Sistema di accumulo ad alta densità per un prototipo di MotoStudent Electric

L’obiettivo di questo documento è illustrare quali siano stati i metodi di studio, le soluzioni adottate ed i risultati ottenuti durante la progettazione del sistema di accumulo per il prototipo di motocicletta da corsa elettrica “Alpha Leonis”, con cui la squadra corse dell’Università di Bologna UniBo Motorsport ha partecipato alla V edizione del campionato mondiale studentesco MotoStudent. Inizialmente verrà descritto il contesto della competizione e verranno analizzati i vincoli regolamentari che influiscono sulla realizzazione del componente in oggetto. In seguito verrà mostrata la vera e propria fase di progettazione nella quale, dopo aver effettuato prove di caratterizzazione sulla singola cella, sono stati realizzati gli elementi strutturali ed i sistemi di controllo e monitoraggio. La parola d’ordine in questa fase è “motorsport”, che raccoglie in sé la volontà di creare un componente tecnologicamente all’avanguardia che, oltre a garantire l’autonomia necessaria, ottimizzi il laptime e porti il prototipo in testa alla classifica. È questo il motivo per cui il sistema di accumulo descritto nella seguente trattazione viene definito come “ad alta densità”, ossia con target di energia e potenza per unità di massa superiori alle alternative commerciali attualmente disponibili sul mercato. Infine, per verificare la qualità e l’efficacia del lavoro svolto, verranno descritti i test sul banco a rulli ed in pista che hanno dimostrato il corretto funzionamento del componente e che sono stati sfruttati per completare l’ottimizzazione del sistema di controllo in vista dell’evento finale ad Aragòn Motorland.

Studio dell'efficienza del sistema di raccolta differenziata dei rifiuti urbani della società Contarina SpA

Contarina è un’azienda che si occupa della gestione dei rifiuti in 49 Comuni della Provincia di Treviso. L’esperienza di tirocinio svoltasi presso tale realtà aziendale, ha avuto come obiettivo l’analisi della tracciabilità dei principali rifiuti trattati dagli impianti di Contarina, al fine di comprendere l’efficienza del sistema di gestione integrata del rifiuto urbano. Dopo un breve inquadramento normativo, si è proceduto a descrivere il modello di gestione messo in atto dall’azienda, analizzandone anche le modalità operative. Oltre al calcolo della percentuale di materiale raccolto in maniera differenziata, secondo differenti metodologie e all’analisi quantitativa e qualitativa dei rifiuti prodotti, per stimare l’effettivo quantitativo di materiale avviato a recupero, sono stati elaborati dei bilanci di massa per le seguenti filiere di rifiuto: vetro, plastica, metalli, carta e cartone, frazioni biodegradabili e indifferenziato. Tali categorie di rifiuto infatti, costituiscono la maggior parte dei rifiuti raccolti e trattati da Contarina. L’analisi dei dati ha rivelato una buona efficienza di captazione del sistema di raccolta differenziata ed anche un’elevata qualità merceologica del rifiuto gestito. In merito all’efficienza di trattamento e alla quantità del materiale avviato a recupero, alcune filiere si sono dimostrate più virtuose di altre, come ad esempio quella relativa al rifiuto cartaceo, dove il 99.3% del materiale trattato è diventato materia prima seconda. L’elaborato ha messo in luce inoltre come il quantitativo di materiale recuperabile venga influenzato, oltre che dalla qualità e tipologia di rifiuto trattato, anche dalla modalità di conferimento e dall’efficienza separativa degli impianti. Complessivamente, attraverso il trattamento delle principali categorie di rifiuto raccolte tramite il sistema porta a porta e gestite all’interno degli impianti Contarina, l’azienda trevigiana ha avviato a recupero, più dell’85% del materiale selezionato.

Dinamica dei due e/o pochi corpi: sistemi binari, sistema solare

La dinamica dei due corpi è un problema di meccanica celeste di grande rilevanza per l’astrofisica, permette di studiare l’interazione tra due masse puntiformi che si muovono sotto una mutua attrazione gravitazionale, descritta dalle leggi universali della gravi- tazione di Newton. Inoltre è l’unico problema riguardante la dinamica gravitazionale per il quale si ha una completa e generale soluzione analitica. Nel capitolo 1 vengono introdotti gli strumenti matematici e il formalismo alla base del problema dei due corpi, utile per lo studio dell’interazione gravitazionale tra due masse puntiformi; arrivando a ricavare anche le leggi di Keplero. Risulta immediato immaginare che i sistemi osservati nell’universo non siano strettamente formati da soli due corpi, bensì potrebbe capitare che il numero n di corpi sia tale che n > 2. Successivamente, nel capitolo 2, viene trattato un caso più generale del problema dei due corpi, il problema dei tre corpi. Come si può intuire in questo caso si estenderà l’analisi all’interazione gravitazionale di 3 corpi, trattando inizialmente il problema nel quale uno dei tre corpi ha massa trascurabile rispetto agli altri due, detto problema dei tre corpi circolare ristretto. A seguire si tratta il caso generale del problema dei tre corpi, in cui le masse sono tra loro confrontabili. Al contrario del problema dei due corpi quello dei tre corpi non ha una soluzione analitica, viene risolto numericamente. In conclusione, nel capitolo 3, si trattano le interazioni di stelle o altri corpi in sistemi binari o a tre corpi, con alcune applicazioni astrofisiche. Vengono messi in luce esempi riguardanti il problema dei due corpi in ammassi globulari e dei tre corpi nel sistema solare, trattando in questo caso l’effetto dell’interazione a più corpi sulla precessione del perielio di Mercurio.

