Dietary Phytase: an ideal approach for a cost effective and low-polluting aquafeed

Global fishmeal production from wild-catch sources cannot continue to increase indefinitely; suitable alternatives have to be found for sustainable aquaculture. Plant-based aquafeed seems to be the ideal alternative to this, but has its own limitations. Plant ingredients are rich in phytic acid, which reduces the bioavailability of nutrients like minerals and protein to the fish, thereby causing aquaculture pollution. Dietary phytase treatment reduces the aquaculture pollution by improving the bioavailability of nutrients, and reduces the feed cost as evident from poultry and piggery. Phytase activity is highly dependent upon the pH of the gut. Unlike mammals, fish are either gastric or agastric, and hence, the action of dietary phytase varies from species to species. In this article, the authors attempt to summarise various effects of phytase on nutrient utilization, growth of fish and aquatic pollution.

Dietary animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with obesity and cardio-metabolic indicators in European adolescents: the HELENA cross-sectional study

Background: Previous studies suggest that dietary protein might play a beneficial role in combating obesity and its related chronic diseases. Total, animal and plant protein intakes and their associations with anthropometry and serum biomarkers in European adolescents using one standardised methodology across European countries are not well documented. Objectives: To evaluate total, animal and plant protein intakes in European adolescents stratified by gender and age, and to investigate their associations with cardio-metabolic indicators (anthropometry and biomarkers). Methods: The current analysis included 1804 randomly selected adolescents participating in the HELENA study (conducted in 2006-2007) aged 12.5-17.5 y (47% males) who completed two non-consecutive computerised 24-h dietary recalls. Associations between animal and plant protein intakes, and anthropometry and serum biomarkers were examined with General linear Model multivariate analysis. Results: Average total protein intake exceeded the recommendations of World Health Organization and European Food Safety Authority. Mean total protein intake was 96 g/d (59% derived from animal protein). Total, animal and plant protein intakes (g/d) were significantly lower in females than in males and total and plant protein intakes were lower in younger participants (12.5-14.9 y). Protein intake was significantly lower in underweight subjects and higher in obese ones; the direction of the relationship was reversed after adjustments for body weight (g/(kg.d)). The inverse association of plant protein intakes was stronger with BMI z-score and body fat percentage (BF%) compared to animal protein intakes. Additionally, BMI and BF% were positively associated with energy percentage of animal protein. Conclusions: This sample of European adolescents appeared to have adequate total protein intake. Our findings suggest that plant protein intakes may play a role in preventing obesity among European adolescents. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the potential beneficial effects observed in this study in the prevention of obesity and related chronic diseases.

Efeitos de modificação dietética associada ou não a uma rotina de exercícios aeróbicos na microcirculação em modelo animal de obesidade exógena

