Dammsäkerhetsguide

Den nya dammsäkerhetslagen (494/2009) trädde i kraft 1.10.2009 och statsrådets förordning om dammsäkerhet (319/2010) 5.5.2010. Denna dammsäkerguide ersätter anvisningarna för dammsäkerhet (Jord- och skogsbruksministeriets publikationer 7/1997) som togs ur bruk 1.10.2009. Dammsäkerhetsguiden är inte bindande för dammens ägare. Avsikten är att komplettera, och att genom exempel och utredningar förklara, det som lagen och förordningen föreskriver. Guiden tar upp dammplanering, bland annat den hydrologiska dimensioneringen och dammens tekniska säkerhetskrav, dammbygge och ibruktagandet samt riskutredningen, dammägarens säkerhetsprogram och dammens underhåll, drift, kontroll samt årlig och återkommande inspektion. Dammar indelas på basis av skadekonsekvenserna i klasserna 1, 2 och 3. Klassificering krävs inte om dammsäkerhetsmyndigheten anser att dammen inte medför fara. Ägaren till en klassificerad damm skall utarbeta ett kontrollprogram som lämnas in till dammsäkerhetsmyndigheten för godkännande. I syfte att klargöra den skaderisk som dammen medför ska ägaren till en klass 1-damm göra en utredning om den skaderisk för människor och egendom samt miljön som dammen medför. Dammsäkerhetsmyndigheten kan besluta att en riskutredning ska göras också för andra än klass 1-dammar, om detta behövs för att klassificera en damm. Dammägaren ska göra upp en plan för åtgärder vid en olycka eller störningar vid en klass 1-damm. Säkerhetsprogrammet för en damn ska innehålla en redogörelse för dammägarens egen beredskap i ovan nämnda situationer. Räddningsmyndigheten bedömer från fall till fall behovet av en åtgärdsplan enligt räddningslagen. Dammens ägare ska till dammsäkerhetsmyndighetens datasystem lämna de uppgifter som avses i dammsäkerhetsförordningen. Dammsäkerhetsmyndigheten och dammägaren ska för varje klassificerad damm förvara uppdaterade utskrifter ur datasystemet samt andra handlingar som är av betydelse med tanke på dammsäkerheten på så sätt att de är lättillgängliga vid eventuella störningar.

New families of highly efficient, halogen-free flame retardants for polypropylene (PP)

The driving forces for current research of flame retardants are increased fire safety in combination with flame retardant formulations that fulfill the criteria of sustainable production and products. In recent years, important questions about the environmental safety of antimony, and in particular, brominated flame retardants have been raised. As a consequence of this, the current doctoral thesis work describes efforts to develop new halogen-free flame retardants that are based on various radical generators and phosphorous compounds. The investigation was first focused on compounds that are capable of generating alkyl radicals in order to study their role on flame retardancy of polypropylene. The family of azoalkanes was selected as the cleanest and most convenient source of free alkyl radicals. Therefore, a number of symmetrical and unsymmetrical azoalkanes of the general formula R-N=N-R’ were prepared. The experimental results show that in the series of different sized azocycloalkanes the flame retardant efficacy decreased in the following order: R = R´= cyclohexyl > cyclopentyl > cyclobutyl > cyclooctanyl > cyclododecanyl. However, in the series of aliphatic azoalkanes compounds, the efficacy decreased as followed: R = R´= n-alkyl > tert-butyl > tert-octyl. The most striking difference in flame retardant efficacy was observed in thick polypropylene plaques of 1 mm, e.g. azocyclohexane (AZO) had a much better flame retardant performance than did the commercial reference FR (Flamestab® NOR116) in thick PP sections. In addition, some of the prepared azoalkane flame retardants e.g. 4’4- bis(cyclohexylazocyclohexyl) methane (BISAZO) exhibited non-burning dripping behavior. Extrusion coating experiments of flame retarded low density polyethylene (LDPE) onto a standard machine finished Kraft paper were carried out in order to investigate the potential of azoalkanes in multilayer facings. The results show that azocyclohexane (AZO) and 4’4-bis (cyclohexylazocyclohexyl) methane (BISAZO) can significantly improve the flame retardant properties of low density polyethylene coated paper already at 0.5 wt.% loadings, provided that the maximum extrusion temperature of 260 oC is not exceeded and coating weight is kept low at 13 g/m2. In addition, various triazene-based flame retardants (RN1=N2-N3R’R’’) were prepared. For example, polypropylene samples containing a very low concentration of only 0.5 wt.% of bis- 4’4’-(3’3’-dimethyltriazene) diphenyl ether and other triazenes passed the DIN 4102-1 test with B2 classification. It is noteworthy that no burning dripping could be detected and the average burning times were very short with exceptionally low weight losses. Therefore, triazene compounds constitute a new and interesting family of radical generators for flame retarding of polymeric materials. The high flame retardant potential of triazenes can be attributed to their ability to generate various types of radicals during their thermal decomposition. According to thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/MS analysis, triazene units are homolytically cleaved into various aminyl, resonance-stabilized aryl radicals, and different CH fragments with simultaneous evolution of elemental nitrogen. Furthermore, the potential of thirteen aliphatic, aromatic, thiuram and heterocyclic substituted organic disulfide derivatives of the general formula R-S-S-R’ as a new group of halogen-free flame retardants for polypropylene films have been investigated. According to the DIN 4102- 1 standard ignitibility test, for the first time it has been demonstrated that many of the disulfides alone can effectively provide flame retardancy and self-extinguishing properties to polypropylene films at already very low concentrations of 0.5 wt.%. For the disulfide family, the highest FR activity was recorded for 5’5’-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid). Very low values for burning length (53 mm) and burning time (10 s) reflect significantly increased fire retardant performance of this disulfide compared to other compounds in this series as well as to Flamestab® NOR116. Finally, two new, phosphorus-based flame retardants were synthesized: P’P-diphenyl phosphinic hydrazide (PAH) and melamine phenyl phosphonate (MPhP). The DIN 4102-1 test and the more stringent UL94 vertical burning test (UL94 V) were used to assess the formulations ability to extinguish a flame once ignited. A very strong synergistic effect with azoalkanes was found, i.e. in combination with these radical generators even UL94 V0 rate could be obtained.

