Evidence of shark predation and scavenging on fishes equipped with pop-up satellite archival tags

Over the past few years, pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) have been used to investigate the behavior, movements, thermal biology, and postrelease mortality of a wide range of large, highly migratory species including bluefin tuna (Block et al., 2001), swordfish (Sedberry and Loefer, 2001), blue marlin (Graves et al., 2002), striped marlin (Domeier and Dewar, 2003), and white sharks (Boustany et al., 2002). PSAT tag technology has improved rapidly, and current tag models are capable of collecting, processing, and storing large amounts of information on light level, temperature, and pressure (depth) for a predetermined length of time before the release of these tags from animals. After release, the tags float to the surface, and transmit the stored data to passing satellites of the Argos system.

北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种水分生理生态研究

本文研究了北京山区落叶阀叶林优势种一辽东栎、大叶白蜡、北京丁香、核桃楸、山杏和荆条等乔灌木的稳定碳同位素比率，长期水分利用效率、植物蒸腾特性和土壤植物体的水分运动特点，并从植物解剖学的角度研究了这些植物叶片特点和其水分生理生态特性的关系。 对北京山区落叶阔叶林生态系统这几种乔、灌木植物叶片中的碳稳定性同位素比率(δ¹³C值)测定结果显示，这些植物叶片的δ¹³C值受多种因子的影响，具有较大的种间差异及时空异质性。主要表现在不同植物种叶片δ¹³C值不同，其排列顺序为山杏(- 24.75±0.85%。>大叶白蜡(- 25,94±1.52%。)=荆条(- 26.01±1.63%。)=辽东栎(一26.07±1.17%。)=北京丁香(-26.46±0.80c70。)>核桃楸(-28.11±1.52%。);生长初期叶片δ¹³C值较生长末期高，尤以核桃楸和辽东栎表现明显其生长初期和末期的叶片δ¹³C值皆相差达3‰;生境条件，特别是土壤水分含量和土层厚度，对植物叶片的813C值的高低有较大的影响，生长在于旱生境中的植物具有较高的δ¹³C值。另外，即使是同一株植物，叶片δ¹³C值也因其在冠层中所处的位置不同而异，冠层项部叶片的δ¹³C值高于林冠内部的叶片。北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的长期水分利用效率与种的特点有关，山杏最高(4.950±0．l71mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O)，核桃楸最低(3.760±0.203mmolC0_2•mol-1H_2O)，大叶白蜡、荆条、辽东栎和北京丁香居中(4.346- 4.530 mmolCO_2•mol-1H_2O)，大部分植物长期水分利用效率在春季（5月）较高，秋季较低，荆条由于物候期的特殊性在其生长季初期较低，而后逐渐增高。核桃楸在不存在水分亏缺情况下，树干液流速率受微气候因子的影响，液流速率的最大值达1600g•hour 左右。树干液流速率的日进程和大气相对湿度、温度的日进程具有相当好的生态学同步性。通过对核桃楸夜晚树干液流的分析可以得出其有根压存在的结论。 植物叶片和枝条中自由水和束缚水含量主要决定于植物种的特性，枝条的年龄、生境特点，特别是土壤水分特点。在落叶阔叶林I(样地2)中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是：北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡>辽东栎;而杂灌丛（样地1）中植物叶片自由水含量的排列顺序是：核桃楸>大叶白蜡>山杏>荆条>北京丁香>辽东栎，可见群落类型对植物自由水含量影响是很大的，植物束缚水含量与其自由水含量的格局完全相反，荆条、山杏等植物含量高，核桃揪含量低。枝条水分含量有与叶片水分含量相类似的特点。 北京山区落叶阔叶林优势种的水分生理生态学特性和其叶片的特点有很大的关系，首先是植物叶片的特点总是和其种的特性相联系，主要表现在叶的类型、叶片上毛、气孔密度、着生方式等，如荆条叶片上下表面都密被披针形毛，气孔小，核桃楸气孔较大且凸出，大叶白蜡叶片上的气孔凹陷，辽东栎的气孔呈椭圆状，保卫细胞上有许多白色蜡质结晶。有一些种有环状的气孔外缘。生境的变化对叶片的形态特征有影响，在全光照条件下叶片小而犀，而在庇荫条件下叶片大而薄，在扫描电镜下可见全光照条件下北京丁香叶片基本无毛，庇荫条件下则有短微毛，全光条件下荆条叶片上毛有小乳头状凸起，庇荫条件下没有。本文所研究的植物种气孔都着生在叶片的下表面，气孔密度的大小排列顺序是：辽东栎>山杏>北京丁香>核桃楸>大叶白蜡。经方差分析显示种闷气孔密度存在极显著性差异。对所研究植物的气孔导度和环境因子、叶片解剖特点进行线性回归分析，得到了总体的和各个种的回归模型，结果表明光照强度、气孔密度等对气孔导度影响显著，但因种的不同相互之间存在差别。 植物的蒸腾速率受多因子的影响，主要有种的特点、微气候因子（光照强度、大气相对湿度、叶面温度、叶室温度等）和土壤水分特点。植物的蒸腾速率日进程和微气候因子日进程有相当好的生态学同步性。对辽东栎的蒸腾速率和光照强度的研究发现二者有很好的线性关系。这些植物蒸腾速率都表现出一定规律的日进程和季节进程，大多数植物蒸腾速率在一天中有数次波动，最高峰一般出现在中午12时之前;在整个生长季中，6月底至8月初的蒸腾速率高于其他月份。

