Parvalbumin-, calbindin-, and calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the prefrontal cortex of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus): A standardized quantitative comparison with sensory and motor areas

Recent studies have revealed regional variation in the density and distribution of inhibitory neurons in different cortical areas, which are thought to reflect area-specific specializations in cortical circuitry. However, there are as yet few standardized quantitative data regarding how the inhibitory circuitry in prefrontal cortex (PFC), which is thought to be involved in executive functions such as cognition, emotion and decision making, compares to that in other cortical areas. Here we used immunohistochemical techniques to determine the density and distribution of parvalbumin (PV)-, calbindin (CB)-, and calretinin (CR)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons and axon terminals in the dorsolateral and orbital PFC of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus), and compared them directly with data obtained using the same techniques in 11 different visual, somatosensory and motor areas. We found marked differences in the density of PV-ir, CB-ir, and CR-ir interneurons in several cortical areas. One hundred and twenty eight of all 234 possible between-area pairwise comparisons were significantly different. The density of specific subpopulations of these cells also varied among cortical areas, as did the density of axon terminals. Comparison of PFC with other cortical areas revealed that 40 of all 66 possible statistical comparisons of the density of PV-ir, CB-ir, and CR-ir cells were significantly different. We also found evidence for heterogeneity in the pattern of labeling of PV-ir, CB-ir, and CR-ir cells and axon terminals between the dorsolateral and orbital subdivisions of PFC. These data are likely to reflect basic differences in interneuron circuitry, which are likely to influence inhibitory function in the cortex. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in adults: a comparison between two test protocols

This study compares the performance of the Quickscreen and Default protocols of the ILO-96 Otodynamics Analyzer in recording transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) from adults using clinical decision analysis. Data were collected from 25 males (mean age = 29.0 years, SD = 6.8) and 35 females (mean age = 28.1 years, SD = 9.6). The results showed that the mean signal-to-noise ratios obtained from the Quickscreen were significantly greater than those from the Default protocol at 1,2, and 4 kHz. The comparison of the performance of the two protocols, based on the results using receiver operating characteristics curves, revealed a higher performance of the Quickscreen than the Default protocol at 1 and 4 kHz but not at 2 kHz. In view of the enhanced performance of the Quickscreen over the Default protocol in general, the routine use of the Default protocol for testing adults in audiology clinics should be reconsidered.

Caracterização físico química, perfil sensorial e aceitação de morangos submetidos à irradiação