Livets källa kärleken : hälsans urkraft

This basic research focuses on the ethos of health and the human being's becoming in health. The theoretical perspective consists of the caring tradition within caring science developed at Åbo Akademy University. The aim of the present doctoral thesis is to uncover a new understanding as well as to deepen and attain a more nuanced understanding of the ethos of health, the essence of health, by penetrating to the core of what gives the human being the strength for experiencing a becoming in health. The research questions are as follows: l) What is the human being's source of strength? and 2) What reveals the source of strength so that the human being can perceive it and dedicate its strength in order to experience a becoming in health? The primary methodology used in the dissertation is hermeneutical. The material consists of the work Kärlekens gerningar by Kierkegaard, texts from focused interviews with respondents who have lived through severe personal suffering, as well as the book Det bländande mörkret by Wikström. These texts are interpreted through hermeneutical reading. The new horizon of understanding that emerges is reflected towards Eriksson's caritative theory, towards prior research within the tradition of caring science at Åbo Akademy University and towards previous national and international studies within this field. The new understanding shows that the human being's source of strength is love, the essence and origin of life. The substance of health is love, which, through the trinity of faith, hope and love, also makes possible the existence of the source of strength. Love has a deeper dignity than faith and hope, is connected with eternity and is the uniting link between temporality and eternity. The human being's inner longing entails an ontological attraction towards the source of strength. This source of strength is hidden, which provides and maintains its force, like a mystery connected with the darkness of suffering that hides the secret representing the source of strength, life's mystery, bu t w hi ch is revealed in both the darkness of suffering and in the light of joy. The dedication of strength requires freedom, willingness and courage to see the light, despite awareness of shame and guilt. Creative acts liberate the human being for the dedication of strength, which is preceded by a holy presence where, in solitude, the human being makes sacrifices for the sake of his or her human smallness and weakness, and allows himself or herself to be enclosed by the darkness of suffering to discover the light from the source. This entails being enraptured in a quiet "doing" in order to experience the beauty that bears witness to the holy which creates unity. The source of strength is revealed through beauty. The ethos of the human being and the ethos of health have the same fundamental substance, whilst the ethos of life possesses the deepest dimension and concerns the mysterious and infinite eternity. The ethos of life, eternity, which is a wellspring of strength, is not in itself strength-giving unless it is allied with love. Health can be understood in the light of life, of which death is an inevitable part. Life itself constitutes and creates the source which, through its alliance with eternity' s primordial wellspring of strength, generates strength from which the human being's source of strength, love, receives its eternal fervour. The human being is fundamentally interconnected with an abstract other, the first love, a universal wellspring of strength. Through Communion with this abstract other a dedication of the strength to experience a becoming in health becomes possible. Love for one's neighbour is the fundamental substance in the movement of becoming in health. Becoming in health presupposes a simultaneous movement in which the human being practices the human calling through ethos. As one loves one's neighbour through actions the still forces of eternity are in motion. When life emerges in the foreground and becomes the home of the human being, a dedication of the power of love is possible. Life itself determines the human being's becoming in health. A humble fundamental attitude towards life constitutes the basis for a continuous dedication of vitality from this source.

