Being impolite while pretending to be polite. The rupture of politeness conventions in electoral debates

This paper is a part of a larger research that pursues a global understanding of impoliteness in face-to-face electoral debates. That research distinguishes three essential axes, three complementary analytical perspectives: functional strategies of impoliteness, linguistic-discursive mechanisms to implement them and social impacts of impolite acts. In this frame, the present work develops an in-depth analysis of a special category of mechanisms, namely the rupture of politeness conventions, a subgroup within postliteral implicit mechanisms. This subgroup acquires its identity by the fact of carrying out a linguistic action that is conventionally associated with a polite attitude, but doing it in a rhetorically insincere way: the consequence is that apparent politeness becomes impoliteness. Relevant aspects in the characterization of ruptures are isolated and, on this basis, it is developed a detailed analysis of three specific kinds of mechanisms in which ruptures take shape: using ironic statements, developing different forms of overpoliteness and adopting a falsely collaborative attitude toward the interlocutor. The analysis of that group of mechanisms takes into account, simultaneously, the other two axes of the main research, strategies and social impacts.

Moments of Rupture: Narratological Readings of Contemporary German Literature

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Spontaneous rupture of a giant hepatic hemangioma. Sequential treatment with preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization and conservative hepatectomy

Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver and it is often asymptomatic. Spontaneous rupture of liver hemangiomas is a rare but potentially lethal complication. Emergent hepatic resection has been the treatment of choice but carries high operative morbidity and mortality. Recently, preoperative transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) has been used successfully for the management of bleeding ruptured liver tumors and non-operative treatment of symptomatic giant liver hemangiomas. We report a case of spontaneous rupture of a giant hepatic hemangioma that presented with thoracic and abdominal pain and shock due to hemoperitoneum. Once proper diagnosis was made the patient was successfully managed by TAE, followed by conservative hepatic resection.

Masson’s tumor: a soft tissue tumor simulating a tendon cyst. Case report

Introduction. Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (Masson's hemangioma or Masson’s tumor) is a benign vascular disease with an exuberant endothelial proliferation in normal blood vessels. Although relatively uncommon, its correct diagnosis is important because it can clinically be like both benign lesions and malignant neoplasms. We present a case of intravascular proliferative endothelial hyperplasia simulating a tendon cyst both clinically and on ultrasound. Case report. A 74-year old Caucasian female presented with a 4-month history of soreness and swelling in the fourth finger of the right hand. Ultrasound showed an oval mass with fluid content, referred to a tendon cyst. A wide surgical excision was subsequently performed. The final histological diagnosis was Masson’s tumor. Discussion. The pathogenesis of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is still unclear but the exuberant endothelial cell proliferation might be stimulated by an autocrine loop of endothelial basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) secretion. There are three types of papillary endothelial hyperplasia: primary, or intravascular; secondary, or mixed; and extravascular. The main differential diagnosis is against pyogenic granuloma, Kaposi sarcoma, hemangioma, and angiosarcoma. Conclusions. Masson's tumor can be like both benign lesions and malignant neoplasms clinically and on ultrasound. For this reason, the right diagnosis can be made only by histology, which reveals a papillary growth composed of hyperplastic endothelial cells supported by delicate fibrous stalks entirely confined within the vascular lumen.

Delayed and occult splenic rupture: a diagnostic puzzle

Splenic rupture is a common complaint encountered in emergency surgery. Trauma is the most common cause of splenic rupture, while non-traumatic or occult splenic rupture (OSR) is a rare condition. The differential diagnosis weighs on treatment that ranges between close monitoring, splenorrhaphy, splenic conservation and splenectomy. We report a case of an 63-year-old man presenting with acute atraumatic left upper quadrant pain. Preliminary diagnosis was subsequently determined to be a hematoma secondary to OSR. More accurate detailed history revealed a previous trauma, which occurred more than one year before and mimicked an OSR. Delayed and occult splenic rupture are as different diagnosis as different treatment. Even in emergency surgery, the key for a target therapeutic strategy should consider an accurate diagnostic time.