A irradiação de alimentos é um método de conservação não térmico utilizado em diferentes alimentos e em diferentes doses. Sabe-se que, dependendo da dose aplicada, esse método pode ocasionar alterações nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais, que afetam a qualidade do produto. Portanto, um dos objetivos deste estudo foi analisar o efeito da irradiação nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais de morangos irradiados. A irradiação das amostras de morango ocorreu um dia após a colheita e foi realizada no Laboratório de Radiação Gama do Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear (CDTN), em Belo Horizonte-MG. As doses utilizadas foram 1 kGy, 2 kGy, 3 kGy e 4 kGy e a amostra controle (0 kGy). Foram avaliados pH, acidez total titulável, sólidos solúveis, ratio (relação entre teor de sólidos solúveis e acidez total titulável), açúcares redutores, totais e não redutores, pectina, ácido ascórbico, firmeza, cor, antocianinas, compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante. Para a caracterização sensorial das amostras, foi utilizado o método Perfil Descritivo Otimizado (PDO), sendo avaliados os atributos sensoriais cor, sabor adocicado, gosto ácido, firmeza e suculência, por 15 julgadores previamente selecionados. Além da caracterização sensorial, foi realizada a análise de aceitação sensorial por 60 consumidores de morango em duas sessões. A irradiação não alterou significativamente a maioria das características físico-químicas analisadas, ao comparar todas as doses empregadas, incluindo o morango controle (não irradiado); apenas a firmeza apresentou valores diferentes estatisticamente: com o aumento da dose, houve diminuição da firmeza do fruto. No PDO, as amostras diferiram quanto à cor, sabor adocicado, firmeza e suculência, sendo que a amostra controle e a amostra irradiada com 1 kGy tiveram maiores valores de firmeza e menores de suculência e sabor adocicado. Em relação à aceitação, a amostra controle e a amostra irradiada com 1 kGy não diferiram estatisticamente pelo teste Tukey a 5%, mas diferiram das amostras irradiadas com doses de 3 kGy e de 4 kGy; no entanto, a amostra irradiada a 2 kGy não diferiu de nenhuma outra dose. Foram realizados estudos de correlações entre os dados físico-químicos de pH, acidez total titulável (ATT), sólidos solúveis (SS), açúcares totais e açúcares não redutores, antocianina (método pH diferencial), pectina, firmeza instrumental, relação entre SS/ATT (ratio) e alguns parâmetros de cor (a*, b*, c* e L), e os dados do teste sensorial descritivo, ou seja, os atributos de firmeza, suculência, sabor adocicado e gosto ácido. Os resultados obtidos foram correlações significativamente positivas entre pH e ratio, sólidos solúveis e pectina, antocianinas e parâmetros de cor (a* e c*), açúcares e parâmetros de cor (b* e c*), firmeza sensorial e firmeza instrumental, suculência e sabor xvi adocicado e firmeza sensorial e gosto ácido. Já as correlações negativas foram entre acidez e ratio, sólidos solúveis e firmeza, antocianina e L*, firmeza sensorial e sabor adocicado e suculência com: firmeza instrumental, firmeza sensorial e gosto ácido. Neste trabalho, também foi realizada a caracterização físico-química e sensorial de morangos irradiados nas doses determinadas por Lima Filho et al. (2014) como sendo correspondentes ao limiar de detecção (LD) sensorial (0,405 kGy) e ao limiar de rejeição (LR) sensorial (3,6 kGy) para morangos irradiados. Além disso, foi verificada a influência da embalagem na aceitação sensorial de morangos irradiados na dose 3,6 kGy. Todas as medidas físico-químicas apresentaram pequena variação entre as amostras controle (0 kGy) e o LD e o LR. Não houve diferença significativa em relação à aceitação da amostra irradiada na ausência e na presença da embalagem, provavelmente devido ao grau de conhecimento do painel de consumidores em relação ao processo de irradiação de alimentos. Conclui-se que a irradiação é um método de conservação que pode ser utilizado em morangos, uma vez que exerce pouca influência, no período de tempo estudado, nas suas características físico-químicas e sensoriais.

Efeito da adição de extrato de casca de jabuticaba nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais de queijo petit suisse

A busca pela melhoria da qualidade de vida e a procura por alimentos naturais e funcionais são crescentes. A incorporação de prebióticos e corantes naturais pode agregar valor ao produto, por serem capazes de melhorar sua qualidade e por apresentarem grandes atrativos tecnológicos. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adição de prebióticos (inulina e oligofrutose) e corante natural (extrato de casca de jabuticaba) nas características de queijo petit suisse. Foi realizada análise da composição físico-química (extrato seco total, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos e acidez titulável) logo após o processamento, análise do pH, colorimetria, teor de compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante em diferentes tempos de armazenamento (0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias), análise do teor de fibras alimentares da formulação de queijo petit suisse com maior atividade antioxidante ao final da vida de prateleira e análises microbiológica e sensorial. O queijo petit suisse elaborado foi dividido em cinco formulações, de acordo com a concentração de corante natural incorporado, que foram 0%, 1,5%, 2,0%, 2,5% e 3,0%. Os dados obtidos com as análises realizadas logo após o processamento e análise sensorial foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey, os dados obtidos com as análises realizadas em diferentes tempos de armazenamento foram submetidos à análise de variância e estudo do comportamento cinético, e a análise de fibras e microbiológica foi analisada por meio de estatística descritiva. Os valores de extrato seco total, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas e carboidrato não diferiram significativamente (p>0,05) entre as formulações. A formulação sem adição de corante natural apresentou menor acidez (p≤0,05), e com o aumento da concentração de corante natural, maior foi a acidez do queijo. Os teores de antocianinas, fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante foram maiores com o aumento da concentração de corante incorporado, sendo que o teor de antocianinas reduziu com o decorrer do tempo de armazenamento. O valor encontrado de fibras para a formulação contendo 3,0% de corante natural foi baixo, e o produto não apresentou alegação de propriedade funcional. A fim de verificar se o queijo estava próprio para o consumo, foi realizada análise microbiológica para coliformes termotolerantes, estando todas as formulações de queijo petit suisse em condições sanitárias satisfatórias. A análise sensorial foi realizada em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi realizado teste de aceitação com avaliação dos atributos cor, sabor, consistência e impressão global, e intenção de compra para todas as formulações com incorporação de corante natural. Na segunda etapa foi realizado o teste de aceitação com informação nutricional do produto para a amostra mais aceita na primeira etapa. Como resultado, foi observado que o atributo cor foi o único que apresentou diferença significativa (p≤0,05) entre as formulações, sendo as mais aceitas com concentração 2,5% e 3,0%. De forma geral, todas as formulações foram bem aceitas, porém, a formulação com maior adição de corante natural foi a que xiii apresentou maiores notas. Assim, o queijo com maior concentração de corante natural foi o utilizado na segunda etapa sensorial, sendo observada influência das informações nos atributos cor e consistência (p≤0,05). Dessa forma, a utilização de prebióticos e corante natural de casca de jabuticaba em queijo petit suisse foi viável por não alterar a composição centesimal do produto, além de conferir ao produto uma coloração atrativa.

