La valutazione della sicurezza delle strade esistenti: Il contributo del mobile eye detector.

L’incidente stradale è la conseguenza di uno o più errori all'interno di un sistema complesso, in cui l'uomo rappresenta la principale causa d’incidentalità. Spesso ciò che può apparire a una prima analisi un errore dell’utente, in realtà può essere collegato a problemi di progettazione e gestione dell’infrastruttura. Per massimizzare i risultati nel campo della sicurezza stradale, occorre valutare il “sistema strada” in ogni suo elemento. Per raggiungere questi obiettivi le analisi di sicurezza giocano un ruolo fondamentale. Il Road Safety Review consente di individuare nel tracciato la presenza di situazioni di rischio, in modo tale da eliminarli o attenuarli prima che diano luogo ad incidenti. Il Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti ha emanato le "Linee guida per la gestione della sicurezza delle infrastrutture stradali". Secondo queste Linee Guida l'uomo detiene un ruolo centrale nel sistema. L'uomo deve adattare il suo comportamento, in funzione del veicolo condotto e delle condizioni ambientali. Diventa indispensabile integrare le analisi di sicurezza con il fattore uomo. Obiettivo della tesi è analizzare la sicurezza di un’infrastruttura viaria esistente integrando i risultati ottenuti dal Road Safety Review con metodologie innovative che tengano conto del comportamento degli utenti durante la guida. È stata realizzata una sperimentazione in sito che ha coinvolto un campione formato da 6 soggetti. Ognuno di essi ha percorso il tronco stradale, della SP26 "Valle del Lavino", in provincia di Bologna. La strada, richiede interventi di adeguamento e messa in sicurezza poiché risulta la terza tratta stradale a maggior costo sociale di tutta la rete provinciale. La sperimentazione ha previsto due fasi: la prima, in cui è stato condotto il Road Safety Review . La seconda, in cui ogni soggetto ha guidato lungo il tronco stradale, indossando il Mobile Eye-XG, un'innovativa strumentazione eye tracking in grado di tracciare l’occhio umano e i suoi movimenti.

La valutazione della sicurezza degli utenti deboli in prossimita degli attraversamenti pedonali: Il contributo del mobile eye detector

Lo studio effettuato si inserisce all’interno di una collaborazione tra il DICAM e la Provincia di Bologna ed ha come obiettivo l’analisi di sicurezza della SP26 “Valle del Lavino”, poichè risulta la terza tratta stradale a maggior costo sociale di tutta la rete provinciale. Il rapporto di analisi redatto a seguito del Road Safety Review ha infatti evidenziato numerosi deficit in termini di sicurezza dell’infrastruttura, tra cui gli attraversamenti pedonali. Obiettivo specifico della tesi è stato quello di valutare lo stato attuale di sicurezza degli attraversamenti pedonali presenti lungo il tracciato stradale in esame, in maniera tale da individuare, sulla base di una correlazione fra l’ubicazione degli attraversamenti stessi e il comportamento degli utenti alla guida dei veicoli, le intersezioni pedonali più gravosi, che per questo, in un piano di riqualifica della tratta stradale, richiederebbero opportuni interventi di adeguamento e messa in sicurezza. Con questa finalità è stata programmata ed eseguita una campagna di prove su strada che ha coinvolto un campione di 10 utenti, aventi determinati requisiti di base, del tutto ignari dell’obiettivo che si voleva perseguire e inesperti del tracciato di prova. La sperimentazione ha previsto l’impiego, fondamentale, di metodologie innovative, quali il V-Box e il Mobile Eye Detector, in grado di tener conto del comportamento degli utenti alla guida: il primo permette di rilevare l’andamento delle velocità dei partecipanti lungo il tracciato, il secondo restituisce il tracciamento del punto di vista del conducente alla guida. A ciascun partecipante è stato richiesto di condurre un veicolo, non di loro proprietà, per l’intero tratto della SP26 posto esame, compreso tra la progressiva 0+000, in comune di Zola Predosa, e la progressiva 19+200, in località Badia (comune di Monte San pietro), in andata e in ritorno per un complessivo di 38,4 km di tracciato da esaminare. Al conducente alla guida è stato richiesto di indossare durante tutta la guida l’occhiale Mobile Eye mentre l’auto di prova è stata dotata della strumentazione V-Box.

