Report on theorerical results of power generation and conversion

Experimental results of a new controller able to support bidirectional power flow in a full-bridge rectifier with boost-like topology are obtained. The controller is computed using port Hamiltonian passivity techniques for a suitable generalized state space averaging truncation system, which transforms the control objectives, namely constant output voltage dc-bus and unity input power factor, into a regulation problem. Simulation results for the full system show the essential correctness of the simplifications introduced to obtain the controller, although some small experimental discrepancies point to several aspects that need further improvement.

Association of electrocardiogram abnormalities and incident heart failure events.

Unless effective preventive strategies are implemented, aging of the population will result in a significant worsening of the heart failure (HF) epidemic. Few data exist on whether baseline electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities can refine risk prediction for HF. METHODS: We examined a prospective cohort of 2,915 participants aged 70 to 79 years without preexisting HF, enrolled between April 1997 and June 1998 in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study. Minnesota Code was used to define major and minor ECG abnormalities at baseline and at year 4 follow-up. Using Cox models, we assessed (1) the association between ECG abnormalities and incident HF and (2) the incremental value of adding ECG to the Health ABC HF Risk Score using the net reclassification index. RESULTS: At baseline, 380 participants (13.0%) had minor, and 620 (21.3%) had major ECG abnormalities. During a median follow-up of 11.4 years, 485 participants (16.6%) developed incident HF. After adjusting for the Health ABC HF Risk Score variables, the hazard ratio (HR) was 1.27 (95% CI 0.96-1.68) for minor and 1.99 (95% CI 1.61-2.44) for major ECG abnormalities. At year 4, 263 participants developed new and 549 had persistent abnormalities; both were associated with increased subsequent HF risk (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.38-2.72 for new and HR 2.35, 95% CI 1.82-3.02 for persistent ECG abnormalities). Baseline ECG correctly reclassified 10.5% of patients with HF events, 0.8% of those without HF events, and 1.4% of the overall population. The net reclassification index across the Health ABC HF risk categories was 0.11 (95% CI 0.03-0.19). CONCLUSIONS: Among older adults, baseline and new ECG abnormalities are independently associated with increased risk of HF. The contribution of ECG screening for targeted prevention of HF should be evaluated in clinical trials.

Mapeamento do fósforo adsorvido por meio da cor e da suscetibilidade magnética do solo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de se mapear o fósforo adsorvido por meio da avaliação da cor e da suscetibilidade magnética do solo. O experimento foi realizado em área de cana-de-açúcar com 380 ha, que compreendia quatro tipos de Latossolos, com diferentes texturas e fertilidades naturais. Foram coletadas 241 amostras de solo, na profundidade de 0,00-0,25 m. O índice de avermelhamento do solo foi calculado a partir dos valores de matiz, valor e croma das amostras, obtidos com espectroscopia de reflectância difusa. Foram ajustados modelos de regressão entre o fósforo adsorvido e a suscetibilidade magnética ou o índice de avermelhamento dos solos. A dependência espacial dos dados foi avaliada por meio de geoestatística. A suscetibilidade magnética correlaciona-se significativamente ao fósforo adsorvido, o que possibilita seu uso como componente de funções de pedotransferência para quantificação indireta do fósforo adsorvido ao solo. O índice de avermelhamento e a suscetibilidade magnética apresentam dependência espacial com o fósforo adsorvido. A suscetibilidade magnética e o índice de avermelhamento dos solos, avaliado pela espectroscopia de reflectância difusa, podem auxiliar no mapeamento e na identificação de áreas com diferentes potenciais de adsorção de fósforo.

La dépression majeure en hôpital général: adaptation et mise en oeuvre de recommandations pour la pratique clinique [Major depression in the general hospital: adaptation and implementation of guidelines]

Major depression IMD) is highly prevalent in the general hospital and adds a considerable burden to affected patients, but remains under detected and under treated. In an attempt to improve this situation, existing guidelines on MD were retrieved, systematically evaluated with the instrument AGREE (Appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation), and adapted to the needs of the general hospital. These guidelines were made available on intranet, and actively implemented in two wards, where their impact on clinical practice was evaluated.