Intensification of hemicellulose hot-water extraction from spruce wood by parameter tuning

The growing population on earth along with diminishing fossil deposits and the climate change debate calls out for a better utilization of renewable, bio-based materials. In a biorefinery perspective, the renewable biomass is converted into many different products such as fuels, chemicals, and materials, quite similar to the petroleum refinery industry. Since forests cover about one third of the land surface on earth, ligno-cellulosic biomass is the most abundant renewable resource available. The natural first step in a biorefinery is separation and isolation of the different compounds the biomass is comprised of. The major components in wood are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, all of which can be made into various end-products. Today, focus normally lies on utilizing only one component, e.g., the cellulose in the Kraft pulping process. It would be highly desirable to utilize all the different compounds, both from an economical and environmental point of view. The separation process should therefore be optimized. Hemicelluloses can partly be extracted with hot-water prior to pulping. Depending in the severity of the extraction, the hemicelluloses are degraded to various degrees. In order to be able to choose from a variety of different end-products, the hemicelluloses should be as intact as possible after the extraction. The main focus of this work has been on preserving the hemicellulose molar mass throughout the extraction at a high yield by actively controlling the extraction pH at the high temperatures used. Since it has not been possible to measure pH during an extraction due to the high temperatures, the extraction pH has remained a “black box”. Therefore, a high-temperature in-line pH measuring system was developed, validated, and tested for hot-water wood extractions. One crucial step in the measurements is calibration, therefore extensive efforts was put on developing a reliable calibration procedure. Initial extractions with wood showed that the actual extraction pH was ~0.35 pH units higher than previously believed. The measuring system was also equipped with a controller connected to a pump. With this addition it was possible to control the extraction to any desired pH set point. When the pH dropped below the set point, the controller started pumping in alkali and by that the desired set point was maintained very accurately. Analyses of the extracted hemicelluloses showed that less hemicelluloses were extracted at higher pH but with a higher molar-mass. Monomer formation could, at a certain pH level, be completely inhibited. Increasing the temperature, but maintaining a specific pH set point, would speed up the extraction without degrading the molar-mass of the hemicelluloses and thereby intensifying the extraction. The diffusion of the dissolved hemicelluloses from the wood particle is a major part of the extraction process. Therefore, a particle size study ranging from 0.5 mm wood particles to industrial size wood chips was conducted to investigate the internal mass transfer of the hemicelluloses. Unsurprisingly, it showed that hemicelluloses were extracted faster from smaller wood particles than larger although it did not seem to have a substantial effect on the average molar mass of the extracted hemicelluloses. However, smaller particle sizes require more energy to manufacture and thus increases the economic cost. Since bark comprises 10 – 15 % of a tree, it is important to also consider it in a biorefinery concept. Spruce inner and outer bark was hot-water extracted separately to investigate the possibility to isolate the bark hemicelluloses. It was showed that the bark hemicelluloses comprised mostly of pectic material and differed considerably from the wood hemicelluloses. The bark hemicelluloses, or pectins, could be extracted at lower temperatures than the wood hemicelluloses. A chemical characterization, done separately on inner and outer bark, showed that inner bark contained over 10 % stilbene glucosides that could be extracted already at 100 °C with aqueous acetone.

Lignin oxidation by PCD technology

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether commercial Kraft lignin can be treated with pulsed corona discharge apparatus so that it becomes active. Active lignin refers to the kind of lignin that can be precipitated on the surface of a fiber by lowering the pH. A secondary agenda here is to remove the pungent smell of kraft lignin, which is caused by organically bound sulfur. It is expected that the study will identify mild processing conditions and parameters for achievement of the desired outcome. In the literature review, the properties of lignin are explained, as is their impact on any further processing. In addition, a number of processes are described for the oxidation of lignin in a variety of applications. In the experimental part of the study, test runs were conducted to determine the effects of oxygen supply and pulse frequency on oxidation results, where the purpose is to produce reactive lignin and to find a process that is feasible at an industrial scale. Based on the reported experiments, lignin could not be made active or precipitated to the surface of the fiber. Actual changes in the structure of lignin were not observed, but the pungent smell of lignin was removed. The exact reason for this change could not be established because sulfur NMR analysis did not work for the lignin samples.