Formula Zero: Traduzione trilingue inglese-italiano-spagnolo di un policy statement sulla sicurezza stradale della Federazione Internazionale dell'Automobile (FIA)

The aim of this dissertation is to provide a trilingual translation from English into Italian and from Italian into Spanish of a policy statement from the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) regarding road safety. The document, named “Formula Zero: a strategy for reducing fatalities and injuries on track and road”, was published in June 2000 and involves an approach about road safety inspired by another approach introduced in Sweden called ‘Vision Zero’. This work consists of six sections. The first chapter introduces the main purposes and activities of the Federation, as well as the institutions related to it and Vision Zero. The second chapter presents the main lexical, morphosyntactic and stylistic features of the institutional texts and special languages. In particular, the text contains technical nomenclature of transports and elements of sport language, especially regarding motor sport and Formula One. In the third chapter, the methodology is explained, with all the resources used during the preliminary phase and the translation, including corpora, glossaries, expert consultancy and specialised sites. The fourth chapter focuses on the morphosyntactic and terminology features contained in the text, while the fifth chapter presents the source text and the target texts. The final chapter deals with all the translation strategies that are applied, alongside with all the challenging elements detected. Therefore, the dissertation concludes with some theoretical and practical considerations about the role of inverse translation and English as Lingua Franca (ELF), by comparing the text translated into Spanish to the original in English, using Italian as a lingua franca.

Metodología de evaluación de la seguridad vial en intersecciones basada en el análisis cuantitativo de conflictos entre vehículos

