贵州绵羊线粒体DNA (m tDNA ) 多态性研究

采用15 种限制性内切酶对贵州威宁绵羊和六盘水绵羊各5 只个体的m tD2 NA 多态性进行研究。其中只有BamHÉ 一种酶的酶切类型表现多态, 产生三种酶切 类型。共得到17 种限制性态型, 可归结为三种m tDNA 单倍型, 在威宁绵羊中单倍 型É 所占比较较大(80% ) , 单倍型Ë 只占20% , 而在六盘水绵羊中则单倍型É 和Ê 所占比例相当; 根据单倍型在群体中的分布和单倍型间遗传距离, 推测贵州绵羊的 m tDNA 单倍型É 和Ê 可能代表两个母系祖先的基本单倍型, 其分化时间约有16～ 32 万年之久, 单倍型Ë 则可能是由单倍型É 随机突变而来; 两个地方绵羊群体间的 分化时间大约为613～ 1216 万年, 群体间的m tDNA 遗传多态度较低, 但六盘水绵羊 群体内遗传多态度比威宁绵羊较丰富。

大熊猫线粒体DNA的九种限制酶图谱

用9种限制性内切酶分析大熊猫的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)。构建其中5种酶(BamHI 、EcoRI、EcoR V、Ps+I、PvuⅡ)的mtDNA物理图谱。大熊猫mtDNA的分子大小约 为16.4kb, 酶切位点是随机 分布的。图3表2参15

猴脑线粒体DNA提取及限制性内切酶分析

用冷碱法从2只恒河猴和1只食蟹猴的脑组织中提取mtDNA, 最后的得率大约 为0.7μg mtDNA/g脑组织, 是肝脏组织得率的1/3左右。经16 种限制性内切酶分 析, 并与来自同一个体肝脏组织的mtDNA比较, 结果进一步证实, mtDNA无组织 特异性。对12岁以上老年猴脑mtDNA的分 析表明, 在衰老中, 动物mtDNA的序列 可能没有变化, 甲基化程度也无显著增高。图2参4

中国貉随机扩增多态DNA及其亚种分化关系

不同地理群体间的中国貉存在遗传分化;中国貉可分为4组:(1)广西貉,(2)安徽貉,(3)陕西貉,(4)云南貉和越南貉。其中安徽貉和广西貉间的关系稍近,陕西貉则与云南貉-越南貉稍近。结合中国貉的形态分类、地理分布、mtDNA多态分析以及进化遗传学的观点,认为陕西貉、广西貉和安徽貉可能与云南貉-越南貉具有等同的分类地位。

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)及相关种类的mtDNA控制区串联重复序列及其进化意义

采用PCR技术和DNA测序技术,发现了我国一级珍稀保护动物中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的控制区(D-loop)存在数目不等的串联重复序列,该重复序列造成了中华鲟广泛的异质性现象。从分子水平进行了不同类型重复序列变化规律的研究,同时还初探了重复序列在我国其它几种鲟鱼类的存在情况,发现在白鲟(Psephurus gladius)、达氏鲟(A. dabryanus)和史氏鲟(A. schrenckii)均存在类似的重复序列结构。

鹿线粒体DNA的种属特异性片段研究

根据对不同产地梅花鹿、马鹿、水鹿、白唇鹿线粒体DNA进行PCR扩增和序列测定,并与亲缘关系较近的伪充药材来源动物线粒体DNA同位置序列比较,找到鹿的特征片段,经过实际检测,筛选出鹿的种属特异性片段。

β2受体遗传多态性与支气管哮喘患者肺功能关系研究

β_2肾上腺素受体（β_2AR）在哮喘患者中表现出遗传多态性。近年国外已对位点16及27进行了一些临床研究，但是所用基因分型方法不一，此外在中国人群这2个位点的多态性哮喘的关系至今仅有个别报道，我们采用所有样本测序方法，就其多态性与肺功能的关系进行初步探讨。

Phylogenetic relationships of five pika species (genus Ochotona) based on mitochondrial DNA restriction maps

Restriction site mapping of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with 16 restriction endonucleases was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of Ochotona cansus, O. huangensis, O. thibetana, O. curzoniae and O. erythrotis. A 1-kb length variation between O. erythrotis of subgenus Pika and other four species of subgenus Ochotona was observed, which may be a useful genetic marker for identifying the two subgenera. The phylogenetic tree constructed using PAUP based on 61 phylogenetically informative sites suggests that O. erythrotis diverged first, followed by O. cansus, while O. curzoniae and O. huangensis are sister taxa related to O. thibetana, The results indicate that both O. cansus and O. huangensis should be treated as independent species. If the base substitution rate of pikas mtDNA was 2% per million years, then the divergence time of the two subgenera, Pika and Ochotana, is about 8.8 Ma ago of late Miocence, middle Bao-dian of Chinese mammalian age, and the divergence of the four species in subgenus Ochotona would have occurred about 2.5 - 4.2 Ma ago, Yushean of Chinese mammalian age. This calculation appears to be substantiated by the fossil record.