Nursery rearing of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) using hapa-nets: effects of stocking density

An experiment was conducted in two phases for 45 days each to study the effects of six stocking densities (phase-I: 100, 200 and 300 PL/m² and phase-II: 250, 500 and 750 PL/m²) on growth and survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii postlarvae (PL) in nylon hapa-nets (1.8m x 1.8m x 1.4m) installed in a pond. Stocking densities of 100, 200 and 300 PL 10/m² resulted in similar (P<0.05) body length (47-48 mm) and survival rate (84-88%), while body weight (0.62g) in PL with 300/m² was significantly lower than that (0.70g) in PL with 100 and 200/m². The growth (body length 47mm and weight 0.64g) and survival (84%) of PL stocked at 250 PL/m² density were significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of PL at 500 and 750/m². Besides the variation in growth and survival in PL at six tests stocking densities, a sharp increase in body weight of PL was observed beginning at the 4th week of rearing.

Growth and production performance of red tilapia and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Lin.) under low-input culture system

Comparative production potential of red tilapia (a mutant hybrid of Oreochromis mossambicus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under low-input aquaculture was studied in six ponds of 360 m² each with an average water depth of 90 cm. Three ponds were stocked with fingerlings of O. niloticus (average weight 11.4±3.48 g) while three other ponds were stocked with red tilapia (average weight 10.72±2.5 g) at a density of 20,000 fingerlings/ha. Supplementary feed consisting of rice bran was given daily at 4-6% of standing biomass. Ponds were fertilized at fortnightly intervals with cattle manure 750 kg/ ha. After six months of rearing, gross fish productions of 3,218 and 3,017 kg/ha were obtained from O. niloticus and red tilapia ponds, respectively. Of this, table size fish (>80 g in size) production amounted to 2,366 and 2,823 kg/ha from O. niloticus and red tilapia culture, respectively. Analysis of cost and benefits showed higher benefit from red tilapia culture.

Effects of cowdung application on the production of mud crab (Scylla serrata Forskal) in brackishwater pond

A culture experiment of mud crab for 84 days was conducted in earthen pond at Brackishwater Station, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Paikgacha, Khulna. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of cowdung application on crab production and water quality. There were three treatments as without cowdung (T1), 500 kg cowdung/ha/fortnight (T2) and 750 kg cowdung/ha/fortnight (T3) with three replicates for each. The result was evaluated on the basis of growth, production, survival rate etc. The experimental months were mid-April '96 to mid-July '96. To maintain a good water quality, water was exchanged in every spring tide. The range of salinity during the experiment was 8-19 ppt. Trash fish and fresh shrimp head were used as feed on raw basis in every alternate week at a rate of 8% body weight of crab at the same time rice bran and wheat flour were used at a rate of 2% body weight as a source of carbohydrate. The production of T1, T2 and T3, were 720.35 kg, 862.16 kg and 669.19 kg/ha respectively. Though the effects of cowdung on production of crab is insignificant but in terms of production, survival rate and growth, the study suggest that the application of cowdung in addition to feed can be recommended for mud crab culture at a rate of 500 kg/ha/fortnight.

