Age-validation of a leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) recaptured after 20 years

On 10 July 1999, vertebrae bearing an oxytetracycline (OTC) time mark were retrieved from a tagged leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata) recaptured in San Francisco Bay, CA, after being at liberty for almost 20 years. An additional long-term leopard shark tag return was received in June 2001, for which growth information (but not vertebrae) was obtained. The first recapture is significant in that it represents the longest at-liberty period for an age-validated (OTC-injected) shark, extends and completes age validation for this species, spanning all age classes up to its estimated average maximum age, and provides an example of the persistence of the OTC time mark in an elasmobranch at liberty for almost 20 years. The recaptured leopard shark made in 2001 also provides valuable information on long-term growth from time of release to time of recapture. Findings are documented here so that other researchers are aware that validation is complete for this species, to present pertinent evidence of considerable interannual variability in growth in this species, and to report observations on processing difficulties relating to the ephemeral nature of the 20-yr-old OTC mark.

复苏植物牛耳草干旱诱导的ACC氧化酶及乙烯调控的引导蛋白基因的克隆、表达与功能分析

本文以耐旱的牛耳草(Boea hygrometirica)为材料，研究了乙烯合成关键酶之一——ACC氧化酶编码基因（BhACO1）在干旱复苏过程中的诱导表达及其编码蛋白的酶活，分析了乙烯在干旱复苏过程中的积累及其对叶片复苏能力的影响和对干旱诱导基因的调控，探讨了一个受乙烯调控的干旱诱导的引导蛋白编码基因（BhDIR1）的表达及其功能。 利用cDNA微阵列技术从牛耳草干旱2h的叶片中得到一个ACC氧化酶基因片段，经5’-RACE得到全长cDNA，命名为BhACO1。BhACO1包含317个氨基酸，与其它植物中的ACC氧化酶具有80%左右的序列相似性。BhACO1基因受乙烯和干旱诱导、但ACC氧化酶抑制剂氯化钴可抑制其干旱诱导表达。BhACO1基因受ABA、2,4-D、SA、H2O2、CaCl2、EGTA及热害和盐害的诱导，但不受冷害诱导。原核表达的GST-BhACO1融合蛋白在体内体外均表现出ACC氧化酶的活性，而过量表达BhACO1的转基因植物的蛋白提取物也表现出较野生型更强的ACC氧化酶活性。 乙烯在牛耳草叶片干旱复水过程中随着时间延长而逐步积累。外源乙烯可诱导叶片黄化，但不影响叶片在复水后的复苏能力;氯化钴处理可部分地抑制乙烯合成而降低牛耳草叶片在干旱过程中乙烯的释放量，同时导致叶片失去复苏能力。与对照相比，氯化钴处理的叶片在干旱时仍可维持较低的离子渗漏水平，但复水后发生大量离子外渗，表明细胞膜完整性也遭到破坏;光系统ІІ活性下降程度在干旱时与对照相似，但复水后完全丧失。 乙烯诱导牛耳草干旱响应基因BhDohb561，BhLEA2和BhDIR1的表达，但不影响牛耳草干旱响应基因BhCML1，BhGRP1，BhSGP和BhLEA1的表达。除BhLEA1外，上述基因在干旱过程中的诱导表达均可被氯化钴预处理所抑制，尤其是BhSGP最明显。 BhDIR1在牛耳草干旱复水过程中mRNA明显地积累，乙烯、ABA、CaCl2、EGTA、H2O2、SA和热害、冷害、盐害都可诱导其表达。BhDIR1编码一个199个氨基酸的小分子量蛋白质，与松柏等植物中发现的可能参与木质素合成的引导蛋白具有约20-30%的序列相似性。与其它引导蛋白相同，BhDIR1在N’端包含一个外泌的信号肽，GFP定位分析表明BhDIR1定位于细胞膜和壁上。 上述结果表明，乙烯在牛耳草叶片耐脱水复苏反应中有不可或缺的作用，而ACC氧化酶所催化的反应是干旱诱导的乙烯合成中的关键步骤。氯化钴预处理通过抑制干旱过程中的乙烯合成，影响一系列基因的干旱诱导表达导致叶片在生理水平和细胞水平上造成了损伤，或是使牛耳草失去了在复水过程中原有的修复能力而无法恢复生命力。BhDIR1作为乙烯调控的下游靶基因之一，可能通过调控木质素的单体间的连接方式而改变木质素的物理性质来影响细胞壁的机械强度和柔韧性，减少干旱对细胞造成的机械伤害。

