Re-Reading the Riots: Counter-Conduct in London 2011

The riots that took place in England in August 2011 have widely been described as destructive, senseless and without purpose. This article, taking inspiration from Michel Foucault’s later work on revolt as counter-conduct, argues for a new understanding of how to read political expression and thereby calls for the riots to be thought differently, as a form of counter-conduct. This demands a new appreciation for the possibilities of revolt where spontaneous, impulsive, mundane and non-spectacular events like riots can be construed as political rather than purely criminal. It also opens up possibilities for how we might understand the ethos of the ‘revolting subject’.

Laughter and Humour as Conversational Mind-Reading Displays

Laughter and humor are pervasive phenomena in conversa- tional interactions. This paper argues that they function as displays of mind-reading abilities in social interactions–as suggested by the Analogi- cal Peacock Hypothesis (APH). In this view, they are both social bonding signals and can elevate one’s social status. The relational combination of concepts in humor is addressed. However, it is in the inclusion of context and receiver knowledge, required by the APH view, that it contributes the most to existing theories. Taboo and offensive humor are addressed in terms of costly signaling, and implications for human computer inter- action and some possible routes to solutions are suggested.

U-TRACER® - the use of communication technology in higher education - an information visualization tool for the context of Portuguese public higher education

Information Visualization is gradually emerging to assist the representation and comprehension of large datasets about Higher Education Institutions, making the data more easily understood. The importance of gaining insights and knowledge regarding higher education institutions is little disputed. Within this knowledge, the emerging and urging area in need of a systematic understanding is the use of communication technologies, area that is having a transformative impact on educational practices worldwide. This study focused on the need to visually represent a dataset about how Portuguese Public Higher Education Institutions are using Communication Technologies as a support to teaching and learning processes. Project TRACER identified this need, regarding the Portuguese public higher education context, and carried out a national data collection. This study was developed within project TRACER, and worked with the dataset collected in order to conceptualize an information visualization tool U-TRACER®. The main goals of this study related to: conceptualization of the information visualization tool U-TRACER®, to represent the data collected by project TRACER; understand higher education decision makers perception of usefulness regarding the tool. The goals allowed us to contextualize the phenomenon of information visualization tools regarding higher education data, realizing the existing trends. The research undertaken was of qualitative nature, and followed the method of case study with four moments of data collection.The first moment regarded the conceptualization of the U-TRACER®, with two focus group sessions with Higher Education professionals, with the aim of defining the interaction features the U-TRACER® should offer. The second data collection moment involved the proposal of the graphical displays that would represent the dataset, which reading effectiveness was tested by end-users. The third moment involved the development of a usability test to the UTRACER ® performed by higher education professionals and which resulted in the proposal of improvements to the final prototype of the tool. The fourth moment of data collection involved conducting exploratory, semi-structured interviews, to the institutional decision makers regarding their perceived usefulness of the U-TRACER®. We consider that the results of this study contribute towards two moments of reflection. The challenges of involving end-users in the conceptualization of an information visualization tool; the relevance of effective visual displays for an effective communication of the data and information. The second relates to the reflection about how the higher education decision makers, stakeholders of the U-TRACER® tool, perceive usefulness of the tool, both for communicating their institutions data and for benchmarking exercises, as well as a support for decision processes. Also to reflect on the main concerns about opening up data about higher education institutions in a global market.

Narrative Personae and Visual Signs: Reading Leonard’s intimate photo-memoir. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies.

: In this paper, I look at Joanne Leonard’s Being in Pictures and engage in a critical dialogue with an assemblage of visual and textual narratives that comprise her intimate photo memoir. In doing this I draw on Hannah Arendt’s take on narratives as tangible traces of uniqueness and plurality, political traits par excellence in the cultural histories of the human condition. Being aware of my role as a reader/viewer/interpreter of a woman artist’s auto/biographical narratives, I move beyond dilemmas of representation or questions of unveiling “the real Leonard”. The artist is instead configured as a narrative persona, whose narratives respond to three interrelated themes of inquiry, namely the visualization of spatial technologies, vulnerability and the gendering of memory. Key words: gendered memories, narrative persona, spatial technologies, photo memoir, vulnerability

Transportations of space, time and self: The role of therapeutic reading groups in managing mental distress in the community.