Bias-dependent recovery time of all-optical resonant nonlinearity in InGaAsP/InGaAsP MQW waveguide

We have investigated a resonant refractive nonlinearity in a semiconductor waveguide by measuring intensity dependent phase shifts and bias-dependent recovery times. The measurements were performed on an optimized 750-μm-long AR coated buried heterostructure MQW p-i-n waveguide with a bandedge at 1.48 μm. Figure 1 shows the experimental arrangement. The mode-locked color center laser was tuned to 50 meV beyond the bandedge and 8 ps pulses with peak incident power up to 57 W were coupled into the waveguide. Some residual bandtail absorption remains at this wavelength and this is sufficient to cause carriers to be photogenerated and these give rise to a refractive nonlinearity, predominantly by plasma and bandfilling effects. A Fabry-Perot interferometer is used to measure the spectrum of the light which exits the waveguide. The nonlinearity within the guide causes self phase modulation (SPM) of the light and a study of the spectrum allows information to be recovered on the magnitude and recovery time of the nonlinear phase shift with a reasonable degree of accuracy. SPM spectra were recorded for a variety of pulse energies coupled into he unbiased waveguide. Figure 2 shows the resultant phase shift measured from the SPM spectra as a function of pulse energy. The relationship is a linear one, indicating that no saturation of the nonlinearity occurs for coupled pulse energies up to 230 pJ. A π phase shift, the minimum necessary for an all-optical switch, is obtained for a coupled pulse energy of 57 pJ while the maximum phase shift, 4 π, was measured for 230 pJ. The SPM spectra were highly asymmetric with pulse energy shifted to higher frequencies. Such spectra are characteristic of a slow, negative nonlinearity. This relatively slow speed is expected for the unbiased guide as the recovery time will be of the order of the recombination time of the photogenerated electrons, about 1 ns for InGaAsP material. In order to reduce the recovery time of the nonlinearity, it is necessary to remove the photogenerated carriers from the waveguide by a process other than recombination. One such technique is to apply a reverse bias to the waveguide in order to sweep the carriers out. Figure 3 shows the effect on the recovery time of the nonlinearity of applying reverse bias to the waveguide for 230 pJ coupled power. The recovery time was reduced from one much longer than the length of the pulse, estimated to be about 1 ns, at zero bias to 18 ± 3 ps for a bias voltage greater than -4 V. This compares with a value of 24 ps obtained in a bulk waveguide.

Results of the Austrian-Ceylonese hydrobiological mission 1970 of the 1st Zoological Institute of the University of Vienna (Austria) and the Department of Zoology of the Vidyalankara University of Ceylon, Kelaniya. Pt. 1. Preliminary report: introduction and description of the stations

The Austrian-Ceylonese hydrobiological mission of 1970 investigated and made collections from 36 flowing water systems (brooks, torrents, rivers); of these, 34 water systems were in the mountains regions of south-west and south-east of Sri Lanka. In the crystalline mountain region, the water systems are extremely poor in electrolytes, very soft and slightly acid; these torrential streams have strong falls, high flow velocities and boulder bottoms. The water temperatures increase from the sources and brooks at 2,000 m altitude to the mouths from 15°C to 28°C. The density of animal population (macro and meso-fauna) increases from the river bank regions (and pools) towards the sections with strong current and reaches on the rocks in the cascades a density of 500 to appr. 750 individuals/1/16m².

