Sistema para la detección automática de pulso y respiración en la señal de aceleración.

ES]El proyecto descrito en este documento consiste en la investigación sobre la viabilidad de detección automática de pulso y respiración a partir de la señal de aceleración, medida mediante un acelerómetro posicionado bien en la carótida o en el pecho del paciente. El motivo de la utilización de la aceleración está principalmente en el bajo costo y por la tecnología sencilla de los acelerómetros. En este documento se explica cómo se ha montado una plataforma para la adquisición de las señales de aceleración y el electrocardiograma emitido por el corazón, en sujetos sanos. Con la base de señales adquirida se ha diseñado un método basado en el dominio de la frecuencia para detectar la presencia de pulso y respiración. Los resultados son prometedores y confirman la posibilidad de desarrollar estos detectores. Las herramientas desarrolladas podrán ser utilizadas para análisis futuros y para seguir avanzando en este estudio.

Análisis de la interferencia inducida en el electrocardiograma y señal de impedancia por compresiones torácicas sobre un maniquí.

[EN]This paper presents a project within that research field. The project consists on the development of an experimental environment comprised by a sensorized practice manikin and a management software system. Manikin model allows the simulation of cardiac arrest episodes on laboratory settings. The management software system adds the capacity to compute and analyze the characteristics of the artifact induced on the electrocardiogram and the thoracic impedance signals by chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation due to variations of the electrode-skin interface. The main reason for choosing this kind of model is the impossibility to use real people because of the risk of thoracic injuries during chest compression. Moreover, this platform could be used for training in reanimation techniques for real situations. Even laypeople with minimal training can perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This can reduce the response time to an emergency while the healthcare personnel arrives, which is key to improve outcomes, since with every minute the chances of survival decrease approximately 10%. It is not necessary to have medical knowledge to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation, which could increase chances of survival for a patient with an early reanimation since In this context, this paper details the technique solution for the manikin sensorisation to acquire the electrocardiogram, the impedance signal measured between the defibrillation pads placed on the patient’s chest, the compression depth, the compression force and the acceleration experienced by the chest in the three orthogonal axes. Moreover, it is possible to inject a previously recorded electrocardiogram signal.

Alterações estruturais cardíaca e aórticana menopausa cirúrgica associada à hipertensão renovascular em ratos

A menopausa e a hipertensão podem alterar o remodelamento cardiovascular, porém pouco se sabe sobre sua associação no remodelamento ventricular esquerdo e na aorta. As ratas foram separadas em quatro grupos com seis animais cada: grupo Sham, OVX (ratas ooforectomizadas), 2K1C (ratas com dois rins, um clipe), e grupo 2K1C+OVX com período experimental de 11 semanas. O ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e a aorta torácica foram removidos e analisados (microscopia de luz, imuno-histoquímica e estereologia). A citologia vaginal mostrou que os animais dos grupos Sham e 2K1C ciclaram normalmente, entretanto, os animais dos grupos OVX e OVK+2K1C permaneceram na fase do diestro ou proestro. Comparado ao grupo Sham, a pressão arterial aumentou 12% no grupo OVX e 35% maior nos grupos 2K1C e OVX+2K1C. A relação massa do VE/comprimento da tíbia e a área seccional média de cardiomiócitos aumentaram em todos os grupos com exceção do grupo Sham. A vascularização intramiocárdica foi reduzida cerca de 30% em relação ao grupo Sham, não havendo diferença significativa entre os grupos OVX, 2K1C e OVX+2K1C. O tecido conjuntivo cardíaco teve um aumento superior a 45% nos grupos 2K1C e OVX+2K1C comparados ao grupo Sham, sem diferença entre o os animais do grupo Sham e OVX. O número de núcleos de cardiomiócitos do VE foi gradualmente menor nos grupos OVX, 2K1C e OVX+2K1C, sem diferença entre os dois últimos grupos. Imuno-histoquímica positiva para receptor AT1 da Ang II nas células musculares lisas da túnica média da aorta foi observado em todos os grupos. Estes resultados indicam que a ooforectomia e a hipertensão renovascular agem aumentando a pressão arterial independentemente, com conseqüente remodelamento cardíaco adverso, com estímulo maior da hipertensão renovascular que da menopausa induzida cirurgicamente.

