Desenvolvimento de um teste de Elisa-LPS para Salmonella e sua aplicação em rebanhos suínos na identificação de fatores de risco associados à infecção.

A implementação de programas de controle de salmonela em suínos, com objetivo de diminuir os riscos de infecção alimentar em humanos, exige métodos rápidos e baratos para medir a intensidade da infecção, bem como reduzir seus fatores de risco. A partir disso, desenvolveu-se um teste de ELISA, utilizando antígeno lipopolissacarídeo do sorovar Typhimurium, pela sua similaridade antigênica com os sorovares prevalentes em suínos no Rio Grande do Sul. O teste padronizado foi utilizado na determinação da soroprevalência em 65 rebanhos suínos, os quais participaram de estudo para identificação de fatores de risco. As granjas foram classificadas em três categorias de soroprevalência, baixa (até 40%), média (40-70%) e alta (mais de 70%) prevalência, estabelecidas como variável explicada. As respostas do questionário contituíram as variáveis explicativas. Aquelas associadas à variável explicada pelo teste de χ2 (p ≤ 0,1) foram submetidas à análise fatorial de correspondência múltipla (AFCM). Paralelamente, foram avaliados seis desinfetantes (amônia quaternária, glutaraldeído, iodóforo, hipoclorito de sódio (1 e 0,1%), fenol e ácido peracético) frente a amostras de Salmonella Typhimurium isoladas de suínos. Os produtos foram testados na presença e ausência de matéria orgânica, sob duas diferentes temperaturas e, posteriormente, frente a 8 isolados com diferentes perfis de resistência antimicrobiana, por um tempo de contato de 5 minutos. O teste de ELISA identificou a soroconversão nos animais inoculados (7 dias p.i.) e contatos (21 dias p.i.), bem como o aumento no número de animais positivos após infecção natural (28,6% para 76,9%). A sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste foram respectivamente de 92 e 100%. Após adaptações para suco de carne, estabelecendo o soro como referência, a sensibilidade do teste para suco de carne foi de 88,12% e a especificidade 70,43%. Em análise de concordância entre os testes, o índice kappa foi de 5,78, com p=0,002 no teste MacNemar. A AFCM identificou a associação da maior soroprevalência com o seguinte grupo de variáveis: nas granjas terminadoras, uso de ração peletizada, distribuição de dejetos a menos de 100m do local de captação de água, não utilização de comedouro do modelo comedouro/bebedouro, transporte com freteiro misturando animais de várias granjas; enquanto nas granjas de ciclo completo apareceram ingredientes de ração desprotegidos de outros animais, ausência de controle de roedores, ração seca, ausência de cerca, não uso da pintura com cal após lavagem e desinfecção e a entrada de outras pessoas além do técnico na granja. Todos os desinfetantes foram eficazes na ausência de matéria orgânica, nas duas temperaturas testadas. Entretanto, quando na presença de matéria orgânica ou após cinco minutos de contato, somente o hipoclorito de sódio (1%), fenol e o ácido peracético foram eficazes. Dessa forma, ao estabelecer uma ferramenta sorológica para medir a infecção pelos principais sorovares de Salmonella que afetam os suínos no sul do Brasil e identificar fatores de risco associados à alta soroprevalência, será possível dar início à implementação e validação de protocolos de controle da infecção em rebanhos.

Dunging gutters filled with fresh water in finishing barns had no effect on the prevalence of Salmonella enterica on Brazilian swine farms

Our aim was to assess the importance of dunging gutters filled with water in finishing barns for the prevalence of pigs shedding Salmonella enterica. Some finishing barns in Brazil are provided with a dunging-gutter system which consists of a continuous water flow at the back of solid-floored adjacent pens. Because there is transfer of faecal material between adjacent pens by water in this system and the faecal-oral route of transmission is so important for enteric pathogens, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of this kind of dunging-gutter system in finishing barns affects the prevalence of slaughter-age pigs shedding salmonella organisms in their faeces. The cross-sectional study was conducted on six farms each having barns with and barns without a dunging-gutter system. Breeding, management, nutritional and seasonal factors were similar in both barns on each farm. The two systems did not differ in prevalence of pigs shedding salmonella organisms. Five S. enterica scrotypes were isolated: S. Agona, S. Javiana, S. Rissen, S. Sandiego and S. Senftenberg. (C) 2002 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes isolated from slaughter-age pigs and environmental samples

The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella strains isolated from slaughter-age pigs and environmental samples collected at modern swine raising facilities in Brazil. Seventeen isolates of six serotypes of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica were isolated out of 1,026 collected samples: Salmonella Typhimurium (1), Salmonella Agona (5), Salmonella Sandiego (5), Salmonella Rissen (1), Salmonella Senftenberg (4), and Salmonella Javiana (1). Resistance patterns were determined to extended-spectrum penicillin (ampicillin), broad-spectrum cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone), aminoglycosides (streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin), narrow-spectrum quinolone (nalidixic acid), broad-spectrum quinolone (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin), tetracycline, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol. Antimicrobial resistance patterns varied among serotypes, but isolates from a single serotype consistently showed the same resistance profile. All isolates were resistant to tetracycline, streptomycin, and nalidixic acid. One isolate, Salmonella Rissen, was also resistant to cefotaxime and tobramycin. All serotypes were susceptible to ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. The high resistance to tetracycline and streptomycin may be linked to their common use as therapeutic drugs on the tested farms. No relation was seen between nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolone resistance.

