture source from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean during the onset of a major aridification 8 Ma ago. We emphasise the importance of declining precipitation during the expansion of C4 and CAM (mainly succulent) vegetation in South Africa. We suggest that the C4 plant expansion resulted from an increased equator-pole temperature gradient caused by the initiation of strong Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation following the shoaling of the Central American Seaway during the Late Miocene.

Pollen abundance in ODP Site 123-765 (Table 1)

Middle Miocene to Holocene pollen assemblages reveal a history of environmental change in northern Australia. Grass pollen appeared, but was rare, in the late Miocene and was consistently present throughout the Pliocene, but did not become abundant until the Pleistocene. Myrtaceae pollen, characteristic of late Cenozoic assemblages in eastern Australia, is poorly represented, and no unequivocal evidence of rain forest was found.

Pérdidas de biodiversidad vegetal en ambientes de cerrilladas pedemontanas de Mendoza, Argentina.

Se analizaron las pérdidas de biodiversidad vegetal en un área desmontada de las cerrilladas pedemontanas de Mendoza, Argentina. El análisis de la vegetación y su flora reveló la pérdida total de las comunidades vegetales de Larrea cuneifolia Cav., bosques riparios de Acacia furcatispina Burkart y de álveos y de la flora compuesta de 30 familias de plantas, 72 géneros y 84 especies. Esta última incluyó la de 34,1 % de especies endémicas, 58,8 % nativas, 4,7 % adventicias y 2,4 % introducidas. Se sugiere tener en cuenta estos tipos de estudios antes de realizar planificaciones urbanas sobre la vegetación natural con el fin de reconocer las comunidades vegetales y su flora y rescatar sus bancos de germoplasma.

Vegetación bioindicadora de metales pesados en un sistema semiárido

Evaluar la contaminación por metales pesados en los ecosistemas permite conocer la capacidad bioindicativa de especies vegetativas. El objetivo fue determinar la concentración de metales pesados en Prosopis laevigata, Acacia spp. y Schinus molle bajo el efecto de usos suelo y temporalidad. El área se sitúa en la colindancia de los Municipios de Soledad de Graciano Sánchez y San Luis Potosí fragmentada por usos de suelo: agropecuario, comercio y servicios, residencial urbano y minero. Fueron tomadas muestras de hojas de las tres especies en las estaciones de verano, otoño, invierno y primavera y se evaluó la concentración de metales pesados a través de la técnica de ICP-MS. Los análisis estadísticos indicaron niveles de Aluminio (Al) > Cinc (Zn) > Plomo (Pb) > Cobre (Cu) > Titanio (Ti) > Vanadio (V) > Arsénico (As) > Cromo (Cr) > Cadmio (Cd) > Cobalto (Co). Los elementos Al, As, Cd, Cr, Pb y Ti presentaron niveles por encima del umbral normal en vegetación. El uso de suelo tuvo efecto significativo con Al, Ti, Cd, As y Pb; los árboles ubicados en los usos de suelo minero, comercio y servicios tuvieron la mayor concentración. La especie tuvo efecto significativo con Al y Pb siendo Acacia spp. el que presentó la mayor capacidad de acumulación. La temporada del año impactó significativamente en la acumulación de As, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr y Ti en las tres especies. La dinámica antropogénica de los diferentes usos de suelo genera partículas y residuos con metales pesados impactando en la disponibilidad y acumulación en las especies evaluadas. Se contribuye a evaluar el impacto ambiental en el sistema fragmentado recomendando dar continuidad a este tipo de estudios.