北方农牧交错区土地利用（管理）方式对土壤氮素转化的影响

土壤氮素矿化是陆地生态系统氮素转化的重要组成部分。不同的土地利用（管理）方式会改变土壤氮素转化过程，影响土壤肥力的保持，进而可能造成土壤内氮素渗漏流失。为系统了解内蒙古农牧交错区土壤氮素转化的特点，本实验采用原位培养顶盖埋管法进行野外培养，每间隔一个月定期取样，于2004年7月-2006年10月在植物所恢复生态学实验站进行了两个试验，1：选择农牧交错区四种有代表性的土地类型（围封样地：FS，放牧样地：GS，弃耕地：AF，和农田：CF），比较土地利用方式之间氮素矿化的异同;2：在施肥样地通过不同施肥处理(F0: 1g N m-2, F1: 1g N m-2, F2: 2g N m-2, F3: 4g N m-2, F4: 8g N m-2, F5: 16g N m-2, F6: 32g N m-2, F7: 64g N m-2) 的土壤氮素转化动态，确定过度放牧的典型草原围封禁牧后，植被恢复过程中最适宜的施肥量。主要结论如下： 1. 与试验初期相比，整个非生长季围封样地、弃耕地和农田的铵态氮和无机氮含量逐渐降低，培养结束时铵态氮含量分别减少了67.04％，77.31％和70.54％，而放牧地的含量增加1.63％。围封样地、放牧地、弃耕地和农田的硝态氮含量分别增加了61.61%，376.43%，199.75%和133.16%。非生长季四种土地类型的土壤氮素转化速率主要受温度影响。围封样地、放牧地、弃耕地和农田非生长季矿化速率均值分别为-0.016，0.0429，-0.0051和-0.0030 μg g-1 d-1。硝化速率均值变幅为-0.43-0.17 μg g-1d-1。 2. 与没有冷冻而融化的土壤相比，冻融显著影响土壤无机氮含量的变化。只有在较低的土壤温度条件下冷冻以后，融化才会促进土壤氮素矿化。不同的冷冻时间长度下融化均会促进土壤硝化速率。土壤温度、土壤含水量变化是影响氮素转化速率的重要因子。 3. 四种土地类型的年日均矿化速率为放牧样地>农田>弃耕地>围封样地，分别为0.25，0.11，0.10，0.06μg g-1d-1，其年平均速率分别为11.65，5.50，5.00和2.46g m-2 y-1，而年日平均硝化速率分别为0.27，0.095，0.097和0.05μg g-1d-1。其中生长季日均矿化速率和日均硝化速率均为其年日均速率的两倍。因此，生长季形成的矿化氮是全年的93％，而形成的硝态氮占全年的86％。四种土地类型年均矿化氮的累积量平均为615.04 kg ha-1，而硝化作用的累积量变幅为230.44-1218.86 kg ha-1。四种土地类型的矿化速率和硝化速率的季节动态变化与气候因子的变化一致。 4. 不同施肥处理对典型草原土壤氮素转化均有显著影响。与对照相比，少量施肥（F1，F2）土壤铵态氮，硝态氮和无机氮含量分别减少20.57％，11.18％和17.18％。当施肥量大于F4（8g N m-2）时，随施肥量增加土壤铵态氮，硝态氮和无机氮含量增加18％-1191％。除F5（16g N m-2）外，与对照相比，随施肥量增加，土壤矿化速率增加了5-21倍。4 g N m-2 (F3)左右是典型草原生态系统比较合适的施肥量。 5. 氨气挥发速率的季节动态特征与气象因子的变化一致，其速率变幅为17.65 - 1228.39µg m-2 d-1，其中7月挥发量占全年的37％。与对照相比，少量施肥氨气挥发速率降低了1-2％，施肥量大于F3 (4g N m-2)，速率增加了1-4倍。实验期间总的流失量变幅为23.76-84.91mg m-2，而且通过氨气挥发流失量低于土壤全氮的3%。氨气挥发不是典型草原过量氮素流失的主要方式。 6. 氮素限制的典型草原，植被恢复过程中外源氮素添加阈值为：4 g N m-2 (F3)。与对照相比，短期施肥（3年）不会显著影响根系碳储量和土壤碳氮储量。施肥处理的土壤硝态氮和无机氮含量显著增加，说明施肥显著刺激硝化作用。典型草原60%植物根系主要分布在地下0-10cm，这里的碳储量占地下储量（0-50cm）的63%以上。随土壤深度增加，土壤全氮，全碳，无机氮储量降低。而铵态氮储量和可利用的无机氮含量随土壤深度增加，说明植物根系主要吸收利用上层可利用氮素，而且下层氮素矿化速率降低。

