La industria farmacéutica y farmoquímica brasileña en los años 90

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La industria farmacéutica y farmoquímica mexicana en los años 90

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Utilization of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the acute phase of ankle immobilization at 90°: Study in rats

Objective: To evaluate the skeletal muscle glycogen content and plasmatic concentration of interleukin -6 (IL-6), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in rats submitted to electrical stimulation sessions during the first three days of ankle immobilization at the position of 90°. Methods: Albinomale Wistar rats(3-4 months) were maintained in vivarium. conditions with food and water ad libitum, Submitted to 12 h photoperiodic cycles of light/dark, and distributed into 7 experimental groups (n = 6): control(C), immobilized 1 day(I1) immobilized 1 day and electrically stimulated(IE1) immobilized 2 days(12), immobilized 2 days and electrically stimulated(IE2), immobilized 3 days(13) and immobilized 3 days and electrically stimulated(IE3). Groups I utilized an acrylic resin orthesis model and groups electrically stimulated (IE) utilized the orthesis and a session of electrotherapy by a Dualpex 961 (biphasic quadratic pulse, 10 Hz, 0.4 ms, 5.0 mA, one 20 min session a day). After the experimental period, the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium(40 mg/kg) and a blood sample was colleted to evaluate the plasmatic concentration of interleukins by means of the radioimmunoassay method. The soleus and the white portion of the gastrocnemius muscle were colleted for glycogen reserves analysis(GLY). Other groups of rats were used to apply the glucose tolerance test(GTT) and insulin tolerance test(ITT). For statistical analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test followed by ANOVA and the Tukey tests were utilized, with a critical level established at 5%. Results: In ITT test, groups IE enhanced the skeletal muscle glucose uptake, but no changes were observed in GTT after the therapy session, which indicates that electrical stimulation is a sensibilizing method to augment skeletal muscle glucose uptake. The GLY reserves were reduced in I groups, which indicate that disuse altered insulin sensitivity and compromised energetic homeostasis. However. the IE groups displayed an augment in GLY content, suggesting that electrical stimulation restores the enzymatic pathways altered by immobilization. The improvement in GLY was accompanied by an elevation of the plasmatic concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α, showing the participation of these interleukins in the control of metabolic profile. Plasmatic concentrations of IL-10 were elevated only after 3 days of IE while IL-4 did not display any modifications. Conclusion: The results suggest that neuromuscular electricaf stimulation is an important toot in the maintenance of energetic, conditions of musculature submitted to immobilization, and presents multifactor mechanisms linked to interleukins action that converge to maintain the energetic equilibrium of the tissue in disuse.

Hacia un nuevo modelo de organización industrial: el sector manufacturero argentino en los años 90

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Estabilización macroeconómica, reforma estructural y comportamiento industrial: estructura y funcionamiento del sector manufacturero latinoamericano en los años 90

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Une décennie d'ombres et de lumières: l'Amérique Latine et les Caraibes dans les années 90

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Diffuse Effect of the Tungsten Doped Ba(Zr0.10Ti0.90)O3 Ferroelectric Ceramics

Barium zirconate titanate Ba(Ti0.90Zr0.10)O3 ceramics doped with WO3 (BZT:2W) have been prepared by a traditional solid phase reaction. The effect of temperature on the structural and electrical properties was investigated. X ray diffraction data evidenced formation of secondary phases for the samples sintered at 1300oC end 1350oC while the pure phase was attained at 1200oC. A modified Curie-Weiss law was used to describe the diffuseness of a phase transition. As temperature increases, the maximum dielectric permittivity decreased. The fine-grained sample showed a 'diffuse-like' ferroelectric behavior. The dielectric permittivity reaches a maximum value (εm ~6420 at 10 kHz) for the ceramics sintered at 1200oC for 4 hours.

Pension reform in Europe in the 90's and lessons for Latin America

Includes bibliography

Reestructuración de la enseñanza fundamental y gestión del gasto educacional en Brasil: la década de los 90

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El contenido demográfico de la boleta de los censos de población de la década del 90

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La ronda de los censos de los años 90 en América Latina y el Caribe: posibilidades y limitaciones para su utilización en el establecimiento de las metas para la infancia en los años 90

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Algunas reflexiones sobre los censos del 90: posibles áreas de colaboración = Some thoughts concerning the 1990 censuses: possible areas for co-operation

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El Perú de los 90: un camino posible

Analiza la evolucion reciente de la sociedad peruana; el rol de los grupos empresariales que lideraron el proceso de modernizacion en el Peru a partir de la decada del 50; una estrategia de desarrollo para la proxima decada basada en la reestructuracion del aparato productivo y la reforma del Estado; y la construccion politica de la estrategia sugerida.

Actividades realizadas en el marco del "Proyecto de Apoyo al Diseño y Preparación de la Ronda de Censos del 90"

Presenta actividades en el marco del proyecto, realizadas mediante la organización de seminarios en los que la CEPAL actuó como agencia asociada de ejecución del FNUAP.