Öffentliche Fachstellen zur Förderung der Gleichstellung von Frau und Mann in der Schweiz

Zur Realisierung der Gleichstellung von Frau und Mann sind institutionelle Mechanismen unabdingbar. Der Artikel zeigt die Entwicklung und den aktuellen Stand der öffentlichen Fachstellen zur Föderung der Gleichstellung in der Schweiz auf und geht – untermauert mit verschiedenen Beispielen aus der Praxis – auf die Zusammenarbeit verschiedener Akteurinnen und Akteure ein. Das kulturelle und politische Umfeld für die Förderung von Gleichstellung unterscheidet sich stark zwischen den Kantonen und Regionen. Dies wird am Beispiel von familienergänzender Kinderbetreuung und Ressourcen für die Gleichstellungsarbeit illustriert

Die Schweiz anderswo - La Suisse ailleurs

Kurztext Gegenwärtig leben über 732 000 Schweizer Bürgerinnen und Bürger im Ausland, mehr als jede zehnte Person mit Schweizer Pass. Die Beiträge gehen den Fragen nach, inwiefern die erst seit dem 20. Jahrhundert so bezeichneten «Auslandschweizer» als wirtschaftliche «Brückenköpfe» dienten, inwiefern ihre kommunikativen Netzwerke kulturelle Transfers bewirkten und Formen des Wissensaustausches begünstigten oder welchen Beitrag umgekehrt die (ehemaligen) Auslandschweizerinnen und Auslandschweizer zu Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft, Sozialpolitik und Kultur in der Schweiz leisteten. Sie befassen sich aber auch mit der historischen Konstruktion der Bevölkerung als einer neuen politischen Kategorie. Nicht nur für die Neuzeit ist zu fragen, mit welchen Politiken und Massnahmen Obrigkeit, Behörden, Staat und Verwaltung die eigene Population konstituierten und festigten und sie je nachdem über die bestehenden (nationalstaatlichen) Grenzen hinweg ausdehnten. Plus de 732 000 citoyennes et citoyens suisses vivent actuellement à l’étranger, soit plus d’une personne sur dix titulaires du passeport helvétique. Les contributions rassemblées interrogent dans quelle mesure les «Suisses de l’étranger» – désignés ainsi à partir du 20e siècle seulement – ont servi de relais pour le commerce extérieur, ainsi que dans quelle mesure leurs réseaux de communication ont contribué aux transferts culturels et favorisé des formes d’échange du savoir ou, à l’inverse, quels sont les apports des (anciens) Suisses de l’étranger dans les domaines de l’économie, de la science, de la politique sociale et de la culture lors de leur retour en Suisse. Les contributions portent également sur la construction historique de la population en tant que nouvelle catégorie politique. La question de savoir à travers quelles politiques et mesures l’autorité, les pouvoirs publics, l’Etat et l’administration ont constitué et consolidé leur propre population et, suivant les cas, l’ont étendu au-delà des frontières (nationales) existantes concerne autant l’époque contemporaine que les périodes antérieures.

Im Auge des Hurrikans

Im Dreissigjährigen Krieg wurde die Schweiz zum Auge des Hurrikans. Aus einer grenzüberschreitenden Perspektive betrachten die Autoren des Bandes die damalige politische und kulturelle Dynamik. Diplomatie und Militärunternehmertum im Dienst europäischer Mächte eröffneten den eidgenössischen Machteliten während des langen Krieges attraktive Betätigungsfelder. Die Kunst- und Architekturgeschichte sowie die Bibliotheksgeschichte bestätigen die transnationale Verflechtung der Eidgenossenschaft. Frühbarocke Architektur und zeitgenössische Porträtmalerei waren für die Selbstdarstellung und Kunstpatronage der eidgenössischen Eliten zentral. Die eidgenössischen Eliten waren Teil der Gelehrten-Netzwerke Europas, die die reformierte Eidgenossenschaft prominent im Zentrum des internationalen Protestantismus situieren wollten. Herausgegeben von André Holenstein, Professor für ältere Schweizer Geschichte an der Universität Bern, und Georg von Erlach, Präsident der Stiftung Schloss Spiez. Mit Beiträgen von Andrea Arnold, Barbara Egli, Claudia Engler, Norbert Furrer, Randolph C. Head, André Holenstein, Peter Niederhäuser, Philippe Rogger, Barbara Schmid, Jürg Schweizer, Andreas Würgler.