El modo tradicional de estimar el nivel de seguridad vial es el registro de accidentes de tráfico, sin embargo son altamente variables, aleatorios y necesitan un periodo de registro de al menos 3 años. Existen metodologías preventivas en las cuales no es necesario que ocurra un accidente para determinar el nivel de seguridad de una intersección, como lo es la técnica de los conflictos de tráfico, que introduce las mediciones alternativas de seguridad como cuantificadoras del riesgo de accidente. El objetivo general de la tesis es establecer una metodología que permita clasificar el riesgo en intersecciones interurbanas, en función del análisis de conflictos entre vehículos, realizado mediante las variables alternativas o indirectas de seguridad vial. La metodología para el análisis y evaluación temprana de la seguridad en una intersección, estará basada en dos medidas alternativas de seguridad: el tiempo hasta la colisión y el tiempo posterior a la invasión de la trayectoria. El desarrollo experimental se realizó mediante estudios de campo, para la parte exploratoria de la investigación, se seleccionaron 3 intersecciones interurbanas en forma de T donde se obtuvieron las variables que caracterizan los conflictos entre vehículos; luego mediante técnicas de análisis multivariante, se obtuvo los modelos de clasificación del riesgo cualitativo y cuantitativo. Para la homologación y el estudio final de concordancia entre el índice propuesto y el modelo de clasificación, se desarrollaron nuevos estudios de campo en 6 intersecciones interurbanas en forma de T. El índice de riesgo obtenido resulta una herramienta muy útil para realizar evaluaciones rápidas conducentes a estimar la peligrosidad de una intersección en T, debido a lo simple y económico que resulta obtener los registros de datos en campo, por medio de una rápida capacitación a operarios; la elaboración del informe de resultados debe ser por un especialista. Los índices de riesgo obtenidos muestran que las variables originales más influyentes son las mediciones de tiempo. Se pudo determinar que los valores más altos del índice de riesgo están relacionados a un mayor riesgo de que un conflicto termine en accidente. Dentro de este índice, la única variable cuyo aporte es proporcionalmente directo es la velocidad de aproximación, lo que concuerda con lo que sucede en un conflicto, pues una velocidad excesiva se manifiesta como un claro factor de riesgo ya que potencia todos los fallos humanos en la conducción. Una de las principales aportaciones de esta tesis doctoral a la ingeniería de carreteras, es la posibilidad de aplicación de la metodología por parte de administraciones de carreteras locales, las cuales muchas veces cuentan con recursos de inversión limitados para efectuar estudios preventivos, sobretodo en países en vías de desarrollo. La evaluación del riesgo de una intersección luego de una mejora en cuanto a infraestructura y/o dispositivos de control de tráfico, al igual que un análisis antes – después, pero sin realizar una comparación mediante la ocurrencia de accidentes, sino que por medio de la técnica de conflictos de tráfico, se puede convertir en una aplicación directa y económica. Además, se pudo comprobar que el análisis de componentes principales utilizado en la creación del índice de riesgo de la intersección, es una herramienta útil para resumir todo el conjunto de mediciones que son posibles de obtener con la técnica de conflictos de tráfico y que permiten el diagnóstico del riesgo de accidentalidad en una intersección. En cuanto a la metodología para la homologación de los modelos, se pudo establecer la validez y confiabilidad al conjunto de respuestas entregadas por los observadores en el registro de datos en campo, ya que los resultados de la validación establecen que la medición de concordancia de las respuestas entregadas por los modelos y lo observado, son significativas y sugieren una alta coincidencia entre ellos. ABSTRACT The traditional way of estimating road safety level is the record of occurrence of traffic accidents; however, they are highly variable, random, and require a recording period of at least three years. There are preventive methods which do not need an accident to determine the road safety level of an intersection, such as traffic conflict technique, which introduces surrogate safety measures as parameters for the evaluation of accident risks. The general objective of the thesis is to establish a methodology that will allow the classification of risk at interurban intersections as a function of the analysis of conflicts between vehicles performed by means of surrogate road safety variables. The proposal of a methodology for the analysis and early evaluation of safety at an intersection will be based on two surrogate safety measures: the time to collision and the post encroachment time. On the other hand, the experimental development has taken place by means of field studies in which the exploratory part of the investigation selected three interurban T-intersections where the application of the traffic conflict technique gave variables that characterize the conflicts between vehicles; then, using multivariate analysis techniques, the models for the classification of qualitative and quantitative risk were obtained. With the models new field studies were carried out at six interurban Tintersections with the purpose of developing the homologation and the final study of the agreement between the proposed index and the classification model. The risk index obtained is a very useful tool for making rapid evaluations to estimate the hazard of a T-intersection, as well as for getting simply and economically the field data records after a fast training of the workers and then preparing the report of results by a specialist. The risk indices obtained show that the most influential original variables are the measurements of time. It was determined that the highest risk index values are related with greater risk of a conflict resulting in an accident. Within this index, the only variable whose contribution is proportionally direct is the approach speed, in agreement with what happens in a conflict, because excessive speed appears as a clear risk factor at an intersection because it intensifies all the human driving faults. One of the main contributions of this doctoral thesis to road engineering is the possibility of applying the methodology by local road administrations, which very often have limited investment resources to carry out these kinds of preventive studies, particularly in developing countries. The evaluation of the risk at an intersection after an improvement in terms of infrastructure and/or traffic control devices, the same as a before/after analysis, without comparison of accident occurrence but by means of the traffic conflict technique, can become a direct and economical application. It is also shown that main components analysis used for producing the risk index of the intersection is a useful tool for summarizing the whole set of measurements that can be obtained with the traffic conflict technique and allow diagnosing accident risk at an intersection. As to the methodology for the homologation of the models, the validity and reliability of the set of responses delivered by the observers recording the field data could be established, because the results of the validation show that agreement between the observations and the responses delivered by the models is significant and highly coincident.