Health promoting and sensory properties of phenolic compounds in food

Phenolic compounds have been extensively studied in recent years. The presence of these compounds in various foods has been associated with sensory and health promoting properties. These products from the secondary metabolism of plants act as defense mechanisms against environmental stress and attack by other organisms. They are divided into different classes according to their chemical structures. The objective of this study was to describe the different classes of phenolic compounds, the main food sources and factors of variation, besides methods for the identification and quantification commonly used to analyze these compounds. Moreover, the role of phenolic compounds in scavenging oxidative stress and the techniques of in vitro antioxidant evaluation are discussed. In vivo studies to evaluate the biological effects of these compounds and their impact on chronic disease prevention are presented as well. Finally, it was discussed the role of these compounds on the sensory quality of foods.

O uso do "Face-Hand Test" como instrumento para rastrear as síndromes psicorgânicas: estudo piloto

Foi aplicada uma versão reduzida do "Face-Hand Test", o FHT-R, em 91 pessoas com 65 anos ou mais em uma amostra ao acaso de idosos vivendo na comunidade (São Paulo, Brasil), com objetivo de testar a habilidade do instrumento em detectar as síndromes psicorgânicas. Os escores do FHT-R foram comparados com as avaliações de um psiquiatra utilizando uma entrevista semi-estruturada, a "Clinical Interview Schedule". Cinco pessoas foram consideradas como sendo portadoras de distúrbios psicorgânicos e 86 como não sendo portadoras de tais distúrbios. No ponto de corte 0/1 os coeficientes de validação obtidos foram: sensibilidade 60%, especificidade 94%, valor prognóstico positivo 38%, valor prognóstico negativo 98%, e taxa de classificação incorreta 8%. A utilização do Teste em pesquisas epidemiológicas é discutida no corpo do trabalho.

Body composition, muscle strength, functional capacity, and physical disability risk in liver transplanted familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy patients

Abstract: Background: Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to sensory and motor polyneuropathies, and functional limitations. Liver transplantation is the only treatment for FAP, requiring medication that negatively affects bone and muscle metabolism. The aim of this study was to compare body composition, levels of specific strength, level of physical disability risk, and functional capacity of transplanted FAP patients (FAPTx) with a group of healthy individuals (CON). Methods: A group of patients with 48 FAPTx (28 men, 20 women) was compared with 24 CON individuals (14 men, 10 women). Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and total skeletal muscle mass (TBSMM) and skeletal muscle index (SMI) were calculated. Handgrip strength was measured for both hands as was isometric strength of quadriceps. Muscle quality (MQ) was ascertained by the ratio of strength to muscle mass. Functional capacity was assessed by the six-minute walk test. Results: Patients with FAPTx had significantly lower functional capacity, weight, body mass index, total fat mass, TBSMM, SMI, lean mass, muscle strength, MQ, and bone mineral density. Conclusion: Patients with FAPTx appear to be at particularly high risk of functional disability, suggesting an important role for an early and appropriately designed rehabilitation program.