Alterações estruturais cardíaca e aórtica na menopausa cirúrgica associada à hipertensão renovascular em ratos

A menopausa e a hipertensão podem alterar o remodelamento cardiovascular, porém pouco se sabe sobre sua associação no remodelamento ventricular esquerdo e na aorta. As ratas foram separadas em quatro grupos com seis animais cada: grupo Sham, OVX (ratas ooforectomizadas), 2K1C (ratas com dois rins, um clipe), e grupo 2K1C+OVX com período experimental de 11 semanas. O ventrículo esquerdo (VE) e a aorta torácica foram removidos e analisados (microscopia de luz, imuno-histoquímica e estereologia). A citologia vaginal mostrou que os animais dos grupos Sham e 2K1C ciclaram normalmente, entretanto, os animais dos grupos OVX e OVK+2K1C permaneceram na fase do diestro ou proestro. Comparado ao grupo Sham, a pressão arterial aumentou 12% no grupo OVX e 35% maior nos grupos 2K1C e OVX+2K1C. A relação massa do VE/comprimento da tíbia e a área seccional média de cardiomiócitos aumentaram em todos os grupos com exceção do grupo Sham. A vascularização intramiocárdica foi reduzida cerca de 30% em relação ao grupo Sham, não havendo diferença significativa entre os grupos OVX, 2K1C e OVX+2K1C. O tecido conjuntivo cardíaco teve um aumento superior a 45% nos grupos 2K1C e OVX+2K1C comparados ao grupo Sham, sem diferença entre o os animais do grupo Sham e OVX. O número de núcleos de cardiomiócitos do VE foi gradualmente menor nos grupos OVX, 2K1C e OVX+2K1C, sem diferença entre os dois últimos grupos. Imuno-histoquímica positiva para receptor AT1 da Ang II nas células musculares lisas da túnica média da aorta foi observado em todos os grupos. Estes resultados indicam que a ooforectomia e a hipertensão renovascular agem aumentando a pressão arterial independentemente, com conseqüente remodelamento cardíaco adverso, com estímulo maior da hipertensão renovascular que da menopausa induzida cirurgicamente.

非晶状体βγ晶状体蛋白与三叶因子蛋白复合物诱导兔胸主动脉环内皮依赖的持续收缩效应

脊椎动物中,非晶状体βγ-晶状体蛋白广泛分布于各种组织,但是功能知之甚少.三叶因子在创伤修复与肿瘤发生中具有重要作用,其分子作用机制尚不清楚.非晶状体βγ晶状体蛋白与三叶因子蛋白复合物(βγ-CAT)是一个从大蹼铃蟾皮肤分泌物中分离的一类全新的蛋白复合物.研究表明,βγ-CAT能够诱导离体的兔胸主动脉产生快速而持续的收缩,结合药理学抑制剂,细胞培养,激光共聚焦显微镜和免疫荧光原位组化,从细胞和分子水平对其作用机制进行研究.结果表明:.βγ-CAT诱导兔胸主动脉产生的收缩效应为剂量依赖(2-35 nmol/L)和内皮依赖(P＜0.01).在βγ-CAT(25nmol/L)处理的主动脉环的内皮细胞层检测到肿瘤坏死因子-α的释放.同时,βγ-CAT能够诱导原代培养的兔胸主动脉内皮细胞(RAEC)快速释放肿瘤坏死因子-α,βγ-CAT(25nmol/L)分别处理5和30min,RAEC释放的肿瘤坏死因子-α的浓度分别为(34.17±5.10)pg/mL和(98.01±4.67)pg/mL(P＜0.01).表明肿瘤坏死因子-α在βγ-CAT诱导兔胸丰动脉产生的收缩效应中发挥重要作用.为进一步深入研究非晶状体βγ晶状体蛋白与三叶因子的生理功能提供了新的思路和线索.

A new species of sisorid catfish genus Glyptothorax (Teleostei: Sisoridae) from Salween drainage of Yunnan, China

A new species of the genus Glyptothorax, Glyptothorax obliquimaculatus sp. nov. is described from the Xiaohei River, a tributary of the Nanting River, Salween drainage, in southwestern Yunnan province, China. This new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characteristics: unculiferous ridges of the thoracic adhesive apparatus extending anteriorly onto the gular region; body with irregular dark blotches scattered along lateral surface (blotches mostly oblique); skin smooth on head and body; dorsal spine smooth without serrations on its posterior margin; lips smooth; posterior margin of pectoral spine with 7-8 serrations; dorsal-fin base 11.0-13.2% SL; pectoral-fin length 15.6-19.6% SL; depth of caudal peduncle 8.6-9.8% SL; head width 19.1-24.0% SL; nasal barbel length 23.3-33.3% HL.