Do charges to freight trucks and trains in the European Union reflect their social marginal costs? Application to the case of Spain

In the last few years, the European Union (EU) has become greatly concerned about the environmental costs of road transport in Europe as a result of the constant growth in the market share of trucks and the steady decline in the market share of railroads. In order to reverse this trend, the EU is promoting the implementation of additional charges for heavy goods vehicles (HGV) on the trunk roads of the EU countries. However, the EU policy is being criticised because it does not address the implementation of charges to internalise the external costs produced by automobiles and other transport modes such as railroad. In this paper, we first describe the evolution of the HGV charging policy in the EU, and then assess its practical implementation across different European countries. Second, and of greater significance, by using the case study of Spain, we evaluate to what extent the current fees on trucks and trains reflect their social marginal costs, and consequently lead to an allocative-efficient outcome. We found that for the average case in Spain the truck industry meets more of the marginal social cost produced by it than does the freight railroad industry. The reason for this lies in the large sums of money paid by truck companies in fuel taxes, and the subsidies that continue to be granted by the government to the railroads.

Floating car data augmentation based on infrastructure sensors and neural networks

The development of new-generation intelligent vehicle technologies will lead to a better level of road safety and CO2 emission reductions. However, the weak point of all these systems is their need for comprehensive and reliable data. For traffic data acquisition, two sources are currently available: 1) infrastructure sensors and 2) floating vehicles. The former consists of a set of fixed point detectors installed in the roads, and the latter consists of the use of mobile probe vehicles as mobile sensors. However, both systems still have some deficiencies. The infrastructure sensors retrieve information fromstatic points of the road, which are spaced, in some cases, kilometers apart. This means that the picture of the actual traffic situation is not a real one. This deficiency is corrected by floating cars, which retrieve dynamic information on the traffic situation. Unfortunately, the number of floating data vehicles currently available is too small and insufficient to give a complete picture of the road traffic. In this paper, we present a floating car data (FCD) augmentation system that combines information fromfloating data vehicles and infrastructure sensors, and that, by using neural networks, is capable of incrementing the amount of FCD with virtual information. This system has been implemented and tested on actual roads, and the results show little difference between the data supplied by the floating vehicles and the virtual vehicles.

Formulación de incentivos óptimos y viables para la mejora de la seguridad vial en concesiones de carreteras

La evolución de los roles de la Administración y empresas en la prestación de servicios públicos, así como las crecientes restricciones presupuestarias para financiarlos, están propiciando una cada vez mayor utilización del sistema concesional para la financiación y gestión de carreteras. Ante esta situación, cabe cuestionarse si la regulación de las prestaciones a obtener se está introduciendo de forma adecuada en los contratos. Uno de los aspectos más relevantes en este sentido es el relacionado con la seguridad de la infraestructura, sobre el cual la empresa concesionaria tiene capacidad de actuación pero, en un sentido económico estricto, pocos incentivos para mejorarla. Todo ello a pesar de los elevados costes sociales derivados de la accidentalidad. Esta tesis analiza la idoneidad de los indicadores e incentivos de seguridad vial que se vienen aplicando en concesiones de