Effects of an exercise training program in physical condition after liver transplantation in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy: a case report

Introduction: Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to sensory and motor polyneuropathies as well as functional limitations. So far, liver transplantation is the only treatment for FAP because the mutated protein causing the disease is mainly produced in the liver. With the increasing survival of transplant recipients, functional and cardiovascular problems as consequences of immunosuppressant side effects are increasing associated with sedentary lifestyles and/or retransplantation status. We sought to analyze the impact of exercise training programs on 1 FAP patient’s course long-term after liver transplantation. Methodology. A FAP patient (female; 49 years of age; body mass index 18.8 kg/m2) underwent a liver transplantation 133 months before assessment. She was assessed for body composition, isometric quadriceps muscle strength, functional capacity, fatigue, and levels of physical activity before and after a 6-month period of combined exercise training. Results: After the exercise training program, almost all variables were improved, namely, total body skeletal muscle mass, proximal femoral bone mineral density, quadriceps strength, maximal oxygen consumption on 6 minutes walk test (6mwt) or VO2peak, total ventilation on 6mwt, and fatigue. The improvement in distance on 6mwt (69.2 m) was clinically significant. Preintervention the levels of physical activity were below international recommendations for health; after the program they achieved the recommendations. Conclusion: The results showed an improvement in functional capacity with a decrease in future disability risk associated with a better lifestyle with respect to physical activity levels in 1 patient.

Development of a penetration test for timber impregnation products for use in old buildings

This paper studies the application of commercial biocides to old maritime pine timber structures (Pinus pinaster Ait.) that have previously been impregnated with other products. A method was developed in the laboratory to be used in situ to determine the impregnation depth achieved by a new generation biocide product applied to timber from an old building. This timber had once been treated with an unknown product difficult to characterize without extensive analysis. The test was initially developed in laboratory conditions and later tested on elements of the roof structure of an 18th century building. In both cases the results were promising and mutually consistent with penetration depths for some treatments reaching 2.0 cm. The application in situ proved the tests viability and simplicity of execution giving a clear indication on the feasibility of possible re-treatments.

Paleomagnetic study of the Great Foum Zguid dyke (southern Morocco): A positive contact test related to metasomatic processes

When a paleomagnetic pole is sought for in an igneous body, the host rocks should be subjected to a contact test to assure that the determined paleopole has the age of the intrusion. If the contact test is positive, it precludes the possibility that the measured magnetization is a later effect. Therefore, we investigated the variations of the remanent magnetization along cross-sections of rocks hosting the Foum Zguid dyke (southern Morocco) and the dyke itself. A positive contact test was obtained, but it is mainly related with Chemical/Crystalline Remanent Magnetization due to metasomatic processes in the host-rocks during magma intrusion and cooling, and not only with Thermo-Remanent Magnetization as ordinarily assumed in standard studies. Paleomagnetic data obtained within the dyke then reflect the Earth magnetic field during emplacement of this well-dated (196.9 +/- 1.8 Ma) intrusion.

Development of an in situ penetration test for the uptake of preservatives in applied wood

This paper concerns the study of biocides application in old timber structures of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ail.), previously impregnated with other products. A method was developed in laboratory to determine in situ the penetration depth of a product applied superficially. As initial treatment, three traditional products for sawn timber for buildings were used and, for new treatments, two newer, more environmentally benign products were used. Their ability to penetrate the pre-treated surfaces was evaluated after 1, 2 and 3 applications at 24 hours intervals and the results obtained are presented. Finally, the applicability of the developed test to the in-situ evaluation of timber structures is also discussed.