Genetic diversity and divergence in Chinese yak (Bos grunniens) populations inferred from blood protein electrophoresis

In 6 Chinese yak (Bos. grunniens) populations including 177 yaks, 34 blood protein loci were studied by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis, four of these loci (AKP: ALB, LDH-1, TF) were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci(P) is 0.118, the mean individual heterozygosity(H) is 0.015, which means a low level of genetic diversity in the whole Chinese yak population. The coefficient of gene differentiation (G(ST)) is 0.0625, which indicated an almost-indistinguishable divergence among different populations at the level of blood protein electrophoresis.

Genetic diversity in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

A survey of restriction fragment polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of three subspecies of Carassius auratus throughout four provinces in China was undertaken using 17 restriction enzymes. Two carp, Cyprinus carpio rubbrofuscus and Cyprinus carpio carpio, were included as the outgroup. A total of 16 haplotypes was observed: 5 in tetraploids of C. auratus auratus; 8 in hexaploids of C. auratus auratus; and 2 in C. auratus gibelio and C. auratus cuvieri, respectively. The tetraploids and hexaploids share three common haplotypes as I, V, and VI. C. a. Cuvieri may have diverged first among the three subspecies. Interestingly, C. a. auratus and C. a. cuvieri did not form monophyletic clades, which indicated that the classification of carassius auratus required further studies. The current hypothesis, that hexaploids originated from tetraploids by a polyploidy event, is less favorable, based on the distribution of haplotypes and the lower diversity in tetraploids than in hexaploids. Our data also indicate that divergence of hexaploids and tetraploids might be recent and mtDNA polymorphism existed before the divergence. Meanwhile, genetic isolation exists between the hexaploids and the tetraploids.

Sequence evolution of the CCR5 chemokine receptor gene in primates

The chemokine receptor CCR5 can serve as a coreceptor for M-tropic HIV-1 infection and both M-tropic and T-tropic SIV infection. We sequenced the entire CCR5 gene from 10 nonhuman primates: Pongo pygmaeus, Hylobates leucogenys, Trachypithecus francoisi, Trachypithecus phayrei, Pygathrix nemaeus, Rhinopithecus roxellanae, Rhinopithecus bieti, Rhinopithecus avunculus, Macaca assamensis, and Macaca arctoides. When compared with CCR5 sequences from humans and other primates, our results demonstrate that:(1) nucleotide and amino acid sequences of CCR5 among primates are highly homologous, with variations slightly concentrated on the amino and carboxyl termini; and (2) site Asp13, which is critical for CD4-independent binding of SIV gp120 to Macaca mulatta CCR5, was also present in all other nonhuman primates tested here, suggesting that those nonhuman primate CCR5s might also bind SIV gp120 without the presence of CD4. The topologies of CCR5 gene trees constructed here conflict with the putative opinion that the snub-nosed langurs compose a monophyletic group, suggesting that the CCR5 gene may not be a good genetic marker for low-level phylogenetic analysis. The evolutionary rate of CCR5 was calculated, and our results suggest a slowdown in primates after they diverged from rodents. The synonymous mutation rate of CCR5 in primates is constant, about 1.1 x 10(-9) synonymous mutations per site per year. Comparisons of K-a and K-s suggest that the CCR5 genes have undergone negative or purifying selection. K-a/K-s ratios from cercopithecines and colobines are significantly different, implying that selective pressures have played different roles in the two lineages.

Molecular basis of albinism in the rhesus monkey

Sequence analysis of the tyrosinase (TYR) coding region from one albino rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) family revealed that the two monkeys with phenotype similar to human TYR-negative oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) were homozygous for a missense mutation (S184TER) in exon 1 at codon 184. The offspring of one of the albino monkey (''Kangkang'') are all heterozygous for the S184TER mutation, but the S184TER mutation was not observed in 93 control individuals. We conclude that the point mutation is responsible and sufficient to generate the albino rhesus monkey phenotype. The rough age of the S184TER nonsense mutation may be about 0.8 million years using a rate of 0.16% per million years. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence diversity in the Korean hare, Lepus coreanus Thomas (Mammalia, Lagomorpha)

Partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of the Korean hare (Lepus coreanus) were analyzed to determine the degree of genetic diversity. Nine haPlotyes were observed, and the maximum Tamura-Nei nucleotide distance among them was 2.8%, indicating that genetic diversity of L. coreanus is moderate. In order to clarify the Korean hare's taxonomic status and relationship with the Manchurian hare (L. mandshuricus) and the Chinese hare (L. sinensis), these nine haplotypes of the Korean hare were compared with 13 haplotypes from five other species of eastern Asian Lepus including L. mandshwicus and L. sinensis. The Korean hare was distinct in its cytochrome b gene, and it is confirmed that L. coreanus is a valid species, as noted by Jones and Johnson (1965, Univ. Kansas Publ. (Mus. Nat. Hist.) 16:357). Further analyses of mtDNA cytochrome b gene with additional specimens of L. coreanus from North Korea and other species of Lepus from eastern Asia are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of the divergent mtDNA clades of L. mandshuricus and L. sinensis.

Frequency of the mtDNA 9-bp deletion in Chinese ethnic groups

The 9-bp deletion in the COII/tRNA(Lys) intergenic region (region V) of human mitochondrial DNA was screened in 1521 Chinese from 16 ethnic groups and 9 Hen geographic groups. The highest frequency was found in populations of Miao (32.4%) and Bouyei (30.8