A Word. Palaver and Its Transferal Residues

The word 'palaver' is colloquially associated with useless verbiage and the nuisance of a tediously long, aimless and superfluous debate. At the same time, it insinuates an uncivilized culture of discourse beyond reason. Thus it appears to be of vaguely exotic origin but still firmly set in the European lexicon. Yet behind this contemporary meaning there lies a long history of linguistic and cultural transfers which is encased in a context of different usages of language and their intersections. By tracing the usage and semantics of 'palaver' in various encyclopaedias, glossaries and dictionaries of English, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish, the following article explores the rich history of this word. Moreover, it also regards the travelling semantics of the term 'palaver' as a process of cultural transfer that can be likened to the microcellular workings of a (retro)virus. Viral reproduction and evolution work through processes of transfer that enable the alteration of the host to adjust it to the replication and reproduction of the virus. In some cases, these processes also allow for the mutation or modification of the virus, making it suitable for transfer from one host to another. The virus is thus offered here as a vital model for cultural transfer: It not only encompasses the necessary adoption and adaption of contents or objects of cultural transfer in different contexts. It contributes to a conceptual understanding of the transferal residue that the transferred content is endowed with by its diversifying contexts. This model thereby surpasses an understanding of cultural transfer as literal translation or transmission: it conceptualizes cultural transfer as an agent of evolutionary processes, allowing for mutational effects of transfer as endowment.

Katholische Reform als soziale Praxis. Handlungslogiken eines Churer Bischofs im 17. Jahrhundert

Glaubt man dem päpstlichen Nuntius in der Schweiz, so war der Churer Bischof Johann VI. Flugi von Aspermont (1636–1661) alles andere als ein vorbildlicher Bischof: Er erbaue riesige Paläste, häufe für sich und seine Familie ein beträchtliches Vermögen an und betreibe Handel mit den für zukünftige Priester vorgesehenen Studienplätzen. Damit missachte er die Beschlüsse des Konzils von Trient (1545–1563), gemäss denen ein Bischof als geistlicher Oberhirte sein Handeln ausschliesslich in den Dienst der kirchlich-religiösen Erneuerung zu stellen habe. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass die vom Nuntius kritisierten Praktiken mit einer tridentinischen Gesinnung nicht nur vereinbar waren, sondern paradoxerweise eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung für die katholische Reform im Bistum Chur darstellten. Um dies besser zu verstehen, werden diese Praktiken vor dem Hintergrund der sozialen Handlungslogiken frühneuzeitlicher Individuen beschrieben und beurteilt. Akteure wie der Churer Bischof verdankten ihre soziale Stellung einem einflussreichen Familienverband, dessen Sozial- und Ehrkapital es zu mehren galt. Soziales Prestige wiederum ermöglichte die Etablierung von Loyalitätsbeziehungen (Patron-Klient-Verhältnisse), über die sich letztlich Einfluss auf politische und kulturelle Entwicklungen nehmen liess. Fehlte, wie im Bistum Chur, die institutionelle und materielle Machtgrundlage für eine kompromisslose Durchsetzung von Reformen, so waren solche Mechanismen der gesellschaftlichen Verflechtung auch für kirchliche Akteure umso wertvoller.

Institutionelle Regeln oder politische Kultur? Faktoren der parlamentarischen Mitgliederfluktuation in der Schweiz

Die Frage, ob es institutionelle Regeln oder Merkmale der politischen Kultur sind, die den personellen Wechsel in Parlamenten erklären, wird auf subnationaler Ebene für alle 26 kantonalen Legislativen der Schweiz für den Zeitraum zwischen 1960 und 2012 untersucht. Die Befunde zeigen, dass sowohl institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen als auch kulturelle Merkmale bedeutende Beiträge zur Erklärung der kantonalen Unterschiede der Parlamentsfluktuation bieten. Während Massnahmen wie die Senkung der Anzahl Parlamentsmandate und die Amtszeitbeschränkung einen direkten und starken Einfluss auf die Fluktuationsrate haben, erweisen sich die Höhe der finanziellen Vergütungen und institutionelle Regeln zur Stärkung des Parlaments gegenüber der Exekutive ohne nachhaltigen Einfluss. Langfristige politisch-kulturelle Merkmale wie die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Sprachraum sind mindestens ebenso wichtig wie einzelne institutionelle Arrangements. Als relativ unbedeutend zur Erklärung der kantonalen Niveauunterschiede parlamentarischer Mitgliederfluktuation erweisen sich sozioökonomische und demographische Faktoren – mit Ausnahme des Urbanisierungsgrads.

Tschernobyl 1986 – ein ganz normaler Unfall?

In Tschernobyl ereignete sich der erste atomare Super-GAU. Dem Unfall lag eine verblüffende Häufung von Konstruktions-, Organisations- und Bedienungsfehlern zugrunde. Nach der Katastrophe rangierten die Interessen des Staatsschutzes bisweilen vor dem Bevölkerungsschutz. Über die gesundheitlichen Langzeitfolgen des Super-GAUs wird bis heute gestritten. Unstrittig ist allerdings, dass Tschernobyl ins kulturelle Gedächtnis der Menschheit eingegangen ist und bis heute die Debatten über die zivile Nutzung der Kernenergie prägt.