Water-based exercise for adults with asthma

BackgroundAsthma is a common condition characterised by airway inflammation and airway narrowing, which can result in intermittent symptoms of wheezing, coughing and chest tightness, possibly limiting activities of daily life. Water-based exercise is believed to offer benefits for people with asthma through pollen-free air, humidity and effects of exercise on physical function.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of water-based exercise for adults with asthma.Search methodsWe searched the Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register of Trials (CAGR), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), PsycINFO, the Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information Database (LILACS), the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), the System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe (SIGLE) and Google Scholar on 13 May 2014. We handsearched ongoing clinical trial registers and meeting abstracts of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the British Thoracic Society (BTS).Selection criteriaWe included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of adults with asthma comparing a water-based exercise group versus one or more of the following groups: usual care, land-based exercise, non-exercise.Data collection and analysisTwo review authors (AJG, VS) independently extracted data fromthe primary studies using a standard form developed for this purpose, which includes methods, participants, interventions and outcomes. We contacted trial authors to request additional data. Data were input by one review author and were double-checked by a second review author.Main resultsIn this systematic review, we provide a narrative synthesis of available evidence from three small studies including 136 adult participants. the studies were at high risk of bias. No meta-analysis was possible because of methodological and interventional heterogeneity between included studies. the primary outcomes of quality of life and exacerbations leading to use of steroids were not reported by these studies. for exacerbations leading to health centre/hospital visits, uncertainty was wide because a very small number of events was reported (in a single study). Secondary outcomes symptoms, lung function, changes in medication and adverse effects, where available, described for each included study. the overall quality of the studies was very low, and no clear differences were noted between water-based exercise and comparator treatments. Therefore, we remain very uncertain about the effects of water-based exercise for adults with asthma.Authors' conclusionsThe small number of participants in the three included studies, the clinical and methodological heterogeneity observed and the high risk of bias assessed mean that we are unable to assess the place of water-based exercise in asthma. Randomised controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of water-based exercise for adults with asthma. for future research, we suggest greater methodological rigour (participant selection, blinding of outcome assessors, reporting of all outcomes analysed and registering of the study protocol).

Clinical Use of the Volume-Time Curve for Endotracheal Tube Cuff Management

BACKGROUND: Previous investigation showed that the volume-time curve technique could be an alternative for endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff management. However, the clinical impact of the volume-time curve application has not been documented. the purpose of this study was to compare the occurrence and intensity of a sore throat, cough, thoracic pain, and pulmonary function between these 2 techniques for ETT cuff management: volume-time curve technique versus minimal occlusive volume (MOV) technique after coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: A total of 450 subjects were randomized into 2 groups for cuff management after intubation: MOV group (n = 222) and volume-time curve group (n = 228). We measured cuff pressure before extubation. We performed spirometry 24 h before and after surgery. We graded sore throat and cough according to a 4-point scale at 1, 24, 72, and 120 h after extubation and assessed thoracic pain at 24 h after extubation and quantified the level of pain by a 10-point scale. RESULTS: the volume-time curve group presented significantly lower cuff pressure (30.9 +/- 2.8 vs 37.7 +/- 3.4 cm H2O), less incidence and intensity of sore throat (1 h, 23.7 vs 51.4%; and 24 h, 18.9 vs 40.5%, P < .001), cough (1 h, 19.3 vs 48.6%; and 24 h, 18.4 vs 42.3%, P < .001), thoracic pain (5.2 +/- 1.8 vs 7.1 +/- 1.7), better preservation of FVC (49.5 +/- 9.9 vs 41.8 +/- 12.9%, P = .005), and FEV1, (46.6 +/- 1.8 vs 38.6 +/- 1.4%, P = .005) compared with the MOV group. CONCLUSIONS: the subjects who received the volume-time curve technique for ETT cuff management presented a significantly lower incidence and severity of sore throat and cough, less thoracic pain, and minimally impaired pulmonary function than those subjects who received the MOV technique during the first 24 h after coronary artery bypass grafting.

SIEGE: Smoking Induced Epithelial Gene Expression Database

The SIEGE (Smoking Induced Epithelial Gene Expression) database is a clinical resource for compiling and analyzing gene expression data from epithelial cells of the human intra-thoracic airway. This database supports a translational research study whose goal is to profile the changes in airway gene expression that are induced by cigarette smoke. RNA is isolated from airway epithelium obtained at bronchoscopy from current-, former- and never-smoker subjects, and hybridized to Affymetrix HG-U133A Genechips, which measure the level of expression of ~22 500 human transcripts. The microarray data generated along with relevant patient information is uploaded to SIEGE by study administrators using the database's web interface, found at http://pulm.bumc.bu.edu/siegeDB. PERL-coded scripts integrated with SIEGE perform various quality control functions including the processing, filtering and formatting of stored data. The R statistical package is used to import database expression values and execute a number of statistical analyses including t-tests, correlation coefficients and hierarchical clustering. Values from all statistical analyses can be queried through CGI-based tools and web forms found on the �Search� section of the database website. Query results are embedded with graphical capabilities as well as with links to other databases containing valuable gene resources, including Entrez Gene, GO, Biocarta, GeneCards, dbSNP and the NCBI Map Viewer.