一种制备丙酮酸乙酯的方法

本发明涉及有机物的合成，具体的说是一种制备丙酮酸乙酯的方法。采用乳酸乙酯作原料，在氮氧化合物和碱的催化下，在0-45℃下用卤代有机氧化剂的丙酮溶液将乳酸乙酯氧化为丙酮酸乙酯；所述氮氧化合物的用量为乳酸乙酯质量的0.1％-1.0％；卤代有机氧化剂的用量为乳酸乙酯当量数的1.0-1.2倍；碱的用量是乳酸乙酯当量数的1-1.2倍。本发明制备丙酮酸乙酯的方法中反应条件温和、反应迅速、工艺简单、易操作、易分离。反应中使用了廉价易得的工业用氯化剂、溴化剂作为氧化剂，将乳酸乙酯氧化为丙酮酸乙酯。

Impact of dead and sunken water hyacinth on biotic communities, the aquatic environment and socio-economic activities

The mobile water hyacinth, which was produced in growth zones, especially Murchison Bay, was mainly exported to three sheltered storage bays (Thruston, Hannington and Waiya). Between 1996 and May 1998, the mobile form of water hyacinth occupied about 800 ha in Thruston Bay, 750 ha in Hannington Bay and 140 ha in Waiya Bay). Biological control weevils and other factors, including localised nutrient depletion, weakened the weed that was confined to the bays and it sunk around October 1998. The settling to the bottom of such huge quantities of organic matter its subsequent decomposition and the debris from this mass was likely to have environmental impacts on biotic communities (e.g. fish and invertebrate), physico-chemical conditions (water quality), and on socio-economic activities (e.g. at fish landings, water abstraction, and hydro-power generation points). Sunken water. hyacinth debris could also affect nutrient levels in the water column and lead to reduction in the content of dissolved oxygen. The changes in nutrient dynamics and oxygen levels could affect algal productivity, invertebrate composition and fish communities. Socio-economic impacts of dead sunken weed were expected from debris deposited along the shoreline especially at fish landings, water abstraction and hydropower generation points. Therefore, environmental impact assessment studies were carried out between 1998 and 2002 in selected representative zones of Lake Victoria to identify the effects of the sunken water hyacinth biomass

Studies on fecundity of Rita pavimentata (Gunther) in relation to total length, total weight and ovary weight

A total of thirty eight ripe ovaries from the specimens of Rita pavimentata, measuring 230 to 355 mm in total length (TL) and 250 to 750 g in total weight (TW), were selected to study the fecundity. The relationship between fecundity 'and total length (TL), total weight (TW) and ovary weight (OW) was found to be linear. The coefficient of co-relation 'r' of the above relationship was found to be 0.92, 0.94 and 0.96 respectively. All these values are highly significant (P=0.01) indicating a close relationship between compared parameters. However, as indicated by value of 'r' (0.96), the fecundity is more closely related to ovary weight and hence the ovary weight may be a better index of fecundity than the total body length or weight.

Development of artificial breeding techniques for long-whiskered catfish, Sperata aor and giant river catfish, Sperata seenghala of Bangladesh