Prevalence of pigs infected by Salmonella typhimurium at slaughter after an enterocolitis outbreak

A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the prevalence of slaughter pigs infected by Salmonella typhimurium after an enterocolitis outbreak in a commercial pig farm, which was characterised by diarrhoea during the growing phase. Anatomopathological and histopathological findings were suggestive of salmonellosis, which was further confirmed by isolation of S. typhimurium from organs and faeces samples from diseased animals. Ileocolic lymph nodes were aseptically collected from 43 pigs during slaughter procedures. The estimated prevalence of Salmonella-infected pigs was 53.48% [confidence interval (CI): 42.94:64.02%]. This finding demonstrates that the carriage of S. typhimurium at slaughter might be high if pigs originate from a batch previously affected by Salmonella-enterocolitis outbreak at the pre-harvest pork production chain. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Nose-to-nose transmission of Salmonella Typhimurium between weaned pigs

Little attention has been paid to the possibility of transmission of Salmonella in intensive pig production systems through alternate methods, such as airborne or direct nose-to-nose contact. This experimental study tested the hypothesis of nose-to-nose transmission of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium (Trial I) and Agona (Trial II) in weaned pigs using stainless steel/ glass isolation cabinets. In each trial, cabinet 1 (control pigs) and cabinet 2 (sentinel pigs) were connected directly to the fan unit. Cabinet 3 (seeded pigs) was not directly linked to the fan, but was arranged to receive a constant unidirectional airflow from cabinet 2 (sentinel pigs) through a 10 cm diameter hole, which also allowed nose-to-nose contact between pigs housed in these two cabinets. Air was taken out of the system through ducts connecting cabinets 1 and 3 to the exhauster. Therefore, direct contact among seeded and sentinel pigs was allowed but possible aerial transference of contaminated particles between those cabinets was prevented. The system was opened 21 days post-inoculation and tissue samples were collected for bacteriological analysis. The recovery of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium from sentinel pigs corroborates the hypothesis of nose-to-nose transmission of that pathogen in pigs. However, serovar-related differences might exist regarding the nose-to-nose transmissibility of Salmonella in pigs, since Salmonella Agona was not detected in sentinel pigs (Trial II). Published by Elsevier B.V.

Hemograma e perfil bioquímico sérico, inclusive hemogasométrico, de bezerros infectados experimentalmente com Salmonella Dublin

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparação dos caldos selenito cistina, tetrationato Muller-Kauffmann e Rappaport-Vassiliadis no isolamento de Salmonella Typhimurium

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação da reação em cadeia da polimerase e do isolamento bacteriológico convencional na detecção de Salmonella Dublin em amostras de fezes de bezerros infectados experimentalmente

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparação do isolamento microbiológico e da reação em cadeia da polimerase no diagnóstico de salmonelose em bezerros infectados experimentalmente com Salmonella Typhimurium

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparação da eficiência dos caldos de enriquecimento seletivo no isolamento de Salmonella Dublin

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Avaliação clínica da infecção experimental de bezerros com Salmonella Typhimurium

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparison of DNA-extraction methods and Selective Enrichment broths on the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in swine feces by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Infection of commercial laying hens with Salmonella Gallinarum: clinical, anatomopathological and haematological studies

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Serum protein concentrations, including acute phase proteins, in calves experimentally infected with Salmonella Dublin

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Identification of Salmonella spp. isolates from chicken abattoirs by multiplex-PCR

The present study was carried out to report the occurrence Salmonella spp., Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken abattoirs. Samples of feces; feathers; scald, evisceration, and chiller water; and rinse water of non-eviscerated, eviscerated, and chilled carcass were collected from six chicken abattoirs. Salmonella isolates were identified by a multiplex-PCR using three sets of primers targeting the inuA, pefA, and sefA gene sequences from Salmonella spp., S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, respectively. Salmonella spp. was detected in 10% (29/288) of the samples, whereas serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium were identified in 62% (7/288), respectively. The results indicate the need to improve hygiene and sanitary standards in poultry slaughter lines, besides the education of food handlers and information to consumers. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.