Can resistance to trastuzumab be reversed by endocrine therapy? Combination of trastuzumab and letrozole after resistance to sequential trastuzumab and aromatase inhibitor monotherapies in patients with ER-positive, HER-2 positive, advanced breast cancer: a proof-of-concept trial (SAKK 23/03)

Introduction: Trastuzumab (T) is a cornerstone in the treatment of patients with HER2-overexpressing advanced breast cancer and development of resistance to T is a major therapeutic problem. HER-2 is part of a highly interactive signaling network that may impair efficacy of endocrine therapy. A sequential treatment design was chosen in this trial to ensure complete resistance to single agent therapy before receiving both a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI) and T. Any kind of clinical activity with combined treatment of AI and T after progression of single agent treatments could indicate restoration of sensitivity as a consequence of cross-talking and networking between both pathways. Methods: Key eligibility criteria included postmenopausal patients (pts.) with advanced, measurable, HER-2 positive (assessed by FISH, ratio (≥2)), HR positive disease and progression on prior treatment with a non-steroidal AI, e.g. letrozole or anastrozole, either in an adjuvant or advanced setting. Pts. received standard dose T monotherapy either weekly or three-weekly in step 1 and upon disease progression, continued T in combination with letrozole in step 2. The primary endpoint was clinical benefit response (CBR: CR, PR or SD for at least 24 weeks (+/- 1 week) according to RECIST) in step 2. Results: Thirteen pts. were enrolled in five centers in Switzerland. In step 1, six pts. (46%) achieved CBR. Median time to progression (TTP) was 161 days (Range: 50 - 627). Based on data collected until the end of May 2010, CBR was observed in seven out of the eleven evaluable pts. (64%) in step 2, including one pt. with partial response. Four of the seven pts. within step 2 that achieved CBR also had CBR in step 1. Seven out of eleven pts. have documented tumor progression during step 2 treatment. Median TTP for all eleven pts. was 184 days (range 61 - 471). Mean time on study treatment (TTP in step 1 plus TTP in step 2) for pts. reaching step 2 was 380 days (range 174 - 864). Adverse events were generally mild. Conclusion: Results of this proof-of-principle trial suggest that complete resistance to both AI and T can be overcome in a proportion of pts. by combined treatment of AI and T, as all pts. served as their own control. Our results appear promising for a new treatment strategy which offers a chemotherapy-free and well-tolerated option for at least a subset of the pts. with HR positive, HER-2 positive breast cancer. Further trials will need to corroborate this finding.

Produção do mamoeiro em função de adubação com nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio

A obtenção de boa produtividade e qualidade de frutos está diretamente ligada a uma nutrição balanceada. Da mesma forma, sabe-se que uma planta nutrida adequadamente apresenta resistência às doenças e maior potencial para atingir alta produtividade. Porém, no Brasil, não se conhecem o comportamento e as exigências nutricionais das principais cultivares de mamoeiro. Esse estudo objetiva determinar as doses de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K) para o mamoeiro do grupo Solo, sob irrigação, para as condições edafoclimáticas de Cruz das Almas (BA), no Recôncavo Baiano. O experimento foi instalado utilizando a cultivar Sunrise Solo. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, quatro plantas úteis e bordadura dupla. Foi utilizada para composição dos tratamentos a matriz experimental Plan Puebla III, onde se definiram as doses para N (40; 240; 400; 560 e 760 kg/ha), P2O5 (20; 120; 200; 280 e 380 kg/ha) e K2O (40; 240; 400; 560 e 760 kg/ha) e se obtiveram 15 tratamentos. O uso da adubação nitrogenada e potássica proporcionou aumento de produtividade. O ponto de máximo para produtividade foi estimado em 93,41 t/ha/ano de frutos de mamão no primeiro ano de colheita, nas doses máximas físicas de 347 e 360 kg/ha/ano de N e K2O, respectivamente, para teores médios de potássio no solo. Os picos de colheita de mamão na região de Cruz das Almas, para os plantios estabelecidos no início das chuvas, ocorreram em agosto e setembro.

A single epidermal stem cell strategy for safe ex vivo gene therapy.

There is a widespread agreement from patient and professional organisations alike that the safety of stem cell therapeutics is of paramount importance, particularly for ex vivo autologous gene therapy. Yet current technology makes it difficult to thoroughly evaluate the behaviour of genetically corrected stem cells before they are transplanted. To address this, we have developed a strategy that permits transplantation of a clonal population of genetically corrected autologous stem cells that meet stringent selection criteria and the principle of precaution. As a proof of concept, we have stably transduced epidermal stem cells (holoclones) obtained from a patient suffering from recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Holoclones were infected with self-inactivating retroviruses bearing a COL7A1 cDNA and cloned before the progeny of individual stem cells were characterised using a number of criteria. Clonal analysis revealed a great deal of heterogeneity among transduced stem cells in their capacity to produce functional type VII collagen (COLVII). Selected transduced stem cells transplanted onto immunodeficient mice regenerated a non-blistering epidermis for months and produced a functional COLVII. Safety was assessed by determining the sites of proviral integration, rearrangements and hit genes and by whole-genome sequencing. The progeny of the selected stem cells also had a diploid karyotype, was not tumorigenic and did not disseminate after long-term transplantation onto immunodeficient mice. In conclusion, a clonal strategy is a powerful and efficient means of by-passing the heterogeneity of a transduced stem cell population. It guarantees a safe and homogenous medicinal product, fulfilling the principle of precaution and the requirements of regulatory affairs. Furthermore, a clonal strategy makes it possible to envision exciting gene-editing technologies like zinc finger nucleases, TALENs and homologous recombination for next-generation gene therapy.