Sperata aor and S. seenghala are the two important native catfishes of Bangladesh but commercial farming of these species is not possible due to lack of naturally collected or artificially produced seeds for stocking. Attempts were made to develop techniques for seed production by artificial breeding and nursery-rearing of fries of these catfishes. A total of 60 S. seenghala (750-1,500 g) and 10 S. aor (600-1,000 g) broods were collected from the Brahmaputra river-basin and floodplains in Mymensingh region four months prior to their breeding season. The collected brood fishes were reared in separate earthen ponds with supplementary feeds comprising of rice bran (40%), mustard oil cake (29%), fish meal (30%) and vitamin-premix (1 %). Three experiments were conducted to optimize the hormone dose. A total of nine S. seenghala females weighing from 750 to 1,500 g were given an initial and resolving dose of 12-20 and 16-24 mg PG/kg body weight, respectively. The males weighing from 650-950 g were administered a single dose of 18-26 mg PG/kg body weight at the time of the time of administering the resolving dose to the females. The females ovulated partially and the eggs were examined under a compound microscope, but most of them were found to be less ripe or damaged. Collection of milt by stripping the males was not successful. The testes were taken out and sperm were observed to be non-motile and less developed. In view of stimulating natural propagation of S. seenghala, artificial holes (nests) were constructed in the pond bottom. Each hole was 0.7 m in diameter and 0.3 m in depth. A total of 10 holes were made and then 10 pairs of S. seenghala breeders (800-1,200 g) were stocked in the pond. In mid February, 3,000 fry of S. seenghala with a mean length of 4.60 cm and weight of 0.36 g were collected by repeated netting followed by drying of the pond. The fry were then stocked in a nursery pond and fed with commercial feed (SABINCO starter-1). The average length and weight of the fingerlings were 9.01 cm and 3.95 g, respectively and the estimated survival was 60% after two months of rearing. S. aor did not respond to natural spawning. Further study is essential to develop techniques for their successful artificial and natural breeding.

金环蛇抗菌肽cathelicidin-BF及其基因和应用

一种金环蛇抗菌肽cathelicidin-BF及其基因和应用，属生物医学领域。 Cathelicidin-BF是一种直链多肽，含有三十个氨基酸残基，分子量3637.54Da，等电点11.79。cathelicidin-BF全序列为：赖氨酸-苯丙氨酸-苯丙氨酸-精氨酸-赖氨酸-亮氨酸-赖氨酸-赖氨酸-丝氨酸-缬氨酸-赖氨酸-赖氨酸 -精氨酸-丙氨酸-赖氨酸-谷氨酸-苯丙氨酸-苯丙氨酸-赖氨酸-赖氨酸 -脯氨酸-精氨酸-缬氨酸-异亮氨酸-甘氨酸-缬氨酸-丝氨酸-异亮氨酸 -脯氨酸-苯丙氨酸。编码cathelicidin-BF的基因由750个核苷酸组成，其中编码成熟肽部分的为第484-573位核苷酸。Cathelicidin-BF分子量小、杀菌作用强、作用时间迅速、对多种临床耐药菌有非常强的杀灭作用。此外还具有广谱抗菌和非盐依赖等有益特点。

On farm trial of Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) evolved two aquaculture technologies

Two BFRI evolved aquaculture technologies - integrated rice fish farming and carp polyculture with over-wintered fingerlings under different stocking densities were tested during 2003-04. The study was coordinated with two local NGOs namely NICHAITA and JNDP, Muktagacha, Mymensingh. Integrated rice fish farming technology was demonstrated in 9 plots each having an area between 60-100 dec. during boro season. Fifteen days after transplantation of rice seedlings, fingerlings of rajpunti (Barbodes gonionotus) of 7-10 g of individual weight were stocked in the rice fields at the density of 3,000 (T1), 3,750 (T2) and 4,500/ha (T3). The corresponding final weight of fish after three and half months in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 110±14.21, 101±16.55 and 86±22.28 g, respectively. The mean weight of fish in treatments 1 and 2 was significantly higher than treatment 3. Fish production obtained from treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 218.16±18.29, 239.70±25.11 and 236±24.66 kg/ha, respectively. On-farm demonstrations of carp polyculture using over-wintered fingerlings rohu (25-28 g), catla (24-26 g), mrigal (21-26 g) and grass carp (20-24 g) under different stocking densities were undertaken in nine earthen ponds (1,200-1,600 square meters) for a period of six months at three different stocking densities. The stocking densities of treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2) and treatment 3 (T3) were 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000/ha, respectively. Fish were fed with rice bran and mustard oil cake (3:1). Soft green grass and banana leaves were provided mainly for grass carp. At harvest, the production obtained in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 2,325±74.75, 2,620±49.66 and 2,982± 171.52 kg/ha, respectively. The results demonstrated higher growth of fish in treatment 1 than those of treatments 2 and 3. However, treatment 3 contributed relatively higher production than those of treatments 1 and 2, whereas, highest net benefit was received from treatment 2.