Background The practice of reading and discussing literature in groups is long established, stretching back into classical antiquity (Fischer, 2004). While benefits of therapeutic reading groups have been highlighted, research into participants’ perceptions of these groups has been limited (Walwyn & Rowley, 2011). Aims To explore the experiences of those attending therapeutic reading groups, considering the role of both the group, and the literature itself, in participants’ ongoing experiences of distress. Method Eleven participants were recruited from two reading groups in the South East of England. One focus group was run, and eight individuals self selected for individual interviews. The data were analysed together using a thematic analysis drawing on dialogical theories. Results Participants described the group as an anchor, which enabled them to use fiction to facilitate the discussion of difficult emotional topics, without referring directly to personal experience. Two aspects of this process are explored in detail: the use of narratives as transportation, helping to mitigate the intensity of distress; and using fiction to explore possibilities, alternative selves and lives. Conclusions For those who are interested and able, reading groups offer a relatively de-stigmatised route to exploring and mediating experiences of distress. Implications in the present UK funding environment are discussed.

Examining how post-secondary L2 readers make use of background knowledge when reading literary texts an exploratory study

Literary texts offer rich opportunities for language learning. However, can second language (L2) learners fully understand L2 literary texts? According to Bernhardt (2001):"the act of reading in a second language is extremely tricky -- is even trickier with literary texts that are inherently ambiguous, full of metaphor and intertextual relations to texts to which the readers have no access" (p.198). In other words, L2 readers are often poorly equipped grammatically, linguistically and culturally to cope with literary texts in which it might be difficult to recognize figurative language, to comprehend metaphors, to identify underlying cultural assumptions and above all to think critically while navigating those complexities. Therefore, during the reading process, L2 readers encounter gaps in the text which necessarily compel them to use whatever background knowledge they possess in order to create meaning. The purpose of this research is to see exactly how post-secondary L2 readers use their existing background knowledge to understand literary texts and what they do when confronted with text passages for which they lack such knowledge.

Cognitive processes underlying reading and naming deficits in dyslexic readers

In addition to phonological deficits, difficulties at the level of the visual recognition system (i. e. , the mechanisms that could affect the induction of orthographic representations or the connection of visual to lexical codes) constitute potential sources of the poor reading and visual naming that characterize dyslexia.

The relationship between rapid automatized naming and reading performance: a meta-analysis