carreteras, encontrándose una gran heterogeneidad e incluso incorrecciones técnicas en su formulación. Además se pone de manifiesto la poca vinculación que tienen con la estructura de costes y beneficios de las actuaciones de mejora de seguridad vial, por lo que su introducción en los contratos resulta anodina. Con el objeto de superar esta situación, en esta tesis se analizan en profundidad los aspectos que intervienen en la formulación de indicadores e incentivos de seguridad vial. De este análisis se deduce la ecuación que liga, por tipología de carretera, el beneficio social derivado del nivel de seguridad de la carretera y el coste para alcanzarlo. A través de esta ecuación se determina el nivel de seguridad óptimo desde el punto de vista económico‐social. La investigación continúa extrapolando métodos de la teoría microeconómica de incentivos al campo de las concesiones de carreteras, a fin de determinar la formulación del incentivo de seguridad vial teóricamente óptimo. Asimismo, la tesis toma en consideración la experiencia en la aplicación práctica de incentivos en concesiones vigentes, realizándose una propuesta para superar las controversias que se están produciendo actualmente en España. Además, se ha simulado la aplicación de la formulación propuesta a diversas concesiones con un doble objetivo: verificar la viabilidad económica de su aplicación y corroborar en qué medida se adecua mejor al óptimo económico‐social. Como resultado, se proponen un indicador y un incentivo concretos que inducen a las concesionarias a orientar su gestión hacia la consecución del nivel de seguridad vial óptimo desde el punto de vista económico‐social, todo ello dentro de un marco de viabilidad presupuestaria. Changes in the roles of Government and the Private Sector in the provision of public services along with the budget constraints to finance them are resulting in an increasing use of the concession system for financing and managing roads. Taking this into account, the question is whether the regulation of quality criteria is being properly introduced in the contracts or not. One of the most important aspects at this respect is the road safety. On the one hand, concessionaires are able to manage this aspect up to a point. On the other hand, from an strict economic point of view, they have little incentive to improve it, despite the high social costs of accidents. This thesis has analyzed the suitability of indicators and incentives usually introduced in road concession contracts, finding high heterogeneity, and even technical inaccuracies on their formulation. It has also been found the lack of connection between these incentives and the costs of measures to improve road safety, therefore they are not expected to fulfil their purpose. In order to overcome this situation, this thesis firstly analyzes in depth the issues involved in the development of road safety indicators and incentives. This analysis yields the equation which links the social benefit derived from the level of road safety and the cost to achieve it. In its turn, through this equation it is possible to meet the optimal road safety level from the socio‐economic point of view. Secondly, this thesis extrapolates microeconomic methods to the field of highway concessions, with the aim of determining the formulation of the optimal road safety incentive. Furthermore, the thesis takes into account the experience in the practical application of incentives on existing concessions, performing a proposal to settle the disputes between concessionaires and the Public Administrations. Finally, the thesis simulates the implementation of the proposed indicator and incentive to real concessions with the aim of verifying the economic feasibility of their application and confirming how they match the socio‐economic optimum. As a result, this thesis proposes an indicator and incentive that induce companies to drive the management of the concession towards achieving the optimal road safety level, all within a framework of the budgetary feasibility.