Liver resection for hemoperitoneum caused by spontaneous rupture of unrecognized hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasingly common form of cancer. Although its spontaneous rupture is rare in Western countries, it constitutes a surgical emergency and is associated with high mortality. There is a lack of consensus as to the best approach and what parameters to use in choosing it. The three main approaches are conservative, endovascular and resection - the treatment of choice for acute abdominal bleeding. We report a case of hemoperitoneum following the spontaneous rupture of an unrecognized HCV-related HCC in a patient with no history of liver disease. The patient was successfully treated by emergency surgery, with resection of two segments of the left liver.

Entre l'idée de rompre et la rupture définitive : l'histoire de trois femmes liées pendant quinze ans et plus à un conjoint qu'elles considèrent alcoolique

Intriguée par la statistique couramment rapportée dans le domaine de l'intervention en toxicomanie à l'effet qu'une seule femme sur dix quitte un conjoint alcoolique alors que neuf hommes sur dix quittent une conjointe aux prises avec le même problème, nous nous sommes demandé quels facteurs entraient en ligne de compte quand cette petite proportion de femmes posait ce geste. Nous avons, dans ce sens, entrepris la présente étude qualitative, laquelle nous a permis d'explorer, de décrire puis de comparer l'expérience de femmes en regard de leur vie et de leur rupture temporaire ou définitive avec un partenaire qu'elles considèrent alcoolique. Bien que la documentation regorge d'hypothèses au sujet de la relation et de l'évolution du couple où le mari est alcoolique, peu d'écrits portent sur les facteurs associés au maintien de cette union et aucun n'aborde les facteurs associés à la rupture de celle-ci. Les écrits que nous avons consultés nous ayant, de plus, amenée à constater que les épouses d'alcooliques ont rarement été interrogées sur leur expérience, il nous est apparu tout à fait indiqué d'interpeller quelques-unes de ces femmes directement concernées par la question qui nous intéresse, d'écouter et de recueillir leur version à propos de leur réalité. Nous avons ainsi rencontré trois femmes qui ont accepté de nous raconter, dans le cadre d'entrevues semi-dirigées, leur histoire en regard de leur vie liée à un conjoint qu'elles considèrent alcoolique. Ces trois informatrices ont vécu au moins quinze ans avec leur conjoint et l'ont quitté à une ou à quelques reprises pour des périodes plus ou moins prolongées: la première (Édith), pour quelques heures à quelques reprises: la seconde (Hélène), quelques fois pour peu de temps puis définitivement; la troisième (Solange) a divorcé puis repris la vie commune deux mois plus tard. Leur expérience respective ajoutée à celle de deux autres femmes rapportée dans la littérature populaire québécoise nous a permis d'atteindre notre objectif de recherche, à savoir identifier des facteurs associés à la décision de quitter un conjoint alcoolique et d'autres associés au maintien de cette décision. Au terme de cette étude, l'alcoolisme nous apparaît être un facteur relativement secondaire dans la décision de quitter un partenaire aux prises avec ce problème. Il semble plutôt que l'insatisfaction conjugale et la baisse ou la perte d'espoir d'une amélioration de sa situation développée au fil des ans de même que le désir de provoquer un changement soient des facteurs déterminants dans la décision de quitter son conjoint alcoolique. D'autre part, l'acquisition d'une plus grande autonomie à divers niveaux, l'incapacité à entrevoir l'avenir auprès de son conjoint sans la présence des enfants, un réseau social de support étendu et diversifié et le développement d'une autre relation amoureuse satisfaisante semblent être des facteurs susceptibles de favoriser le maintien de ce choix. Il ressort de notre étude que la décision de quitter un partenaire alcoolique serait le fruit d'un long processus et résulterait de l'impact simultané de plusieurs facteurs d'ordres divers. Il nous semble, en outre, que la compréhension que nous avons développée de la situation des femmes que nous avons rencontrées pourrait se transposer à celle d'autres femmes vivant une relation conjugale dysfonctionnelle. Nous pensons, entre autres, aux femmes violentées par leur conjoint. Violence conjugale et alcoolisme ne sont-ils pas d'ailleurs des phénomènes souvent entrecroisés (MacLeod, 1987; Forest, 1986)? Finalement, de la présente recherche ont émergé certaines questions qui mériteraient, à notre avis, d'être examinées de près.

Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath: study of 64 cases and review of literature

The giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTTS) is the most common benign neoplasm in the hand after the ganglion cyst. Several hypotheses were formulated about the etiological factors of these tumors, but still there is not a common opinion on etiology, prognostic factors and recurrence rate. This article presents a review of literature of the last 15 years about GCTTS to assess the demographic, clinical and histological profile. We compared the information obtained from literature with our experience of 64 cases between 2000 and 2012. Our study showed similar results to those reported in literature, except for the recurrence rate: only 3 cases (4.7%) of 64 patients reported recurrence (versus about 15% on average in literature). Among the various possible factors that predispose to recurrence, it is necessary that the surgeon ensures complete excision of the tumor and removal of any residual satellite nodules. Although the marginal excision is the treatment of choice, it is often difficult to perform due to for the location and the strict adherence of the tumor to the tendon or neurovascular bundles. We used in all cases a magnifying loupe to help a careful research of satellite lesions and to respect surrounding structures.

Attachement amoureux et comportements suicidaires dans un contexte de rupture amoureuse

Les ruptures amoureuses et les divorces sont très fréquents dans la société actuelle. La rupture d’une relation amoureuse est une épreuve difficile (Holmes & Rahe, 1967; Scully, Tosi, & Banning, 2000) qui génère une détresse émotionnelle importante (Birnbaum, Orr, Mikulincer, & Florian, 1997; Sbarra, 2006). Certains individus qui vivent une rupture iront même jusqu’à poser un geste suicidaire. En effet, le lien entre la rupture amoureuse et le comportement suicidaire est bien documenté à ce jour (Ide, Wyder, Kolves, & De Leo, 2010). La présente étude a investigué le rôle des insécurités d’attachement amoureux (anxiété d’abandon, évitement de l’intimité) dans la survenue des symptômes dépressifs et des comportements suicidaires (pensées et tentatives) à la suite d’une rupture. Pour ce faire, 50 participants adultes ayant vécu une rupture amoureuse dans les six derniers mois ont été recrutés auprès d’organismes d’aide (centre de prévention de suicide, centre psychologique, organisme communautaire), ainsi qu’à l’aide de publicités affichées en milieu universitaire, sur les réseaux sociaux et sur des réseaux de partenaires. Un intervenant formé en crise suicidaire a administré verbalement des questionnaires validés d’attachement amoureux, de symptômes dépressifs et de comportements suicidaires lors d’une entrevue individuelle. Les résultats des analyses de régressions multiples ont montré que l’anxiété d’abandon des adultes qui vivent une rupture est liée à davantage de symptômes dépressifs, ainsi qu’à la sévérité et l’intensité des idées suicidaires. Ces effets demeurent lorsque l’utilisation du réseau social est contrôlée. L’évitement de l’intimité n’est pas lié à ces variables. La discussion porte sur l’importance de l’anxiété d’abandon comme facteur de vulnérabilité dans les difficultés d’adaptation à la rupture, au-delà du réseau social, et propose des pistes d’évaluation et d’intervention pour les cliniciens.