THE DISCHARGED PSYCHIATRIC PATIENT: POST-HOSPITAL ADJUSTMENT AND FACTORS AFFECTING REHOSPITALIZATION

Discharged psychiatric patients were studied six months post-discharge to determine those demographic, social and clinical characteristics affecting positive or negative adjustment and the degree to which the use of mental health services and medication compliance mediated the effects. With the exception of those with primary or secondary diagnoses of OBS, substance abuse or mental retardation, sixty-three psychiatric subjects between the ages of eighteen and sixty-four were chosen from all admissions into the hospital and interviewed six months after discharge using a specially designed questionnaire.^ The subjects' adjustment to community living was found to be marginal. Although not engaged in destructive activities, over half were living with their family members who supported them financially and emotionally. Most were unemployed and had been so for a long time. Others worked sporadically and frequently changed residences. Most did have substantial social ties with extended family and with friends with whom they interacted regularly, but one-fourth were socially isolated. Almost three-quarters continued to obtain regular mental health services after discharge and followed medication instructions under the supervision of their physician. The use of mental health services after discharge and the use of medication did not appear to affect the subjects' community adaption or their rate of rehospitalization.^ Forty percent of those discharged were rehospitalized by the end of the follow-up period. Four levels of risk of rehospitalization emerged. The highest risk was associated with a history of five or more prior hospitalizations, living alone, and social isolation. One third or more of the subjects expressed a need for more counseling, leisure time activities, case-manager assistance, vocational guidance, supervised housing, and placement into a transitional residential treatment program.^ Recommendations were made to enhance the ability to predict recidivism, to develop interorganizational casework management programs linking the patient and family to the community mental health system and to create computerized tracking and monitoring programs that systematically report patient treatment regimen and progress cross-sectionally and longitudinally. ^

Modified 3+3 design for phase I clinical trials

Phase I clinical trial is mainly designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a new drug. Optimization of phase I trial design is crucial to minimize the number of enrolled patients exposed to unsafe dose levels and to provide reliable information to the later phases of clinical trials. Although it has been criticized about its inefficient MTD estimation, nowadays the traditional 3+3 method remains dominant in practice due to its simplicity and conservative estimation. There are many new designs that have been proven to generate more credible MTD estimation, such as the Continual Reassessment Method (CRM). Despite its accepted better performance, the CRM design is still not widely used in real trials. There are several factors that contribute to the difficulties of CRM adaption in practice. First, CRM is not widely accepted by the regulatory agencies such as FDA in terms of safety. It is considered to be less conservative and tend to expose more patients above the MTD level than the traditional design. Second, CRM is relatively complex and not intuitive for the clinicians to fully understand. Third, the CRM method take much more time and need statistical experts and computer programs throughout the trial. The current situation is that the clinicians still tend to follow the trial process that they are comfortable with. This situation is not likely to change in the near future. Based on this situation, we have the motivation to improve the accuracy of MTD selection while follow the procedure of the traditional design to maintain simplicity. We found that in 3+3 method, the dose transition and the MTD determination are relatively independent. Thus we proposed to separate the two stages. The dose transition rule remained the same as 3+3 method. After getting the toxicity information from the dose transition stage, we combined the isotonic transformation to ensure the monotonic increasing order before selecting the optimal MTD. To compare the operating characteristics of the proposed isotonic method and the other designs, we carried out 10,000 simulation trials under different dose setting scenarios to compare the design characteristics of the isotonic modified method with standard 3+3 method, CRM, biased coin design (BC) and k-in-a-row design (KIAW). The isotonic modified method improved MTD estimation of the standard 3+3 in 39 out of 40 scenarios. The improvement is much greater when the target is 0.3 other than 0.25. The modified design is also competitive when comparing with other selected methods. A CRM method performed better in general but was not as stable as the isotonic method throughout the different dose settings. The results demonstrated that our proposed isotonic modified method is not only easily conducted using the same procedure as 3+3 but also outperforms the conventional 3+3 design. It can also be applied to determine MTD for any given TTL. These features make the isotonic modified method of practical value in phase I clinical trials.^

Distribution of marine invertebrate larvae in the southern Kara Sea (Russian Arctic)