O estudo científico dos correlatos cognitivos da aquisição e desenvolvimento da competência de leitura é um assunto de grande relevância quer teórica quer prática, no sentido em que pode ajudar a compreender os processos cognitivos básicos envolvidos na leitura e, em última instância, a delinear os seus preditores e a predizer dificuldades na sua aquisição. A par da consciência fonológica – capacidade para perceber e manipular as unidades de som –, um dos construtos que frequentemente tem sido associado ao desenvolvimento da competência de leitura é a velocidade de nomeação de estímulos visuais (também conhecida como nomeação rápida automatizada ou velocidade de acesso ao léxico). Tradicionalmente, esta capacidade tem sido avaliada recorrendo ao paradigma clássico das provas de nomeação rápida automatizada (RAN) desenvolvidas por Denckla e Rudel (1976), nas quais é pedido ao sujeito que nomeie o mais rapidamente possível um conjunto de estímulos familiares apresentados serialmente. Nas últimas décadas, inúmeros estudos vieram demonstrar que a nomeação rápida é um importante preditor da competência de leitura, sobretudo da fluência da leitura, e um défice central em perturbações de leitura como a dislexia. O desempenho numa tarefa de nomeação rápida apela à sincronização e integração de vários processos, incluindo: (a) atenção ao estímulo, (b) integração da informação visual com representações visuais ou ortográficas arquivadas em memória, (c) recuperação de uma etiqueta verbal, e a (d) ativação da representação articulatória (Wolf & Bowers, 1999). Uma vez que a leitura e a nomeação rápida envolvem processos cognitivos semelhantes, não parece surpreendente que ambas as competências estejam associadas. No entanto, os estudos têm variado consideravelmente no que respeita à magnitude da associação entre a nomeação rápida e a leitura, encontrando-se resultados nulos ou negligenciáveis do valor preditivo da nomeação rápida na explicação da variância do desempenho de leitura. Vários fatores podem contribuir para as discrepâncias observadas na literatura, entre os quais as medidas utilizadas para avaliar o desempenho de nomeação rápida (por exemplo, medidas que utilizam estímulos ortográficos ou não-ortográficos) e de leitura (por exemplo, medidas de fluência ou de acuidade). A importância da natureza das medidas quer de nomeação rápida quer de leitura tem sido reconhecida por vários autores (para uma revisão, ver Norton & Wolf, 2011). Paralelamente, as amostras estudadas, que têm variado quanto à idade/escolaridade dos participantes e à sua competência de leitura (leitores normais ou fracos leitores ou leitores disléxicos), poderão estar a contribuir para a heterogeneidade dos resultados publicados. A literatura recente tem salientado a relevância destes fatores na aquisição e desenvolvimento da leitura, embora a direccionalidade do seu efeito seja ainda pouco clara. Por exemplo, a transição de um procedimento de leitura baseado em estratégias de descodificação fonológica para uma leitura automática, à medida que o sujeito se torna um leitor fluente, parece ser acompanhada por uma mudança no peso relativo das capacidades cognitivas subjacentes à leitura (ex., Reis, Faísca, Castro, & Petersson, in press). Outro fator importante que tem dificultado a interpretação dos dados publicados sobre os construtos envolvidos na leitura, e em particular sobre a nomeação rápida, relaciona-se com a consistência ortográfica do sistema de escrita nos quais os estudos são conduzidos. Estudos trans-linguísticos sugerem que a consistência ortográfica influencia a facilidade com que se aprende a ler nas escritas alfabéticas, bem como o tipo de processamento de leitura predominantemente adotado pelos leitores (Seymour, Aro, & Erskine, 2003). No seio deste enquadramento, nesta tese procurámos clarificar as divergências encontradas na literatura relativamente à relação entre a nomeação rápida e o desempenho de leitura. Através de um estudo de meta-análise 1 é nosso objetivo realizar uma síntese objetiva do estado da arte sobre a relação entre a nomeação rápida e a leitura, e avaliar a influência de potenciais fatores moderadores da magnitude desta relação, nomeadamente: (a) a natureza da tarefa de nomeação (tipo de estímulo nomeado, número total de itens, e número de itens diferentes); (b) a natureza da tarefa de leitura (subcomponente de leitura, e medida de resposta usada para avaliar o desempenho); (c) características da amostra (escolaridade e nível de leitura); e (d) ortografia (sistema de escrita, e consistência ortográfica). Para tal, foi realizada uma procura de artigos científicos nas bases de dados PubMed, PsycINFO, e Web of Knowledge, tendo sido incluídas na meta-análise um total de 154 experiências independentes, compreendendo 21,706 participantes. Os resultados indicam uma relação moderada-a-forte entre a nomeação rápida e o desempenho de leitura (r =.44, I2 = 71.19). Nas análises seguintes procurou-se avaliar o contributo de potenciais variáveis moderadoras que possam explicar a heterogeneidade observada entre os tamanhos dos efeitos. Verificou-se que a nomeação rápida se associa significativamente e em magnitude semelhante com todas as medidas de leitura, i.e., quer estas apelem preferencialmente a um processamento de descodificação fonológica ou de reconhecimento de padrões ortográficos da palavra. Os resultados sugerem ainda que a magnitude das correlações é inflacionada nos estudos em que o desempenho de leitura é baseado na velocidade/fluência de leitura, em particular nos níveis de escolaridade mais avançados, e que utilizam tarefas de nomeação com estímulos alfanuméricos ao invés de estímulos não-alfanuméricos. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que a força da associação entre a nomeação rápida e a acuidade de leitura varia de forma não linear durante a evolução da leitura, sendo que a correlação é maior nos leitores escolarizados mais novos e decresce à medida que a escolaridade aumenta. O papel atribuível à proficiência dos leitores, i.e., fracos leitores/leitores disléxicos ou leitores normais, foi menos claro; no entanto, houve uma tendência para a relação ser mais forte nas amostras de fracos leitores/leitores disléxicos. Os resultados das comparações trans-linguísticas, por sua vez, sugerem que a nomeação rápida tem um papel importante para o desempenho da leitura independentemente das características da ortografia, ainda que as correlações tenham sido maiores nas ortografias opacas, e em particular nas línguas não-alfabéticas. Em suma, a presente meta-análise fornece resultados convincentes de que o desempenho em tarefas de nomeação rápida refletirá processos cognitivos subjacentes que são também relevantes para a aquisição/desenvolvimento da leitura. Consequentemente, pode dizer-se que estas medidas serão um preditor útil da competência de leitura. Os resultados são também discutidos no contexto das teorias atuais que procuram explicar através de que processos cognitivos se associam a nomeação rápida e a leitura, com ênfase nas hipóteses fonológica versus ortográfica. 1 Uma meta-análise permite a integração quantitativa de resultados de diversos estudos, recorrendo para isso à noção de magnitude do efeito.