Efeito do período de maturação de grãos nas propriedades físicas e reológicas de trigo

O trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito do período de maturação de grãos nas propriedades físicas e reológicas da farinha de trigo, avaliado através das determinações de peso do hectolitro, peso de mil grãos, grau de extração, proteínas, cinzas, umidade, cor, número de queda, alveografia, farinografia e amido danificado. Amostras dos genótipos BRS 179, Rubi, Fundacep 30 e Fundacep 51, safra 2006/2007 foram armazenadas em sacos de papel Kraft com 10 kg de trigo, em ambiente com temperatura de 22 °C e umidade relativa do ar de 65-75%. Cada tratamento foi composto por um genótipo e as avaliações realizadas nos tempos 0, 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias de maturação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 4 x 5. Os resultados foram analisados pelo emprego da análise de variância (Anova) e nos modelos significativos pelo teste F, e a comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Com o aumento do período de maturação do trigo a farinha apresentou melhores propriedades físicas e reológicas avaliadas pelas alterações de número de queda, cor, alveografia e farinografia. Os resultados de atividade enzimática, luminosidade, intensidade de amarelo e força geral do glúten se mostraram efetivos na avaliação de propriedades físicas e reológicas, enquanto as avaliações de amido danificado e estabilidade não foram indicadores adequados. O trigo não deve ser comercializado após a colheita, pois apresenta melhoria na classificação comercial, sendo indicado período de maturação de 60 dias. Os genótipos de trigo BRS 179 e Fundacep 51 passaram das classes brando para pão, enquanto o Rubi de pão para melhorador, indicando maior valor tecnológico e comercial com o aumento do período de maturação dos grãos de trigo.

Separation of lignin in Pulp Mill process and its effect on sodium sulphur balance

The aim of this thesis is to define effects of lignin separation process on Pulp mill chemical balance especially on sodium/sulphur-balance. The objective is to develop a simulation model with WinGEMS Process Simulator and use that model to simulate the chemical balances and process changes. The literature part explains what lignin is and how kraft pulp is produced. It also introduces to the methods that can be used to extract lignin from black liquor stream and how those methods affect the pulping process. In experimental part seven different cases are simulated with the created simulation model. The simulations are based on selected reference mill that produces 500 000 tons of bleached air-dried (90 %) pulp per year. The simulations include the chemical balance calculation and the estimated production increase. Based on the simulations the heat load of the recovery boiler can be reduced and the pulp production increased when lignin is extracted. The simulations showed that decreasing the waste acid stream intake from the chlorine dioxide plant is an effective method to control the sulphidity level when about 10 % of lignin is extracted. With higher lignin removal rates the in-mill sulphuric acid production has been discovered to be a better alternative to the sulphidity control.

Armazenamento a vácuo de semente de milho doce

Para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de embalagens e ambientes sobre a qualidade de semente de milho doce armazenadas por um período de 18 meses, foram testadas três tipos de embalagens : papel tipo kraft trifoliado, embalagem plástica e acondicionamento a vácuo (0,1 atm). No caso da embalagem de papel, parte das sementes recebeu tratamento com fungicida e inseticidas. Para as sementes acondicionadas em embalagens impermeáveis, foram testados dois níveis de umidade de semente para o armazenamento: 8,0% e 11,0%. As sementes foram armazenadas sob condição de câmara refrigerada ou armazém convencional, tendo sua qualidade avaliada pelos testes de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência, teste de frio, alterações nos sistemas enzimáticos ADH e MDH e teste de sanidade. Verificou-se que a condição de câmara refrigerada é a mais eficiente para a preservação da qualidade fisiológica de semente de milho doce, condição na qual o acondicionamento de sementes tratadas em embalagem de papel ou plástico foram os métodos mais eficientes para a preservação. Para o armazenamento em condições de ambiente natural, o acondicionamento a vácuo ou em embalagem plástica assegura menores reduções na qualidade fisiológica da semente após 18 meses. A incidência dos fungos Fusarium moniliforme e Aspergillus sp., em câmara refrigerada, e Aspergillus sp., em armazém convencional, é favorecida, independente do tipo de embalagem no armazenamento de semente de milho doce não tratadas com fungicida.