Benthic diversity of River Gomti in relation to the prevailing environmental conditions in Lucknow

To evaluate the benthic diversity of River Gomti in relation to the prevailing environmental conditions, four stations, viz., Maa Chandrika Devi, Daliganj, Ambedkar Park and Aquaduct, were identified from upstream to downstream along the course of the river in Lucknow. Dissolved oxygen was low on many occasions at all the stations except Maa Chandrika Devi and chemical oxygen demand values were high. There was a gradual increase in mean nitrite and phosphate values from up to downstream. Benthic fauna was dominated by oligochaetes and chironomus larvae. Other groups reported were leeches, nematodes, sponges, crustaceans, pelycypodes, gastropods and fish fry. Population density was exceptionally high at Daliganj (20,135 m sub(-1) ) followed by Ambedkar Park (5,199 m sub(-1)) and Aquaduct (3,287 m sub(-1)), and low at Maa Chandrika Devi (264 m sub(-1)). Oligochaete genera common at all the four stations were Lumbricillus, Limnodrillus, Branchiura, Chaetogaster, Nais and Tubifex. Odonates were reported only from Maa Chandrika Devi while sponges were encountered at Daliganj and Aquaduct. On some occasions, fish fry were also found at Ambedkar Park and Aquaduct. Seasonally, maxima for population density were observed during pre-monsoon and minima during monsoon. The organic pollution indicator benthic species reported were tubificids, chironomids, culicoid larvae, Lamellidens sp., Corbicula sp., Lymnaea sp. and leech. Branchiurans, Tubifex sp. and Chironomus larvae were reported at all the stations. Filthy condition with foul smell throughout the length of the river coupled with poor water quality and appearance of indicator organisms at all the stations indicate that the river is under severe pollution stress due to anthropogenic discharges and it has reached an alarming stage.

Morphometric characteristics and meristic traits of Tilapia zillii from three major dams of a southwestern state, Nigeria

Tilapia zillii was examined in three major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria (Ureje dam, Ado, Egbe dam and Ero dam) for their morphometric characteristics and meristic traits. The results showed that the average body weight of the fish sampled were 145.86±50.06g in Ado, 30.19±9.35g in Egbe and 40.58±52.30g in Ero dam. Average total lengths were 21.29±3.20cm, 12.32±1.74cm and 11.24±1.56cm for Ado, Egbe and Ero dam respectively. The relationship between average weight and length of T. zillii showed that Y=15.202X-179.33 (R2=0.7181), Y=4.40049±-24.075 (R2=0.6708) and Y=2.6676X10.596 (R2=0.0063) for Ado, Egbe and Ero dam respectively. The results on headlength, total length, body weight and standard length and pre-pelvic distance are significantly different at 95% among the T.zillii of the three dams. There was no significant difference in the meristic traits of the T. zillii of the three dams. The population size of T.zillii in the three dams was just too small compared to other species of fish hence the need to assess the stock of fish in these dams critically for the encouragement of proper fishing activities in these dams.

蝠蛾属二新种(鳞翅目:蝙蝠蛾科)

该文记述蝠蛾属Hepialus二新种，模式标本保存于中国科学院昆明动物研究所。双带辐蛾Hepialus bibelteus Shen et Zhou，新种. 雄性：体长10.5mm，翅展3O.5mm。雌性：体长20.Omm，翅展4O.smm。复眼黑色，触角丝状，像短小可见，下唇须短3节，周围多毛。

Report of the Fisheries Statistics Working Group Meeting, Medan, Indonesia, 19-20 March, 2012

Statistics and data overviews from the eight member countries. Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center(SEAFDEC)overview and activities since 2010. Statistics working group recommendations and workplan

Report of the workshop on ecosystem characterisation of Indian coastal waters, Dona Paula, Goa, India, 20-22 October, 2014

The goals of the workshop were to: conduct an interactive workshop for characterizing Indian coastal ecosystems; verification of the ecosystem characterisation report for the East coast of India; and development of ecosystem characterisation for the west coast of India based on ecological/biophysical systems.

Report of the essential EAFM training course, Chittagong, Bangladesh, 12-20 November, 2014

Participants were exposed to concepts and information about Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) using a structured, participatory method of delivery. The learning strategy involved specifically designed exercises, using real examples, to consolidate learning. Daily monitoring and reviews were conducted together with pre-and post-course assessment.