Acute phase proteins and biomarkers for health in chickens

Acute phase proteins (APPs) are proteins synthesised predominantly in the liver, whose plasma concentrations increase (positive APP) or decrease (negative APP) as a result of infection, inflammation, trauma and tissue injury. They also change as a result of the introduction of immunogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), turpentine and vaccination. While publications on APPs in chickens are numerous, the limited availability of anti-sera and commercial ELISAs has resulted in a lot of information on only a few APPs. Disease is a threat to the poultry industry, as pathogens have the potential to evolve, spread and cause rapid onset of disease that is detrimental to the welfare of birds. Low level, sub-acute disease with non-specific, often undiagnosed causes can greatly affect bird health and growth and impact greatly on productivity and profitability. Developing and validating methods to measure and characterise APPs in chickens will allow these proteins to be used diagnostically for monitoring flock health. Using immune parameters such as APPs that correlate with disease resistance or improvements in production and welfare will allow the use of APPs as selection parameters for breeding to be evaluated. For APPs to be useful parameters on which to evaluate chicken health, information on normal APP concentrations is required. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) and PIT54 concentrations were found to be much lower in healthy birds form commercial production farms than the reported normal values obtained from the literature. These APPs were found to be significantly higher in culled birds from a commercial farm and Cp, PIT54 and ovotransferrin (Ovt) were significantly higher in birds classified as having obvious gait defects. Using quantitative shotgun proteomics to identify the differentially abundant proteins between three pools: highly acute phase (HAP), acute phase (AP) and non-acute phase (NAP), generated data from which a selection of proteins, based on the fold difference between the three pools was made. These proteins were targeted on a individual samples alongside proteins known to be APPs in chickens or other species: serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), Ovt, apolipoprotein A-I (apo-AI), transthyretin (Ttn), haemopexin (Hpx) and PIT54. Together with immunoassay data for SAA, Ovt, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and Cp the results of this research reveal that SAA is the only major APP in chickens. Ovotransferrin and AGP behave as moderate APPs while PIT54 and Cp are minor APPs. Haemopexin was not significantly different between the three acute phase groups. Apolipoprotein AI and Ttn were significantly lower in the HAP and AP groups and as such can be classed as negative APPs. In an effort to identify CRP, multiple anti-sera cross reacting with CRP from other species were used and a phosphorylcholine column known to affinity purify CRP were used. Enriched fractions containing low molecular weight proteins, elutions from the affinity column together with HAP, AP and NAP pooled samples were applied to a Q-Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole–Orbitrap mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) for Shotgun analysis and CRP was not identified. It would appear that CRP is not present as a plasma protein constitutively or during an APR in chickens and as such is not an APP in this species. Of the proteins targeted as possible novel biomarkers of the APR in chickens mannan binding lectin associated serine protease-2, α-2-HS-glycoprotein (fetuin) and major facilitator superfamily domain-containing protein 10 were reduced in abundance in the HAP group, behaving as negative biomarkers. Myeloid protein and putative ISG(12)2 were positively associated with the acute phase being significantly higher in the HAP and AP groups. The protein cathepsin D was significantly higher in both HAP and AP compared to the NAP indicating that of all the proteins targeted, this appears to have the most potential as a biomarker of the acute phase, as it was significantly increased in the AP as well as the HAP group. To evaluate APPs and investigate biomarkers of intestinal health, a study using re-used poultry litter was undertaken. The introduction of litter at 12 days of age did not significantly increase any APPs measured using immunoassays and quantitative proteomics at 3, 6 and 10 days post introduction. While no APP was found to be significantly different between the challenged and control groups at anytime point, the APPs AGP, SAA and Hpx did increase over time in all birds. The protein apolipoprotein AIV (apo-AIV) was targeted as a possible APP and because of its reported role in controlling satiety. An ELISA was developed, successfully validated and used to measure apo-AIV in this study. While no significant differences in apo-AIV plasma concentrations between challenged and control groups were identified apo-AIV plasma concentrations did change significantly between certain time points in challenged and control groups. Apoliporotein AIV does not appear to behave as an APP in chickens, as it was not significantly different between acute phase groups. The actin associated proteins villin and gelsolin were investigated as possible biomarkers of intestinal health. Villin was found not to be present in the plasma of chickens and as such not a biomarker target. Gelsolin was found not to be differentially expressed during the acute phase or as a result of intestinal challenge. Finally a proteomic approach was undertaken to investigate gastrocnemius tendon (GT) rupture in broiler chickens with a view of elucidating to and identify proteins associated with risk of rupture. A number of proteins were found to be differentially expressed between tendon pools and further work would enable further detailing of these findings. In conclusion this work has made a number of novel findings and addressed a number of data poor areas. The area of chicken APPs research has stagnated over the last 15 years with publications becoming repetitive and reliant on a small number of immunoassays. This work has sought to characterise the classic APPs in chickens, and use a quantitative proteomic approach to measure and categorise them. This method was also used to take a fresh approach to biomarker identification for both the APR and intestinal health. The development and validation of assays for Ovt and apo-AIV and the shotgun data mean that these proteins can be further characterised in chickens with a view of applying their measurement to diagnostics and selective breeding programs.