Liikuntakulutus kaupunkilaislasten ja -nuorten liikuntasuhteessa

Tilanteessa, jossa liikuntainstituutiot joutuvat aiempaa tiukemmin taistelemaan vetovoimaisuudestaan muiden vapaa-ajan elämysteollisuuden toimintamuotojen kanssa ja jossa ihmisten valinnat ja päätökset ohjautuvat pitkälti asioissa kohdattujen kulttuuristen merkitysten perusteella, ei liikunnan tutkimista vain fyysisenä harrastuksena voida enää pitää riittävänä lähestymistapana. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkastelunäkökulmaksi valittiin kaupunkilaislasten ja -nuorten suhde liikuntaan sekä liikuntakulutuksen rooli sen rakentumisessa. Liikuntasuhteen tarkoittaessa kiinnittymis- ja suhtautumistapojen kokonaisuutta, jonka kautta yksilö kohtaa ja arvottaa liikunnan sosiaalisia maailmoja kulttuurisine merkitysrakenteineen, voidaan kulttuurin- ja kulutustutkimukselliset vaikutteet todeta tutkimusotteessa keskeisiksi. Turussa keväällä 2004 survey-tekniikalla toteutettuun tutkimukseen osallistui 442 viidesluokkalaista 11 alakoulusta ja 380 yhdeksäsluokkalaista 11 yläkoulusta (N = 822). Vastaukset mahdollistivat liikunta- ja penkkiurheilupalvelujen sekä liikuntahyödykkeiden kulutusmääriä ja -sisältöjä koskevien tietojen päivittämisen ja täydentämisen. Uudet tutkimukselliset avaukset kohdistuivat liikuntakulutuksen eri osa-alueilla kohdattujen kulttuuristen merkitysulottuvuuksien paljastamiseen sekä liikuntasuhteen vahvuutta selittävien kulutusmuotojen ja merkityspainotusten löytämiseen. Kouluikäisille liikkumisessa itsessään osoittautui tärkeimmäksi hyvän olon ja mielen merkitys. Myös liikkumisen välineellistä merkitystä hyvinvoinnille arvostettiin. Välittömässä penkkiurheilussa painotettiin lajisuoritusten ja välitetyssä penkkiurheilussa arjesta irtautumisen merkityskokonaisuutta. Liikuntahyödykkeiden hankinnassa tärkeimpänä kohdattiin hyödykkeen välinearvo liikuntasuorituksille. 70 prosentille vastaajista liikunta oli vähintäänkin tärkeä elämänasia, minkä tulkittiin indikoineen vahvaa liikuntasuhdetta. Liikuntakulutuksen ilmikäyttäytymismuodoista seura- ja omatoimiliikunnan tiheys sekä liikuntatekstiilien käyttötiheys muissa kuin liikuntatilanteissa selittivät luotettavasti liikuntasuhteen vahvuutta. Liikuntakulutuksessa kohdattujen merkitysrakenteiden osalla menestyshalun sekä hyvän olon ja mielen tärkeys omakohtaisessa liikkumisessa, samoin kuin liikunta-asiantuntijuuden tärkeys välitetyn penkkiurheilun harjoittamisessa olivat merkitsevimmät liikuntasuhteen vahvuuden selittäjät. Kulutuksen lisäämiseksi kaikessa liikuntapalvelu- ja hyödyketarjonnassa tulee huomioida kohderyhmän sisäistämät merkitysrakenteet. Kansanterveyden kannalta toimenpiteet kouluikäisten saattamiseksi organisoidun liikunnan pariin näyttävät hyödyllisimmiltä. Jatkossa niin määrällisellä kuin laadullisella merkitystutkimuksella on mahdollisuus avartaa liikuntakäyttäytymisen ymmärtämistä muidenkin kohderyhmien osalla.