Armazenamento de sementes de ipê-branco e ipê-roxo em diferentes embalagens e ambientes

O armazenamento em condições ideais é de fundamental importância para a conservação da qualidade fisiológica de um lote de sementes. Nesse trabalho procurou-se identificar a condição adequada para o armazenamento de sementes de ipê-branco (Tabebuia roseo-alba (Ridl.) Sand.) e de ipê-roxo (Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart.) Standl.), bem como avaliar métodos para estimar alterações na viabilidade e no vigor dessas sementes. Diferentes grupos de sementes foram acondicionados em saco de polietileno, saco de papel Kraft e lata e armazenados por até 300 dias em condições de laboratório, geladeira e câmara refrigerada. No início do armazenamento e a cada 60 dias, determinaram-se o teor de água, a porcentagem e a velocidade de germinação e a condutividade elétrica da solução de embebição das sementes. A melhor condição para conservação de sementes de T. roseo-alba e T. impetiginosa foi obtida com o acondicionamento em lata e manutenção em geladeira. Sementes de T. impetiginosa também podem ser conservadas embaladas em saco de polietileno, saco de papel ou lata quando estocadas em câmara refrigerada. Alterações no vigor de sementes dessas espécies são primeiramente identificadas pela redução da velocidade de germinação.

Germinação e armazenamento de sementes de Albizia hasslerii (Chod.) Burkart.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi de analisar o efeito combinado das temperaturas e dos tratamentos pré-germinativos na germinação das sementes de farinha seca (Albizia hasslerii (Chod.) Burkart.). Foram realizados 2 experimentos. No primeiro as sementes receberam os seguintes tratamentos pré-germinativos: imersão em H2SO4 PA por 10 minutos, H2SO4 20 minutos, GA3 150 mg.L-1 por 24 horas, água quente 5 minutos, água natural por 24 horas, e a testemunha, sem tratamento. No segundo experimento, as sementes foram divididas em dois lotes, um lote foi semeado logo após a colheita e o outro foi embalado em papel Kraft e armazenado por 90, 180 e 270 dias em condições de câmara fria e em temperatura ambiente. As sementes receberam os seguintes tratamentos pré-germinativos: imersão em H2SO4 PA por 20 minutos, em água natural por 24 horas, e a testemunha. A incubação ocorreu nas temperaturas de 18, 25 e 30ºC, 20-30ºC, e em casa de vegetação. Os experimentos foram realizados em DIC, sendo o primeiro em esquema fatorial de 6 x 5 e o segundo em fatorial de 3 x 5 x 4, ambos com 4 repetições de 20 sementes. O tratamento de imersão em H2SO4 por 20 minutos apresentou os maiores valores para todas as características avaliadas. As sementes armazenadas por 90 dias em câmara fria apresentaram germinação superior a 50% sem nenhum tratamento pré-germinativo e em qualquer temperatura de incubação. As plântulas provenientes de sementes armazenadas em câmara fria são mais vigorosas.

Effect of storage period on isoflavone content and physiological quality of conventional and transgenic soybean seeds

The objective in this research was to evaluate the isoflavone content and the physiological quality of seed from conventional and transgenic soybean cultivars before and after 180 days of storage. Twenty one soybean cultivars: CD 202, CD 206, CD 208, CD 213RR, CD 214RR, CD 215, CD 216, CD 217, CD 218, CD 221, BRS 184, BRS 185, BRS 214, BRS 244RR, BRS 245RR, BRS 246RR, BRS 255, BRS 257, BRS 258, BRS 261 and BRS 262, grown in the 2005/2006 crop season, were assayed. The seeds were packed in Kraft paper bags and stored at room temperature under laboratory conditions. Seeds were evaluated with respect to their germination and vigor (first germination count, accelerated aging and tetrazolium test) and their total isoflavone contents and respective aglycon forms (daidzein, genistein and glycitein),glycosides (daidzine, genistine and glycitine) and malonyl conjugates. A completely randomized block design with six replications with the treatments set out within a subplot scheme (21 cultivars x 2 storage periods) was used. The F-test was used to compare means between storage periods and the Scott-Knott test to compare cultivars for each storage period, both with a 95% probability. It was concluded that isoflavone contents differ between cultivars and show a distinct behavior throughout storage.