Within the generally oligotroph Arctic marine environment river outlets are favoured by many planktonic and benthic organisms due to their high input of organic carbon. The retention of pelagic larvae within nursery grounds and/or the ability to return to their parental grounds prior to settlement is one important factor for the persistence of benthic communities in such river influenced areas. The southern Kara Sea is strongly controlled by high freshwater inputs from the Ob and Yenisei Rivers, which create a pronounced bi-layered pycnocline with a warm fresh/brackish water layer on top and a cold high saline marine layer below. The dispersal of five meroplanktonic species and settled juveniles (the brittle star Ophiocten sericeum, and the polychaetes Micronephtys minuta, Nereimyra aphroditoides, Phyllodoce groenlandica and Prionospio cirrifera) in relation to the adult distribution patterns was investigated. For all apart from P. cirrifera the highest densities of larvae were found in the upper brackish water layer. To assess size-at-settlement, the body sizes of larvae and newly settled juveniles were estimated and compared. Dispersal patterns ranged from virtually no adaption to river run-off as in the common, stenohaline O. sericeum and M. minuta (7 ind./m**3, 459 µm) to local retention as in N. aphroditoides (7 ind./m**3, 541 µm) and P. groenlandica (0.5 ind./m**3, 1121 µm) retained by horizontal eddies created by the outflow. Adults of P. cirrifera, which were exclusively restricted to the estuary of the Yenisei River, showed a well adapted reproductive behaviour to ensure a high retention potential of their progenies. The larvae (1.5 ind./m**3, 1513 µm) were only present in the lower water layers, most probably taking advantage of the prevailing near bottom counter current retaining them within their hatching areas.

(Table 1) Population density and biomass of the foraminifer Rupertina, and grain size of cores from the Norwegian continental slope

Rupertina stabilis occupies a depth restricted biotope of suspension feeding animals situated at the Norwegian continental margin. It extends from the Voring plateau northwards for at least 200 - 300 km, in depths between 600 and 800 m. This slope position is known for relatively strong bottom currents and shifting watermass boundaries. - The species is attached to hard substrates, mainly stones or hydroid stalks and obviously prefers an elevated position. It is building a permanent cyst of sponge spicules and debris at the apertural region. The spicules are used to support a pseudopodial network similar to that described from Halyphysema (LIPPS 1983). It is believed to serve as a filter apparatus. - A review of known occurences in the Atlantic is given, suggesting a temperature adaption of the species ranging from 0°C to a maximum of 8°C. Specimens were successfully cultured for about 2-3 weeks.

Juvenile sea stars exposed to acidification decrease feeding and growth with no acclimation potential

Ocean acidification has the potential to affect growth and calcification of benthic marine invertebrates, particularly during their early life history. We exposed field-collected juveniles of Asterias rubens from Kiel Fjord (western Baltic Sea) to 3 seawater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) levels (ranging from around 650 to 3500 µatm) in a long-term (39 wk) and a short-term (6 wk) experiment. In both experiments, survival and calcification were not affected by elevated pCO2. However, feeding rates decreased strongly with increasing pCO2, while aerobic metabolism and NH4+ excretion were not significantly affected by CO2 exposure. Consequently, high pCO2 reduced the scope for growth in A. rubens. Growth rates decreased substantially with increasing pCO2 and were reduced even at pCO2 levels occurring in the habitat today (e.g. during upwelling events). Sea stars were not able to acclimate to higher pCO2, and growth performance did not recover during the long-term experiment. Therefore, the top-down control exerted by this keystone species may be diminished during periods of high environmental pCO2 that already occur occasionally and will be even higher in the future. However, some individuals were able to grow at high rates even at high pCO2, indicating potential for rapid adaption. The selection of adapted specimens of A. rubens in this seasonally acidified habitat may lead to higher CO2 tolerance in adult sea stars of this population compared to the juvenile stage. Future studies need to address the synergistic effects of multiple stressors such as acidification, warming and reduced salinity, which will simultaneously impact the performance of sea stars in this habitat.

A Reuse-based Lightweight Method for Developing Linked Data Ontologies and Vocabularies

The uptake of Linked Data (LD) has promoted the proliferation of datasets and their associated ontologies for describing different domains. Par-ticular LD development characteristics such as agility and web-based architec-ture necessitate the revision, adaption, and lightening of existing methodologies for ontology development. This thesis proposes a lightweight method for ontol-ogy development in an LD context which will be based in data-driven agile de-velopments, existing resources to be reused, and the evaluation of the obtained products considering both classical ontological engineering principles and LD characteristics.

The evolution of the laws of software evolution. A discussion based on a systematic literature review

After more than 40 years of life, software evolution should be considered as a mature field. However, despite such a long history, many research questions still remain open, and controversial studies about the validity of the laws of software evolution are common. During the first part of these 40 years the laws themselves evolved to adapt to changes in both the research and the software industry environments. This process of adaption to new paradigms, standards, and practices stopped about 15 years ago, when the laws were revised for the last time. However, most controversial studies have been raised during this latter period. Based on a systematic and comprehensive literature review, in this paper we describe how and when the laws, and the software evolution field, evolved. We also address the current state of affairs about the validity of the laws, how they are perceived by the research community, and the developments and challenges that are likely to occur in the coming years.