A obesidade atinge proporções epidêmicas em países industrializados e está relacionada a uma série de doenças metabólicas e circulatórias. Nesse contexto, a atividade física, tratamento não farmacológico da obesidade, acessível a diversas populações e está relacionada com a redução do risco cardiovasvascular mesmo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, após mudança ou não da dieta, associação ou não a um programa de treinamento aeróbico (PTA) durante 8 semanas, a possível reversibilidade dos danos causados por uma dieta hiperlipídica por 12 semanas. Para tal, 120 hamsters machos da espécie Mesocricetus auratus, com massa corporal de 60 g, foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, cada um subdividido em três subgrupos, com dez animais para diferentes análises. Os grupos Obeso Controle (OBC) e Obeso Exercitado (OBEX) receberam a ração hiperlipídica por 20 semanas, com adição do PTA ao grupo OBEX nas últimas 8 semanas. Os Obeso Ração Padrão (OBRP) e Obeso Ração Padrão/Exercício (OBRP/EX) tiveram a ração modificada para comercial padrão e adição do PTA ao grupo OBRP/EX após as 12 semanas iniciais. Para as análises microcirculatórias, a bolsa da bochecha foi usada para determinação do número máximo de extravasamentos induzidos por 30 min de isquemia seguida de reperfusão e da reatividade microvascular após a aplicação tópica de acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de sódio. No sangue coletado foi avaliado o perfil lipídico, glicemias quinzenais e leptina. As expressões de eNOS e iNOS foram determinadas na aorta por imunoblotting e a composição corporal avaliada nos tecidos adiposos visceral, urogenital e retroperitoneal, retirados no dia do experimento. Os resultados foram analisados com os métodos o teste estatístico de análise de variância (One Way ANOVA - Teste de Kruskal-Wallis), seguido pelo pós-teste de Dunn. Resultados mostram que a modificação dietética, associada ou não ao PTA, reduziu significativamente a massa corporal (p<0,0001), comprimento naso-anal (p=0,0011) e tecido adiposo (visceral [p<0,0001], urogenital [p=0.0004] e retroperitoneal [p= 0,0083]). Nas análises sanguíneas não foram encontradas diferenças com relação ao perfil lipídico e glicemia, já na leptina houve uma redução significativa (p=0,0039). A análise da reatividade microvascular mostrou melhora significativa na vasodilatação endotélio-dependente nos grupos submetidos à modificação dietética associada ou não ao PTA. Nas medidas de permeabilidade a macromoléculas houve redução significativa no número de extravasamentos nos grupos submetidos à modificação dietética associada ou não ao PTA, (5 min [p= 0,0207] e 10 min [p= 0,0057]). Houve um aumento na expressão de eNOS nos grupos submetidos à modificação dietética associada ou não ao PTA, em comparação ao grupo OBC (p=0,0352). Os resultados mostraram que a modificação dietética, associada ao protocolo de treinamento aeróbico melhora a vasodilatação endotélio-dependente, aumenta a expressão da óxido nítrico sintase endotelial e reduz o número de extravasamentos induzidos por isquemia e reperfusão, mesmo sem melhoras nos marcadores bioquímicos tradicionais como glicemia e perfil lipídico.

Effect of dietary protein level on the growth of Deccan mahseer fry Tor khudree Sykes

Four feeds having different protein levels were separately tested on Tor khudree fry having an average length of 23.5 mm and weight 55 mg. The best average growth of 15.66 mg and 0.456 mm/day was obtained with Feed IV which comprised rice bran, ground nut oil cake, Acetes, wheat flour and mineral mix at the ratio of 1:1:1:0.7143:0.01428. These constitute 35.29% of proteins. The Feed II which comprised R.B + G.O.C. + prawn shell + wheat flour and mineral mix at a ratio of 1:1:1:0.7143:0.01428 contained 32.61% crude proteins. It provided a growth rate of 14.83 mg and 0.440 mm per day. The conversion rates were 38.258 and 37.776 for feeds IV and II respectively. Since Feed II is cheaper than Feed IV and provides almost equal growth rate, it can be used in the nurseries for intensive rearing of T. khudree fry.

Effect of sodium bicarbonate on hatching and on postembryonic growth of Brachydanio rerio, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla

The treatment of sodium bicarbonate at the dosage of 100 to 1000 mg/litre has been tested experimentally on the hatching and postembryonic growth of Brachydanio rerio, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla. Lower dosages of 100 to 200 mg have been found to reduce the hatching period, yolk absorption period and improve the survival and growth of the post embryonic larvae. The higher dosages of 500 to 1000 mg has been found to reduce the hatching percentage and post embryonic growth of the larvae. The findings indicate that application of sodium bicarbonate in the hatchery and nursery management of carps in the lower dosages of 100 to 200 mg/L to improve hatching and postembryonic growth.

Toxic effects of dietary seaweeds Sargassum bovianum, Caulera faridii and Gracilaria corticata on blood parameters of albino rats

The present communication deals with the feeding trials of brown (Sargassum bovianum), green (Caulerpa faridii) and red (Gracilaria corticola) seaweeds in albino rats for a period of thirty days in order to investigate their digestibility and acceptability as supplementary food for animals. The parameters used were: changes in blood hemoglobin, ESR, MCHC, PCV and plasma vitamin levels. The result revealed that all the three species of seaweeds had acceptability up to 5% level, as no ill effect was noted during the experiment. But at 10% and 20% levels, marked changes were observed in blood parameters with diarrhea, vomiting and convulsions indicating possibilities of either tissue and muscular dystrophy, gastrointestinal tract necrosis or functional disorder of central nervous system. A heavy mortality was noted due to excessive water loss through diarrhea and vomiting. However, no mortality was observed after 22nd day at both 10% and 20% levels with subsided clinical signs. The results suggest that these three seaweed species could be used safely as a supplementary food, in native form, in animals at low concentrations.