Reserve mobilization during imbibition of stored Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. (Leguminosae - Papilionoideae) seeds

Gliricidia sepium is a drought-tolerant species, easily multiplied by seeds, and has been exploited by farmers as a source of forage in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of seed storage on the mobilization of reserves during imbibition of "Gliricidia" seeds. Freshly-harvested seeds were packed in kraft paper bags and stored for three and six months in the laboratory under ambient conditions (25 º C ± 3 T and 75% ± 3 RH). Cotyledons were isolated from imbibed seeds and macerated for the extraction and quantification of total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, sucrose and starch, as well as of proteins, amino acids and for amylase activity. Storage under these conditions resulted in an increase in seed water content although germination remained at relatively high levels (86%). Seed macromolecule levels showed significant variation with the storage period and imbibition and these variations were associated with a loss in seed viability due to inadequate storage conditions.

Teste de condutividade elétrica na avaliação de sementes de girassol armazenadas sob diferentes temperaturas

A deterioração é um dos grandes problemas do armazenamento de sementes, principalmente das oleaginosas. Estudos recentes têm evidenciado que a eficiência do teste de condutividade elétrica pode ser influenciada pela temperatura de armazenamento das sementes. Este fato sugere que a deterioração da semente, principalmente em baixas temperaturas de armazenamento, pode não estar relacionada diretamente com a perda da integridade das membranas celulares. Para investigar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas de armazenamento sobre os resultados do teste de condutividade elétrica em sementes de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), sementes dos híbridos Helio 250 e Helio 251 foram embaladas em papel Kraft multifoliado e armazenadas nas temperaturas: 10 e 25 °C (constante) e 25 °C por seis meses e depois transferidas para 10 ºC até o final do período de armazenamento, sendo que a cada três meses, num total de doze meses, a qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pelos testes de germinação, emergência de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica. Também foi determinado o teor de água das sementes. O teste de condutividade elétrica não é eficiente na detecção do processo de deterioração em sementes de girassol armazenadas sob baixa temperatura.

Teste de raios X na avaliação da qualidade de sementes de mamona

O crescente interesse pelo uso de combustíveis renováveis nos últimos anos fez com que culturas oleaginosas, como a mamona, se tornassem importante objeto de estudo. No entanto, para a instalação de campos desta cultura, é imprescindível o uso de sementes de alta qualidade. O objetivo da pesquisa contida neste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência do teste de raios X na avaliação da qualidade de sementes de mamona após a colheita e armazenamento. Três lotes de sementes da cv. 'IAC-2028' (provenientes, respectivamente, dos racemos primário, secundário e terciário) e dois lotes da cv. 'Guarani' (lotes comerciais com sementes de todos os racemos misturados) foram avaliados de acordo com a morfologia interna pelo teste de raios X, na intensidade de 20 kV por 60 segundos de exposição. Posteriormente, as sementes radiografadas foram submetidas ao teste de germinação de modo a relacionar a morfologia interna das sementes com as respectivas plântulas normais, anormais ou sementes mortas. Após seis meses de armazenamento acondicionadas em sacos de papel Kraft, em condições não controladas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, amostras dessas sementes foram novamente avaliadas pelo teste de raios X. O teste de raios X é eficiente para avaliar a morfologia interna das sementes e seus reflexos no potencial fisiológico.

Storage of Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bureau seeds in different packaging and temperatures

Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.) Bureau, commonly known as Silver Trumpet Tree is a forestal species, belonging to Bignoniaceae family, which can be utilized as medicinal plant or in landscaping of urban and rural areas; besides producing large mechanical resistance wood. Despite its wide use and ecological importance, basic studies on storages of their seeds are scarce. This way, the objective of this study was to determine the most adequate packaging and the best temperatures, for storing seeds of T. caraiba. For this, seeds were stored in two types of packaging: Kraft paper bags and transparent polyethylene bags; which were then stored during 150 days under three different environments: laboratory normal environment (25±2 °C); cold chamber (8±2 °C); and refrigerator (6±2 °C). After periods of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days, seed moisture content, percentage of emergence, emergence speed index, and seedling length were evaluated. Seeds of T. caraiba kept in packaging of paper and polyethylene bags and stored at laboratory environmental condition, have lost more quickly their vigor along the storage period. For storage, it is recommended the maintenance of T. caraiba seeds in polyethylene bags into cold chamber; and/or polyethylene bags or Kraft paper bags into refrigerator.