Wanted--readers in South Carolina. Report of the Committee on promotion of reading of the South Carolina Teachers Association

This publication is a report generated by the South Carolina Teachers Association on the state of South Carolinians' reading habits, including reasons why reading levels are low and suggestions on how to improve the availability of reading materials, education, and motivation to read.

Defrauding Daughters Turning Deviant Wives? Reading Female Agency in The Merchant of Venice

Brabantio’s words “Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see:| She has deceived her father, and may thee” ( Othello , 1.3.292–293) warn Othello about the changing nature of female lo yalty and women’s potential for deviancy. Closely examining d aughters caught in the conflict between anxious fathers and husbands-to- be, this article departs from such paranoid male fa ntasy and instead sets out to explore female deviancy in its legal and dramatic implications with reference to Shakespeare ’s The Merchant of Venice . I will argue that Portia’s and Jessica’s struggle to evade male subsidiarity results in their conscio us positioning themselves on the verge of illegality. Besides occa sioning productive exploration of marriage, law and justice within what Morss (2007:183) terms “the dynamics of human desir e and of social institutions,” I argue that female agency, s een as temporary deviancy and/or self-exclusion, reconfigures the ma le domain by affording the inclusion of previous outsiders (Anto nio, Bassanio and Lorenzo) .

'It was as if she had said....': May Sinclair and reading narratives of cure

May Sinclair was one of the most widely read and successful English women novelists of the first half of the twentieth century. She had interests and themes in common with many of those now considered to have been at the heart of English modernism. In terms of formal experimentation too her concerns chime with the aesthetic innovations of, for example, pound, Eliot and Woolf. Her early interest in psychoanalysis and support for the suffrage campaign also mark her out as a modern. Despite some work from feminist literary critics and her partial categorisation as modernist, however, her work still lacks a critical framework within which it can be read. Indeed, some of the work done by feminist critics on her has paradoxically re-marginalised her. In this thesis I aim to provide one critical framework through which Sinclair's work can be read. My contention is that the occluding of one aspect of her work and thought- its movement toward intellectual, emotional and aesthetic wholeness - has marred previous critical readings of her. By paying attention to this through a focus on discourses of cure, this thesis reads Sinclair's work with an awareness of its language, cultural context and intertextual relations. Early twentieth-century medical discourse, psychoanalysis, mysticism, the chivalric and the psychical are all used to read the works. At the same time, my aim is to read Sinclair's work without eliding its difficulties. Rather, I aim to read her in a way that acknowledges the difficulties of and fraught moments in her writing as markers of its significance.

Brain-Based Individual Difference Measures of Reading Skill in Deaf and Hearing Adults

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2015