An ITS architecture specification - The FOTsis project experience

The recent continuous development of Cooperative ITS has resulted in several initiatives which focus on different parts of the Cooperative environment landscape. The FOTsis project focuses on the infrastructure side of the Cooperative environment and will deploy and test 7 services designed to maximise the benefits of the integration of the road operator and infrastructure-based information providers into the ITS environment. This paper describes the current status of the project and focuses on the road safety approach within the project: safety services and safety impact assessment. The outlook on the project's next steps is given in the last section of the paper.

Linear chaos for the Quick-Thinking-Driver model.

In recent years, the topic of car-following has experimented an increased importance in traffic engineering and safety research. This has become a very interesting topic because of the development of driverless cars (Google driverless cars, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_driverless_car). Driving models which describe the interaction between adjacent vehicles in the same lane have a big interest in simulation modeling, such as the Quick-Thinking-Driver model. A non-linear version of it can be given using the logistic map, and then chaos appears. We show that an infinite-dimensional version of the linear model presents a chaotic behaviour using the same approach as for studying chaos of death models of cell growth.

Trends in mortality due to motor vehicle traffic accident injuries between 1987 and 2011 in a Spanish region (Comunitat Valenciana)

Objective: To analyse the time evolution of the rates of mortality due to motor vehicle traffic accidents (MVTA) injuries that occurred among the general population of Comunitat Valenciana between 1987 and 2011, as well as to identify trend changes by sex and age group. Methods: An observational study of annual mortality trends between 1987 and 2011. We studied all deaths due to MVTA injuries that occurred during this period of time among the non-institutionalised population residing in Comunitat Valenciana (a Spanish Mediterranean region that had a population of 5,117,190 inhabitants in 2011). The rates of mortality due to MVTA injuries were calculated for each sex and year studied. These rates were standardised by age for the total population and for specific age groups using the direct method (age-standardised rate – ASR). Joinpoint regression models were used in order to detect significant trend changes. Additionally, the annual percentage change (APC) of the ASRs was calculated for each trend segment, which is reflected in statistically significant joinpoints. Results: For all ages, ASRs decrease greatly in both men and women (70% decrease between 1990 and 2011). In 1990 and 2011, men have rates of 36.5 and 5.2 per 100,000 men/year, respectively. In the same years, women have rates of 8.0 and 0.9 per 100,000 women/year, respectively. This decrease reaches up to 90% in the age group 15–34 years in both men and women. ASR ratios for men and women increased over time for all ages: this ratio was 3.9 in 1987; 4.6 in 1990; and 5.8 in 2011. For both men and women, there is a first significant segment (p < 0.05) with an increasing trend between 1987 and 1989–1990. After 1990, there are 3 segments with a significant decreasing APC (1990–1993, 1993–2005 and 2005–2011, in the case of men; and 1989–1996, 1999–2007 and 2007–2011, in the case of women). Conclusion: The risk of death due to motor vehicle traffic accidents injuries has decreased significantly, especially in the case of women, for the last 25 years in Comunitat Valenciana, mainly as of 2006. This may be a consequence of the road-safety measures that have been implemented in Spain and in Comunitat Valenciana since 2004. The economic crisis that this country has undergone since 2008 may have also been a contributing factor to this decrease. Despite the decrease, ASR ratios for men and women increased over time and it is still a high-risk cause of death among young men. It is thus important that the measures that helped decrease the risk of death are maintained and improved over time.

Segurança rodoviária infantil : conhecimentos e atitudes dos pais na utilização do sistema de retenção no recém-nascido

Enquadramento: A segurança é um direito da criança, que deve ser assegurado pelos pais e sociedade em geral, pois devido à sua vulnerabilidade estão sujeitas a um maior risco de lesões e morte. O transporte seguro de recém-nascidos/crianças em automóveis é uma preocupação, pois os acidentes de viação são a principal causa de mortalidade e morbilidade nesta faixa etária. Nos acidentes rodoviários, o uso correto de um sistema de retenção para crianças (SRC), desde o nascimento, constitui uma forma eficaz de proteção. Objetivos: Caracterizar os conhecimentos e atitudes dos pais no uso do SRC; analisar a influência do processo de aquisição e de informação dos pais sobre o uso do SRC; identificar a relação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas dos pais e o uso de SRC; determinar se os conhecimentos são mediadores das atitudes dos pais na utilização do SRC. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, transversal, descritivo e correlacional, realizado numa amostra não probabilística, por conveniência de 112 pais de recém-nascidos, mães com média de idade de 30,37 anos (Dp=5,63) e pai 33,91 (Dp=6,09). Para recolha de informação utilizou-se um questionário, construído para o efeito, que os pais preencheram 24-48h após o parto durante os meses de março a maio de um centro hospitalar da região norte de Portugal. Resultados: Maioritariamente tinham como escolaridade o ensino secundário e entre 1 a 4 filhos. O SRC fazia parte do ―enxoval‖ do bebé em 54,5% dos participantes, destes, 72,3% já o tinha experimentado no automóvel e pretendiam usá-lo na alta desde a maternidade 97,3%. Contudo, apurou-se que apenas 47,3% o faria de forma adequada, apesar de 83% referir conhecer a legislação e todos reconhecerem que previne lesões em caso de acidente e 67% admitir ter conhecimentos adequados sobre SRC. Concluiu-se haver relação entre os conhecimentos e a idade e a escolaridade das mães, e pelos resultados obtidos, inferimos que melhores conhecimentos conduzem a melhores atitudes na utilização do SRC. Conclusões: Os resultados indicam que os conhecimentos dos pais sobre o uso adequado de SRC continuam insuficientes. Este facto justifica o investimento no ensino, treino e preparação dos pais para a alta segura desde a maternidade, momento particularmente sensível, e que será determinante nas atitudes de promoção da segurança rodoviária das crianças e adolescentes. Palavras-chave: Segurança; Recém-nascido; Sistema de retenção; Conhecimentos; Atitudes.

A statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of FMVSS 301: Fuel System Integrity. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Develop and test messages to deter drinking and driving.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Improvements of methods for determining pre-crash parameters from skid marks. Final report.

Mode of access: Internet.