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia secondary to daptomycin: a report of three cases.

We describe 3 cases of daptomycin-induced pulmonary toxic effects that are consistent with drug-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Patients presented similarly with dyspnea, cough, hypoxia, and diffuse ground-glass opacities at chest computed tomography. Clinical suspicion for this adverse drug event and cessation of daptomycin until definitive diagnosis can be made is crucial.

Variation in the type and frequency of postoperative invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections according to type of surgical procedure.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological characteristics of postoperative invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection following 4 types of major surgical procedures.design. Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Eleven hospitals (9 community hospitals and 2 tertiary care hospitals) in North Carolina and Virginia. PATIENTS: Adults undergoing orthopedic, neurosurgical, cardiothoracic, and plastic surgical procedures. METHODS: We used previously validated, prospectively collected surgical surveillance data for surgical site infection and microbiological data for bloodstream infection. The study period was 2003 through 2006. We defined invasive S. aureus infection as either nonsuperficial incisional surgical site infection or bloodstream infection. Nonparametric bootstrapping was used to generate 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P values were generated using the Pearson chi2 test, Student t test, or Wilcoxon rank-sum test, as appropriate. RESULTS: In total, 81,267 patients underwent 96,455 procedures during the study period. The overall incidence of invasive S. aureus infection was 0.47 infections per 100 procedures (95% CI, 0.43-0.52); 227 (51%) of 446 infections were due to methicillin-resistant S.aureus. Invasive S. aureus infection was more common after cardiothoracic procedures (incidence, 0.79 infections per 100 procedures [95%CI, 0.62-0.97]) than after orthopedic procedures (0.37 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.32-0.42]), neurosurgical procedures (0.62 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.53-0.72]), or plastic surgical procedures (0.32 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.17-0.47]) (P < .001). Similarly, S. aureus bloodstream infection was most common after cardiothoracic procedures (incidence, 0.57 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.43-0.72]; P < .001, compared with other procedure types), comprising almost three-quarters of the invasive S. aureus infections after these procedures. The highest rate of surgical site infection was observed after neurosurgical procedures (incidence, 0.50 infections per 100 procedures [95% CI, 0.42-0.59]; P < .001, compared with other procedure types), comprising 80% of invasive S.aureus infections after these procedures. CONCLUSION: The frequency and type of postoperative invasive S. aureus infection varied significantly across procedure types. The highest risk procedures, such as cardiothoracic procedures, should be targeted for ongoing preventative interventions.

Adaptive stereotactic body radiation therapy planning for lung cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the dosimetric effects of adaptive planning on lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). METHODS AND MATERIALS: Forty of 66 consecutive lung SBRT patients were selected for a retrospective adaptive planning study. CBCT images acquired at each fraction were used for treatment planning. Adaptive plans were created using the same planning parameters as the original CT-based plan, with the goal to achieve comparable comformality index (CI). For each patient, 2 cumulative plans, nonadaptive plan (PNON) and adaptive plan (PADP), were generated and compared for the following organs-at-risks (OARs): cord, esophagus, chest wall, and the lungs. Dosimetric comparison was performed between PNON and PADP for all 40 patients. Correlations were evaluated between changes in dosimetric metrics induced by adaptive planning and potential impacting factors, including tumor-to-OAR distances (dT-OAR), initial internal target volume (ITV1), ITV change (ΔITV), and effective ITV diameter change (ΔdITV). RESULTS: 34 (85%) patients showed ITV decrease and 6 (15%) patients showed ITV increase throughout the course of lung SBRT. Percentage ITV change ranged from -59.6% to 13.0%, with a mean (±SD) of -21.0% (±21.4%). On average of all patients, PADP resulted in significantly (P=0 to .045) lower values for all dosimetric metrics. ΔdITV/dT-OAR was found to correlate with changes in dose to 5 cc (ΔD5cc) of esophagus (r=0.61) and dose to 30 cc (ΔD30cc) of chest wall (r=0.81). Stronger correlations between ΔdITV/dT-OAR and ΔD30cc of chest wall were discovered for peripheral (r=0.81) and central (r=0.84) tumors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dosimetric effects of adaptive lung SBRT planning depend upon target volume changes and tumor-to-OAR distances. Adaptive lung SBRT can potentially reduce dose to adjacent OARs if patients present large tumor volume shrinkage during the treatment.