Variabilidade espacial e sazonal da concentração de elementos-traço em sedimentos do sistema estuarino de Santos-Cubatão (SP)

Multi-element analyses of sediment samples from the Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System were carried out to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability of trace-element concentrations. The study area contains a rich mangrove ecosystem that is a habitat for tens of thousands of resident and migratory birds, some of them endangered globally. Enrichments of metals in fine-grained surface sediments are, in decreasing order, Hg, Mn, La, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cu, Cr, Fe, Nb, Y, Ni and Ga, relative to pre-industrial background levels. The maximum enrichment ranged from 49 (Hg) to 3.1 (Ga). Mercury concentrations were greater in the Cubatão river than in other sites, while the other elements showed greater concentrations in the Morrão river. Concentrations of Mn were significantly greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. However, other elements (e.g. Cd and Pb) showed the opposite, with greater concentrations in summer and spring. This study suggests that seasonal changes in physical and chemical conditions may affect the degree of sediment enrichment and therefore make the assessment of contamination difficult. Consequently, these processes need to be considered when assessing water quality and the potential contamination of biota.

Sistema limpo em linha para extração em fase sólida de contaminantes emergentes em águas naturais

A solid-phase in-line extraction system for water samples containing low levels of emerging contaminants is described. The system was specially developed for large volume samples (up to 4 L) using commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Four sets containing PTFE-made connectors, brass adapters and ball valves were used to fit SPE cartridges and sample bottles to a 4-port manifold attached to a 20 L carboy. A lab-made vacuum device was connected to the manifold cap. The apparatus is robust and less expensive than the typical available system. Its also provides less experimental handling, avoiding cross contamination and sample losses.

Condutividade e difusividade térmica do figo (Ficus carica L.) Roxo de Valinhos

The post harvest cooling and/or freezing processes for horticultural products have been carried out with the objective of removing the heat from these products, allowing them a bigger period of conservation. Therefore, the knowledge of the physical properties that involve heat transference in the fig fruit Roxo de Valinhos is useful for calculating projects and systems of food engineering in general, as well as, for using in equations of thermodynamic mathematical models. The values of conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the whole fig fruit-rami index were determined, and from these values it was determined the value of the specific heat. For these determination it was used the transient method of the Line Heat Source. The results shown that the fig fruit has a thermal conductivity of 0.52 W m-1°C, thermal diffusivity of 1.56 x 10-7 m² s-1, pulp density of 815.6 kg m-3 and specific heat of 4.07 kJ kg-1 °C.

Análise do investimento em climatização para bovinos de leite em sistema de alojamento free-stall

The difficulty in adapting European dairy cows breeds in Brazil affect considerably the milk production sector. Brazilian climatic conditions are not totally favorable and the development of new tecnologies is needed for the animals express their genetic potential, as well as their best feed conversion. An economical analysis of the applied investment in the free-stall climatization equipment in dairy housing, for estimating studies related to profit, possibility of return investment as well as time for this return is necessary. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of climatization investment in the milk production process and analyze the economical aspect of this investment. There were used 470 high productive dairy cows with genetic and morphologic homogeneous characteristics, and analyzed in two similar periods. Investment calculations were done using Excell®. The results were satisfactory and the invested capital was proved to return to the producer in a short term, 57 days.

Sistema de monitoramento de perdas visíveis de cana-de-açúcar em colhedora de cana picada

In the last few years the sugar-cane mechanical harvested area has increased, especially in regions with appropriated slop. The use of this technology brings some inconveniences, such as, the increase in the percentage of extraneous matter, which causes the reduction of technological quality of the raw material, and losses in the field. Extraneous matter (trash) is composed of tops and leaves in major percentage, plus soil and roots, and eventually some metal parts. In the green cane harvest system the percentage of extraneous matter has a tendency to increase due to the great amount of vegetal matter to be processed. The increase in the blower fan speed to reduce the amount of extraneous matter can lead to an unacceptable economic level of raw material losses. The main objective of this work was, using a cane loss monitor, to evaluate and quantify the amount of visible losses of sugar cane through the primary extractor at two different fan speeds. Afterwards these losses were related to the harvester cleaning efficiency. The piezoelectric transducer shows a reasonable sensibility. The results show that the cleaning efficiency in the primary extractor (85% mean), the cane losses (between 5.68% and 2.15%) and fan speed are interrelated. The total losses and specially splinters (between 3.19% and 0.91%), showed a significant difference among the treatments.