Respuesta al déficit hídrico en el crecimiento de forestales del bosque urbano de Mendoza : análisis comparativo en árboles jóvenes

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la respuesta de plantas jóvenes de cuatro especies forestales urbanas a diferentes niveles de déficit hídrico. El ensayo se realizó en vivero, durante tres ciclos vegetativos, con plantas de Platanus x hispanica cv. acerifolia (plátano), Morus alba (morera), Fraxinus americana (fresno americano) y Acacia visco (visco). Los tratamientos de riego fueron: control (reposición del 100% transpirado); riego deficitario moderado (reposición del 66% transpirado) y riego deficitario severo (reposición del 33% transpirado). Las variables de respuesta evaluadas fueron altura, diámetro de tallos, área foliar y ancho de anillos de crecimiento. Las plantas bajo riego deficitario severo presentaron disminuciones en todos los parámetros de crecimiento considerados. Acacia visco resultó con crecimientos comparables al control, bajo riego deficitario equivalente al 66% del agua transpirada, con lo cual puede ser considerada especie de interés para forestaciones en condiciones de estrés hídrico moderado.

(Table 1) Non-arboreal and arboreal pollen spectra at DSDP Holes 75-532 and 75-530A

Some samples from DSDP Holes 530A and 532 were analyzed for their fossil pollen content. The sites are located in the southeastern corner of the Angola Basin, about 200 km west of the present coastline. Fossil pollen assemblages of Holocene to Miocene age were compared with present-day pollen deposition in the arid Namib sand sea. The strong resemblance of all the pollen spectra indicates that very arid conditions existed in the coastal region of Namibia in Quaternary and Pliocene times. These data are in agreement with the late Miocene origin of the coastal aridity and with the conception that upwelling of cold water was responsible for these desert conditions.

AMS radiocarbon dates and pollen analysis of ODP Hole 175-1078C

ODP Site 1078 situated under the coast of Angola provides the first record of the vegetation history for Angola. The upper 11 m of the core covers the past 30 thousand years, which has been analysed palynologically in decadal to centennial resolution. Alkenone sea surface temperature estimates were analysed in centennial resolution. We studied sea surface temperatures and vegetation development during full glacial, deglacial, and interglacial conditions. During the glacial the vegetation in Angola was very open consisting of grass and heath lands, deserts and semi-deserts, which suggests a cool and dry climate. A change to warmer and more humid conditions is indicated by forest expansion starting in step with the earliest temperature rise in Antarctica, 22 thousand years ago. We infer that around the period of Heinrich Event 1, a northward excursion of the Angola Benguela Front and the Congo Air Boundary resulted in cool sea surface temperatures but rain forest remained present in the northern lowlands of Angola. Rain forest and dry forest area increase 15 thousand years ago. During the Holocene, dry forests and Miombo woodlands expanded. Also in Angola globally recognised climate changes at 8 thousand and 4 thousand years ago had an impact on the vegetation. During the past 2 thousand years, savannah vegetation became dominant.

XRF scanning, pollen and spores of ODP Site 108-659

Pliocene vegetation dynamics and climate variability in West Africa have been investigated through pollen and XRF-scanning records obtained from sediment cores of ODP Site 659 (18°N, 21°W). The comparison between total pollen accumulation rates and Ti/Ca ratios, which is strongly correlated with the dust input at the site, showed elevated aeolian transport of pollen during dusty periods. Comparison of the pollen records of ODP Site 659 and the nearby Site 658 resulted in a robust reconstruction of West African vegetation change since the Late Pliocene. Between 3.6 and 3.0 Ma the savannah in West Africa differed in composition from its modern counterpart and was richer in Asteraceae, in particular of the Tribus Cichorieae. Between 3.24 and 3.20 Ma a stable wet period is inferred from the Fe/K ratios, which could stand for a narrower and better specified mid-Pliocene (mid-Piacenzian) warm time slice. The northward extension of woodland and savannah, albeit fluctuating, was generally greater in the Pliocene. NE trade wind vigour increased intermittently around 2.7 and 2.6 Ma, and more or less permanently since 2.5 Ma, as inferred from increased pollen concentrations of trade wind indicators (Ephedra, Artemisia, Pinus). Our findings link the NE trade wind development with the intensification of the Northern Hemisphere glaciations (iNHG). Prior to the iNHG, little or no systematic relation could be found between sea surface temperatures of the North Atlantic with aridity and dust in West Africa.