Validation of ICDPIC software injury severity scores using a large regional trauma registry.

BACKGROUND: Administrative or quality improvement registries may or may not contain the elements needed for investigations by trauma researchers. International Classification of Diseases Program for Injury Categorisation (ICDPIC), a statistical program available through Stata, is a powerful tool that can extract injury severity scores from ICD-9-CM codes. We conducted a validation study for use of the ICDPIC in trauma research. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort validation study of 40,418 patients with injury using a large regional trauma registry. ICDPIC-generated AIS scores for each body region were compared with trauma registry AIS scores (gold standard) in adult and paediatric populations. A separate analysis was conducted among patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) comparing the ICDPIC tool with ICD-9-CM embedded severity codes. Performance in characterising overall injury severity, by the ISS, was also assessed. RESULTS: The ICDPIC tool generated substantial correlations in thoracic and abdominal trauma (weighted κ 0.87-0.92), and in head and neck trauma (weighted κ 0.76-0.83). The ICDPIC tool captured TBI severity better than ICD-9-CM code embedded severity and offered the advantage of generating a severity value for every patient (rather than having missing data). Its ability to produce an accurate severity score was consistent within each body region as well as overall. CONCLUSIONS: The ICDPIC tool performs well in classifying injury severity and is superior to ICD-9-CM embedded severity for TBI. Use of ICDPIC demonstrates substantial efficiency and may be a preferred tool in determining injury severity for large trauma datasets, provided researchers understand its limitations and take caution when examining smaller trauma datasets.

A model of sequential heart and composite tissue allotransplant in rats.

BACKGROUND: Some of the 600,000 patients with solid organ allotransplants need reconstruction with a composite tissue allotransplant, such as the hand, abdominal wall, or face. The aim of this study was to develop a rat model for assessing the effects of a secondary composite tissue allotransplant on a primary heart allotransplant. METHODS: Hearts of Wistar Kyoto rats were harvested and transplanted heterotopically to the neck of recipient Fisher 344 rats. The anastomoses were performed between the donor brachiocephalic artery and the recipient left common carotid artery, and between the donor pulmonary artery and the recipient external jugular vein. Recipients received cyclosporine A for 10 days only. Heart rate was assessed noninvasively. The sequential composite tissue allotransplant consisted of a 3 x 3-cm abdominal musculocutaneous flap harvested from Lewis rats and transplanted to the abdomen of the heart allotransplant recipients. The abdominal flap vessels were connected to the femoral vessels. No further immunosuppression was administered following the composite tissue allotransplant. Ten days after composite tissue allotransplantation, rejection of the heart and abdominal flap was assessed histologically. RESULTS: The rat survival rate of the two-stage transplant surgery was 80 percent. The transplanted heart rate decreased from 150 +/- 22 beats per minute immediately after transplant to 83 +/- 12 beats per minute on day 20 (10 days after stopping immunosuppression). CONCLUSIONS: This sequential allotransplant model is technically demanding. It will facilitate investigation of the effects of a secondary composite tissue allotransplant following primary solid organ transplantation and could be useful in developing future immunotherapeutic strategies.

Fractures in myelomeningocele.

BACKGROUND: In patients with myelomeningocele (MMC), a high number of fractures occur in the paralyzed extremities, affecting mobility and independence. The aims of this retrospective cross-sectional study are to determine the frequency of fractures in our patient cohort and to identify trends and risk factors relevant for such fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 1988 and June 2005, 862 patients with MMC were treated at our hospital. The medical records, surgery reports, and X-rays from these patients were evaluated. RESULTS: During the study period, 11% of the patients (n = 92) suffered one or more fractures. Risk analysis showed that patients with MMC and thoracic-level paralysis had a sixfold higher risk of fracture compared with those with sacral-level paralysis. Femoral-neck z-scores measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) differed significantly according to the level of neurological impairment, with lower z-scores in children with a higher level of lesion. Furthermore, the rate of epiphyseal separation increased noticeably after cast immobilization. Mainly patients who could walk relatively well were affected. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with thoracic-level paralysis represent a group with high fracture risk. According to these results, fracture and epiphyseal injury in patients with MMC should be treated by plaster immobilization. The duration of immobilization should be kept to a minimum (<4 weeks) because of increased risk of secondary fractures. Alternatively, patients with refractures can be treated by surgery, when nonoperative treatment has failed.