Projeto de um cortador de base para colhedora de cana-de-açúcar utilizando otimização matemática

A base-cutter represented for a mechanism of four bars, was developed using the Autocad program. The normal force of reaction of the profile in the contact point was determined through the dynamic analysis. The equations of dynamic balance were based on the laws of Newton-Euler. The linkage was subject to an optimization technique that considered the peak value of soil reaction force as the objective function to be minimized while the link lengths and the spring constant varied through a specified range. The Algorithm of Sequential Quadratic Programming-SQP was implemented of the program computational Matlab. Results were very encouraging; the maximum value of the normal reaction force was reduced from 4,250.33 to 237.13 N, making the floating process much less disturbing to the soil and the sugarcane rate. Later, others variables had been incorporated the mechanism optimized and new otimization process was implemented .

Avaliação de perdas invisíveis na colheita mecanizada em dois fluxos de massa de cana-de-açúcar

In this work the performance of a sugar cane chopped harvester was analysed when fed with two sugar cane mass flows, measuring the invisible losses, which are impossible to measure in the field, harvester sugar cane cleaning efficiency and air velocity on extractors exit. The trial was done under controlled conditions at Copersucar Technology Center in January 2000. The results showed that the flow of sugar cane through the harvester doesn't influence the magnitudes of total invisible losses and raw material cleaning efficiency. The mean air velocity on the primary extractors exit was 12.0 m s-1, and 9.2 m s-1 on the secondary extractor, with a coefficient of variation of 21%, indicating that the poor cleaning performance of the harvester could be related to air velocity difference inside the extractor. Analyzing the data collected in the trials, it was possible to conclude that invisible losses in sugar cane harvester were 10% and the cleaning efficiency was 87%.

Transferência de massa e secagem em leitos vibrofluidizados: uma revisão

Development of processing technology and equipments requires new methods and better quality of the processed product. In the continuous drying process, utilization of equipments that promotes an increment in the transfer coefficients becomes of the major interest. The use of vibrational energy has been recommended to the dispersed materials. Such method is based on the use of vibrational energy applied to disperse media. Thus, a literature review on the mass transfer and drying in vibro-fluidized beds was carried out, showing experimental results and mathematical modeling.

Sistema de sincronismo entre a colhedora de cana-de-açúcar e o veículo de transbordo

One of the problems found in mechanical harvest of sugar cane is the lack of synchronism between the harvest machine and the infield wagon, causing crop losses as well as operational capacity. The objective of the present research was to design a system capable of helping to synchronize the sugar cane harvest machine with the wagon. The communication between tractor and harvest machine is wireless. Two ultrasound sensors coupled to the elevator and a microprocessor manage such information, generating a correct synchronization among the machines. The system was tested in laboratory and on field performing its function adequately, maintaining the two machines in synchronization, indicating and alerting the operators their relative positions. The developed system reduced the sugar cane lost in 60 kg ha-1 comparing to the harvest with the system turned off.

Sistema MINUS® - técnica minimamente invasiva para o tratamento das fraturas transtrocanterianas do fêmur

The MINUS system was developed as a minimally invasive procedure that uses a diaphyseal cephalic extramedullary implant for the treatment of transtrochanteral fractures of the femur in elderly patients. The implant consists of a sliding screw coupled to a plate adapted to the minimally invasive technique. The surgical access is approximately three centimeters in length located on the lateral surface of the hip, below the projection of the small trochanter. A perfectly adapted instrument was used for the procedure, which also requires the use of an image intensifier, reducing surgery time and rate of bleeding. The objective of this study is to present a new instrument and implant, developed specifically for treatment with the minimally invasive technique, reducing the length of the conventional surgical access from 10 to three centimetres. This new implant was given the commercial name of MINUS System.

Sistema Fonológico do Português: Rediscutindo o Consenso

Problems identified in the study and analysis of the phonology of Brazilian Indian languages belonging to the Macro-Jê branch such as Kaingang, Maxakali, and Mebengokre led the author to confirm the accuracy of some intuitions on the part of Piggott (1992) and Rice (1993) on dealing with relations between nasality and sonorancy (D'Angelis 1998). The applicability of the approach to the distinct processes of nasality and nasalization in Portuguese was verified with surprising results that recover some intuitions of Trubetzkoy (1939) and contribute to reconfirm the Mattoso Câmara's (1953; 1970) considerations, but at the same time go beyond them. This article presents the result of this investigation and its conclusions that suggest the validity and the necessity of reexamining even the phonemic inventory of the Portuguese language, an issue not at all questioned in the teaching of phonology, to take into account the linguistic changes in the phonological system of that language in the last fifty years.

Sistema Nacional de Educação articulado ao Plano Nacional de Educação

This text which discusses the central theme of the National Conference on Education (CONAE), held in Brasília from 28th March to 1st April 2010, deals with the concept of a National System of Education in articulation with the National Plan of Education. To that end, after pointing to the basic uses of the concept of system, it discusses the question of the National System of Education exploring the federative question in order to reveal the complete compatibility of the organization of the National System of Education with the federative regime. Thereafter, it deals with the historical meaning of the National Plan of Education demonstrating that the plan is a demand of the system, since planned action is implicit in systematized education. Thus the National Plan of Education is fulfilling those goals and objectives for which it is responsible.