Dispositional optimism is unidimensional or bidimensional? The Portuguese Revised Life Orientation Test

The aim of the study is to adapt and then discuss the appropriateness of the Life Orientation Test as a one or two dimension scale. The research includes two studies; one is composed of a sequential sample of 280 people with multiple sclerosis, 71% female, and another includes a convenience sample of 615 individuals from the community, 51.1% female. Because the construct is built upon a theoretical assumption that has one dimension, we examine the hypothesis of one or two factor solutions through confirmatory factor analysis, and the two-dimension solution premise demonstrates better adjustment for both samples. The other psychometric properties explored show appropriate results for the Portuguese sample, and similar to the original ones; the Test therefore seems appropriate for use in cross cultural studies. Based on our results, we discuss whether the questionnaire is a one or two dimension instrument, concluding that it appears appropriate to accept the recommendations of the original authors to use it as a one-dimensional tool and, when necessary, to use both dimensions. - RESUMO: El objetivo del estudio es adaptar y discutir la adecuación de la prueba de Orientación de la Vida en una o dos escalas de dimensión. La investigación engloba dos estudios, uno constituido por una muestra secuencial de 280 personas con esclerosis múltiple, 71% mujeres y otro con una muestra de conveniencia de la comunidad de 615 individuos, 51,1% del sexo femenino. Como el constructo se asienta sobre la presunción teórica de que tiene una dimensión, inspeccionamos la hipótesis de una o dos soluciones de factor a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio y la hipótesis de dos dimensiones manifiesta un mejor ajuste para ambas muestras. Las otras propiedades psicométricas exploradas muestran los resultados apropiados para la muestra portuguesa, y semejantes a los originales. Parece apropiado para los estudios culturales transversales. Basándonos en nuestros resultados, discutimos si el cuestionario es un instrumento de una o dos dimensiones, concluyéndose que parece conveniente seguir las recomendaciones de los autores originales, para utilizarlo como un instrumento unidimensional y, si fuera necesario necesario, utilizar cada una de las dimensiones.

Performance of an immunochromatography test for vivax malaria in the Amazon region, Brazil

The study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the ICT malaria Pf/PvTM test for vivax malaria diagnosis in Belém, Amazon region, Brazil. The results of blood malaria parasites examination using an immunochromatography test were compared with thick blood film (TBF) examination. It was also evaluated the performance of this test storaged at three different temperatures (25°C, 30°C, and 37°C) for 24 hours before use. Overall sensitivity of ICT Pf/PvTM was 61.8% with a specificity of 100%, positive and negative predictive value of 100% and 71.8%, respectively and accuracy of 80.6%. The test sensitivity was independent of the parasite density. This test needs to be further reviewed in order to have better performance for P. vivax malaria diagnosis.

Design of a new test chamber for evaluation of the toxicity of rubber infill

A test chamber was projected and built (according to ISO 16000-9 Standard) to simulate atmospheric conditions experienced by rubber infill (when applied in synthetic turf pitches) and measure accurately the airborne emissions of pollutants such as dusts and volatile organic compounds (VOC), as well as pollutants present in leachates. It should be pointed out that standard ISO 16000-9 is only concerned with the determination of the emission of VOC from building products and furnishing (not specific of synthetic turf materials), whereas other standards are concerned with the emission of leachates only. This procedure is to be considered as a technical option to the lysimeter "global turf system evaluation" when the rubber infill alone is to be evaluated. The advantage of the proposed option considering this "test chamber" is its simplicity and economy. This test chamber is actually installed and being used for tests in LAIST.

Electric vehicles in urban areas: test cases using a scenario simulator

Electric vehicles introduction will affect cities environment and urban mobility policies. Network system operators will have to consider the electric vehicles in planning and operation activities due to electric vehicles’ dependency on the electricity grid. The present paper presents test cases using an Electric Vehicle Scenario Simulator (EVeSSi) being developed by the authors. The test cases include two scenarios considering a 33 bus network with up to 2000 electric vehicles in the urban area. The scenarios consider a penetration of 10% of electric vehicles (200 of 2000), 30% (600) and 100% (2000). The first scenario will evaluate network impacts and the second scenario will evaluate CO2 emissions and fuel consumption.