Moment Operators of Observables in Quantum Mechanics, with Applications to Quantization and Homodyne Detection

The questions studied in this thesis are centered around the moment operators of a quantum observable, the latter being represented by a normalized positive operator measure. The moment operators of an observable are physically relevant, in the sense that these operators give, as averages, the moments of the outcome statistics for the measurement of the observable. The main questions under consideration in this work arise from the fact that, unlike a projection valued observable of the von Neumann formulation, a general positive operator measure cannot be characterized by its first moment operator. The possibility of characterizing certain observables by also involving higher moment operators is investigated and utilized in three different cases: a characterization of projection valued measures among all the observables is given, a quantization scheme for unbounded classical variables using translation covariant phase space operator measures is presented, and, finally, a mathematically rigorous description is obtained for the measurements of rotated quadratures and phase space observables via the high amplitude limit in the balanced homodyne and eight-port homodyne detectors, respectively. In addition, the structure of the covariant phase space operator measures, which is essential for the above quantization, is analyzed in detail in the context of a (not necessarily unimodular) locally compact group as the phase space.

Positive Outcomes Influence the Rate and Time to Publication, but Not the Impact Factor of Publications of Clinical Trial Results

Objectives: Publication bias may affect the validity of evidence based medical decisions. The aim of this study is to assess whether research outcomes affect the dissemination of clinical trial findings, in terms of rate, time to publication, and impact factor of journal publications. Methods and Findings: All drug-evaluating clinical trials submitted to and approved by a general hospital ethics committee between 1997 and 2004 were prospectively followed to analyze their fate and publication. Published articles were identified by searching Pubmed and other electronic databases. Clinical study final reports submitted to the ethics committee, final reports synopses available online and meeting abstracts were also considered as sources of study results. Study outcomes were classified as positive (when statistical significance favoring experimental drug was achieved), negative (when no statistical significance was achieved or it favored control drug) and descriptive (for non-controlled studies). Time to publication was defined as time from study closure to publication. A survival analysis was performed using a Cox regression model to analyze time to publication. Journal impact factors of identified publications were recorded. Publication rate was 48·4% (380/785). Study results were identified for 68·9% of all completed clinical trials (541/785). Publication rate was 84·9% (180/212) for studies with results classified as positive and 68·9% (128/186) for studies with results classified as negative (p<0·001). Median time to publication was 2·09 years (IC95 1·61-2·56) for studies with results classified as positive and 3·21 years (IC95 2·69-3·70) for studies with results classified as negative (hazard ratio 1·99 (IC95 1·55-2·55). No differences were found in publication impact factor between positive (median 6·308, interquartile range: 3·141-28·409) and negative result studies (median 8·266, interquartile range: 4·135-17·157). Conclusions: Clinical trials with positive outcomes have significantly higher rates and shorter times to publication than those with negative results. However, no differences have been found in terms of impact factor.

Merituulivoiman kannattavuus Kokkolan seudun rannikolla

Tässä diplomityössä selvitetään teollisen mittakaavan merituulipuistojen taloudellisia ja osin myös teknisiä rakentamisedellytyksiä Kokkolan seudun rannikolla. Lisäksi työssä tarkastellaan erilaisten tukitoimien vaikutusta tuulivoiman kannattavuuteen sekä selvitetään lyhyesti merituulivoiman hallinnollisia ja oikeudellisia edellytyksiä. Esimerkkikohteina tarkastellaan viittä Kokkolan edustalle suunniteltua merituulipuistoa, joiden tehot ovat 20 – 100 MW ja yksikkökoot 1,8 – 5 MW. Tuulipuistojen tuuliolot on arvioitu läheisten mittauspisteiden tietojen perusteella ja niiden pohjalta on laskettu puistojen energiantuotto. Tuulivoimaloiden huipunkäyttöajoiksi on saatu noin 2400 – 2500 h/a. Puistojen investointikustannukset ovat noin 6 500 –10 200 mk/kW: itse turbiinin lisäksi suurimpia kustannuseriä ovat perustukset ja sähköverkkoliitäntä. Vuosittaisten käyttö- ja kunnossapitokustannusten suuruudeksi on arvioitu noin 3 % investointikustannuksista. Kannattavuustarkastelut on suoritettu 5 % laskentakorolla ja 25 vuoden pitoajalle. Tuotantokustannukset ovat ilman tukia noin 27 – 38 p/kWh. Kun sähkön hintana on 150 mk/MWh, ei taloudellista kannattavuutta voida saavuttaa edes nykyisin käytössä olevan investointi- ja tuotantotuen avulla. Tuulisähköstä saatava mahdollinen ”vihreän sähkön lisä” tai päästökaupan aloittaminen voisivat mahdollistaa tuulivoiman taloudellisen kannattavuuden myös silloin, kun sähkön hintataso on matala. Kannattavuutta voitaisiin parantaa myös tukijärjestelmällä, joka painottaa nykyistä enemmän tuotantoa.